V.C.

Agarwal

GROUNDWATER
HYDROLOGY
Well

Cone of Depression

Aquiclude
Groundwater  Hydrology
Groundwater
Hydrology

V.C. Agarwal
Professor and Head
Civil Engineering Department
Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences
Allahabad

New Delhi-110001
2012
   

Groundwater Hydrology
V.C. Agarwal

© 2012 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this
book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without
permission in writing from the publisher.

ISBN-978-81-203-4619-2

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus,
New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Raj Press, New Delhi-110012.
 To
My Parents
 Contents  vii

Contents

Preface   xv

1. Groundwater: An Overview 1–59

1.1 Introduction   1
Types of Springs   2
1.2 Infiltration Gallery   3
1.3 Karsez   3
1.4 Distribution of Water on Earth   3
1.5 Groundwater Resources of India   6
1.6 Geological Formations   7
1.7 Properties of Aquifers   11
Porosity   11
Types of Porosity   11
Void Ratio   12
Specific Retention   12
Specific Yield   13
1.8 Methods of Determining Specific Yield   13
Pumping Method   13
The Porosity, Specific Yield and
Specific Retention of Different Formations   17
1.9 Permeability and Hydraulic Conductivity   17
Hydraulic Conductivity or Permeability Coefficient   18
The Effect of Porosity   18
Pore Space Geometry   19
Submergence   19
Tortuosity of Soil Pores   20
Entrapped Air   20
Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity   21
Constant Head Method   22
Variable Head Method   23

vii
viii  Contents

1.10 Field Methods   24

Below the Water Table Field Methods   24
Above the Water Table Field Method   27
1.11 Intrinsic Permeability   32
1.12 Apparent Specific Yield   32
1.13 Transmissivity or Transmissibility   32
1.14 Coefficient of Storage   33
Specific Storage   34
1.15 Hydraulic Resistance   34
1.16 Leakage Factor   35
1.17 Distribution of Subsurface Water   37
Zone of Aeration    38
Soil Water Zone   38
Intermediate Zone (Pellicular and Gravitational Water)   38
Capillary Fringe   38
Important Features of the Capillary Fringe Zone   38
Zone of Saturation   39
1.18 Soil Moisture   40
1.19 Groundwater Flow Potential   43
1.20 Measurement of Groundwater   44
1.21 Conjunctive Use of Groundwater   47
Objective-type Questions   48
Review Questions   57

2. Continuity Equations 60–76

2.1 Introduction   60
2.2 Three-dimensional Continuity Equation for
Groundwater Flow   60
2.3 Continuity Equation for Homogeneous and
Isotropic Formation (Medium)   62
Confined Aquifer   62
Unconfined Aquifer   63
2.4 General Continuity Equation in Cartesian
Coordinates   64
2.5 General Continuity Equation in Polar Coordinates   66
2.6 Continuity Equation for Confined Aquifer
with Leakage from Top and Bottom   67
2.7 Dupuit–Forchheimer Theory for Unconfined
Aquifer with Recharge   69
2.8 Flow through an Unconfined Aquifer with
Recharge and the Bottom Layer Leaky   72
Objective-type Questions    72
Review Questions   75
 Contents  ix
3. Solutions of one-dimensional Differential
Equations for Confined and Unconfined Aquifers 77–130
3.1 Introduction   77
3.2 Differential Equations   77
Confined Aquifers   77
Unconfined Aquifers   78
3.3 One-dimensional Steady Flow through a Confined Aquifer   78
3.4 One-dimensional Steady Flow through
a Confined Aquifer with Top Layer Leaky   79
3.5 One-dimensional Steady Flow in Unconfined Aquifer   81
3.6 One-dimensional Steady Flow in Unconfined
Aquifer with Recharge at the Rate of N   82
3.7 One-dimensional Steady Flow through an Unconfined
Aquifer with Top Layer Having Recharge and
Bottom Layer Leaking   83
3.8 Steady Flow in a Homogeneous Unconfined Aquifer   89
3.9 Flow into Horizontal Galleries   93
3.10 One-dimensional Steady Flow through Unconfined
Aquifer Having Variable Hydraulic Conductivity   96
3.11 Radial Flow Problems   98
Radial Axisymmetric Flow through a Confined
Aquifer: Dupuit’s Equation   98
Radial Axisymmetric Flow through a Confined
Aquifer with One Layer Leaky   99
3.12 Confined Aquifer with both the Confining Layers Leaky   101
3.13 Radial Flow through Unconfined Aquifers   103
Steady Flow with No Recharge   103
Axisymmetric Steady Flow through a Well in
an Unconfined Aquifer Having Recharge
(Bottom Layer is Horizontal)   105
Steady Flow through Unconfined Aquifer with
Recharge and Bottom Layer Leaking   106
Bottom Layer of the Unconfined Aquifer is Inclined   108
3.14 Confined Aquifer with Continuous Flow in Certain
Direction to Well (Uniform Flow + Flow from a Well)   109
3.15 Combination of Two Recharging Wells Placed at
a Distance ‘a’ on the Two Sides of Origin   112
3.16 Recharge and Discharge Wells   114
Interface of Wells   114
3.17 Combination of Discharge and Recharge Wells   115
3.18 The Method of Images   121
Positive Boundary   122
Negative Boundary   122
An Aquifer Intersected by a Surface Stream    123
Objective-type Questions   125
Review Questions   126
 Ground Water Hydrology

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Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 978812034 6192 Author : AGARWAL, V. C.

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