Experiment 3:

Impact of a jet
(Flat object, Hemispherical and Conical object)
Name: Murad Alshammas
ID: 20161203013
Exp. Date: 11/3/2019
Due Date: 18/3/2019
Objectives

This experiment aims to measure the force by a jet of water that is discharged on different
fixed objects with different shapes using the momentum theory.

Tools used
 Flat object
 Hemispherical object
 Conical object
 Water pump
 Water tank
 Stop watch
 Weights
 Impact of a jet apparatus

Procedure
1. Remove the cover of the equipment by unscrewing the fixing screws.
2. Screw the outside wished impact object to the support stem.
3. Set the cover and screw the fixing screws.
4. Adjust the pins so that the equipment is perfectly levelled.
5. Set the pointer besides the weight stem assembly to the red level (balance position
without jet).
6. A nominal mass is placed on the weight pan, then allow the water to flow (increase
the flow rate step by step) by operating the control valve on the bench, and switch
on the pump.
7. Adjust the flow rate until the weight pan is adjacent to the level gauge.
8. Take the readings as volume and time to find the flow rate.
9. Write down the mass on the weight pan.
10. Repeat steps 7-10 with additional masses on the weight pan.
11. Repeat the above steps by using the three different types of objects provided (flat
one, a conical one at 45° and a hemispherical one).

Data
Nozzle diameter: d=8 mm

Nozzle area: 5.027*10^-5 m2

Density of water: ρ= 1000 Kg/㎥

Flow rate (Q)= V/t

Mass flow rate= ρ* Q

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Velocity of water leaving the nozzle (v) = Q/A(nozzle)

Force due to gravity =m*g

Force due to momentum differs for different plates

For flat plate configuration:

No Weight Water Tim Flow Rate Mass Flow Velocity of Force due Force
. Volume e due to
(g) (m3/s) Rate (Kg/s) Water To
(m3) Gravity
(s) leaving Momentum
(N)
The nozzle (N)
(m/s)
1 30 10-3 9.7 0.000103093 0.10309278 2.05078145 0.211420768 0.2943
4
2 40 10-3 7.8 0.000128205 0.128205128 2.550330778 0.326965484 0.3924
-3
3 50 10 6.5 0.000153846 0.153846154 3.060396933 0.470830297 0.4905
-3
4 60 10 6.12 0.000163399 0.163398693 3.25042158 0.531114637 0.5886
-3
5 70 10 5.4 0.000185185 0.185185185 3.683811124 0.682187245 0.6867
-3
6 80 10 5.1 0.000196078 0.196078431 3.900505896 0.76480507 0.7848
8
7 100 10-3 4.4 0.000227273 0.227272727 4.521040924 1.027509301 0.981
8 120 10-3 4.3 0.000232558 0.23255814 4.626181411 1.075856142 1.1772

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 Force due to Gravity vs Force due Momentum
1.2

1 f(x) = 0.12 x

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.29 0.39 0.49 0.59 0.69 0.78 0.98 1.18

Graph 3.1 for flat plate

The error equals 0.1168

2. For Conical plate configuration:

No Weigh Water Tim Flow Rate Mass Flow Velocity of Force due Force
. t Volum e due to
(m3/s) Rate (Kg/s) Water To
e (m3) Gravit
(g) (s) leaving Momentu
y
m
The nozzle
(N)
(m/s) (N)
1 30 2*10-3 17.7 0.00011286 0.112866817 2.24521219 0.07424911 0.2943
2 7 7 7
2 40 2*10-3 12.0 0.00016542 0.16542597 3.2907493 0.15950199 0.3924
9 6 2 91 7
3 50 2*10-3 8.16 0.00024509 0.24509803 4.87563237 0.35013732 0.490
8 9 5 5
4 60 2*10-3 6.69 0.00029895 0.29895366 5.9469596 0.52091455 0.588
4 2 61 3 6
5 70 2*10-3 6.74 0.00029673 0.29673590 5.9028427 0.513214518 0.686
6 5 5 7
6 80 2*10-3 6.12 0.00032679 0.32679738 6.50084315 0.6224663 0.784

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 7 6 9 55 8
7 100 2*10-3 5.31 0.00037664 0.37664783 7.4924972 0.8268556 0.981
8 4 01 23
8 120 2*10-3 4.94 0.0004048 0.4048583 8.05367614 0.95535510 1.1772
58 1 5

Force due to Gravity vs Force due Momentum

1.2

0.8 f(x) = 0.1 x

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0.29 0.39 0.49 0.59 0.69 0.78 0.98 1.18

Graph 3.2 for conical shape

The error equals 0.0957

3. For Hemispherical plate configuration:

No Weig Water Tim Flow Rate Mass Flow Velocity Force due Force
. ht Volum e of due to
(m3/s) Rate To
e (m3) Gravit
(g) (s) (Kg/s) Water Momentu
y
leaving m
(N)
The (N)
nozzle
(m/s)
1 9.25926E- 0.0925925 1.84190556 0.3410936 0.294
-3
30 1*10 10.8 05 93 2 23 3
2 40 1*10-3 8 0.000125 0.125 2.4865725 0.62164312 0.392

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 08 7 4
3 1*10-3 0.0001298 0.12987013 2.58345195 0.6710264 0.490
50 7.7 7 7 82 5
4 1*10-3 0.0001453 0.14534883 2.89136338 0.84051261 0.588
60 6.88 49 7 2 1 6
5 1*10-3 0.00015151 0.151515152 3.01402728 0.91334160 0.686
70 6.6 5 3 1 7
6 1*10-3 0.0001666 0.1666666 3.315430011 1.10514333 0.784
80 6 67 67 7 8
7 1*10-3 0.0001785 0.17857142 3.5522464 1.2686594 0.981
100 5.6 71 9 41 43
8 1*10-3 0.0002 0.2 3.97851601 1.5914064 1.1772
120 5 4 05

1.8

1.6

1.4 f(x) = 0.17 x

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.29 0.39 0.49 0.59 0.69 0.78 0.98 1.18

Graph 3.3 for hemispherical shape

The error equals .1653

Calculations
Sample calculation for hemispherical plate with 120g:

Flow Rate = Volume/time = 10-3/5= 0.0002

Mass flow rate = density*flow rate= 0.2

Velocity of water = flow rate / area = 3.978516014

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Force due to momentum = 2*ρ*Q*u = 0.913341601

Force due to gravity = mass of weight * gravity = 1.1772

*Same equations apply for the conical and flat plate with the exception of:

Force due to momentum = ρ*Q*u (for the flat plate)

Force due to momentum = 0.293*ρ*Q*u (for the conical plate)

Discussion & Errors

From this Experiment we were able to obtain the needed force for each plate to reach
equilibrium, and with the help of the pointer, we recognized the equilibrium point and
measured the volume of water needed to calculate the velocity and ultimately the force.
The results were not precisely accurate, and that could be because of the following errors:

 The pointer wasn’t calibrated well.

 The nozzle wasn’t aimed directly at the plate causing momentum loss.
 Problems with the spring.

References
The lab manual

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