4 - Bond, Anchorage, and Development Length - 2019

12/8/2019
Bond, Anchorage, and

Development Length
CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 1

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
Bond Strength and Development

Length
• For reinforced concrete to
behave as intended, it is essential
that bond forces develop at the
interface to prevent slippage.
• The bonding is due to three
factors
– Chemical adhesion between the
two materials
– Friction due to the natural
roughness of the bars
– The mechanical anchorage of the
closely spaced deformations
made on the bar surface

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
1
12/8/2019

Length
• In the past to prevent collapse due to slippage, end
anchorage was provided, chiefly in the form of
hooks, as a counter measure.
• If the anchorage is adequate, such a beam will not
collapse, even if the bond is broken over the entire
length between anchorages, member acts as a tied
arch.

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

Length
• Two types of Bond Failure
– Direct pullout of the bar
– Splitting of the concrete along the bar (From wedging
action when the ribs of the bars bear against the concrete)
• When pullout resistance is overcome or when splitting
has spread all the way to the end of an unanchored bar,
complete bond failure occurs.
• Sliding of the steel relative to the concrete leads to
immediate collapse of the beam.
Most common

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
2
12/8/2019
Development Length
• Development length defined as that length of
embedment necessary to develop the full tensile
strength of the bar, controlled by either pullout or
splitting.
• Main requirement for safety against bond failure
is that the length of the bar, from any point of
given steel stress (fs or fy) to its nearby free end
must be at least equal to its development length

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
Development Length
Anchorage Bond
P
• The tensile force at B
must be transmitted
to the concrete by
A B C
bond stress “u” in
the embedment
length L1 and L2
L1 L2
݀௕ଶ
u ‫ݑ‬௦ ߨ݀௕ ‫ܮ‬ଵ = ߨ ݂
u 4 ௬
݂௬
T ‫ݑ‬௦ = ݀
4‫ܮ‬ଵ ௕
A B B C
݂௬
‫ܮ‬ଵ = ‫ܮ‬ௗ = ݀
4 ‫ݑ‬௦ ௕

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
3
12/8/2019
Development Length
Anchorage Bond
P
• The tensile force at B
must be transmitted
to the concrete by
A B C
bond stress “u” in
the embedment
length L1 and L2
L1 L2
݀௕ଶ
u ‫ݑ‬௕ ‫ܣ‬௕௥ ‫ܮ‬ଵ = ߨ ݂
u 4 ௬
݂௬
T ‫ݑ‬௕ = ݀ଶ
4‫ܣ‬௕௥ ‫ܮ‬ଵ ௕
A B B C
݂௬ ݀௕ଶ
‫ܮ‬ଵ = ‫ܮ‬ௗ =
4‫ܣ‬௕௥ ‫ݑ‬௕

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
Development Length
Flexural Bond
P
D D’
A B dz C ‫ܯ‬஽ ‫ܯ‬஽ᇱ
ܶ஽ = ܶ஽ᇱ =
݆݀ ݆݀
(‫ݑ‬௦ ߨ݀௕ +‫ݑ‬௕ ‫ܣ‬௕௥ )݀௭ = ܶ஽ − ܶ஽ᇱ
‫ܯ‬஽ − ‫ܯ‬஽ᇱ
(‫ݑ‬௦ ߨ݀௕ + ‫ݑ‬௕ ‫ܣ‬௕௥ ) =
L1 L2 ݆݀ ݀‫ݖ‬
݀‫ܯ‬
(‫ݑ‬௦ ߨ݀௕ + ‫ݑ‬௕ ‫ܣ‬௕௥ ) =
݆݀ ݀‫ݖ‬
u ܸ
TD TD’ (‫ݑ‬௦ ߨ݀௕ + ‫ݑ‬௕ ‫ܣ‬௕௥ ) =
݆݀

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
4
12/8/2019
Development Length
• Flexural bond stress does not provide an
adequate measure of a safety margin against
bond failure, due to:
– Inability of the flexural bond stress equations to
measure accurately bond stress along tension
reinforcement in a beam.
– Lack of correlation between localized slippage
from high flexural bond stress and the strength of
a beam as represented by splitting and
subsequent loss of anchorage of the tension bars

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
Development Length
• Factors influencing development length
– Tensile Strength of concrete
– Cover distance
– Bar spacing
– Transverse Reinforcement
– Epoxy-coated reinforcing bars (reduces friction,
more development length needed)

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
10
5
12/8/2019
ACI Code Provisions

for Development length
25.4.1 — Development of reinforcement —General
25.4.1.1 — Calculated tension or compression in

reinforcement at each section of structural concrete
members shall be developed on each side of that section by
embedment length, hook, headed deformed bar or
mechanical device, or a combination thereof. Hooks and
heads shall not be used to develop bars in compression.
25.4.1.4 — The values of f c' used in this chapter shall not

exceed 8.3 MPa.

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
11
ACI Code Provisions

25.4.2 — Development of deformed bars and deformed wire
in tension
25.4.2.1 — Development length ld for deformed bars and

deformed wires in tension shall be the greater of (a) and (b):
a) Length calculated in accordance with 25.4.2.3 or 25.4.2.4

using the applicable modification factors of 25.4.2.5
b) 300 mm

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
12
6
12/8/2019
ACI Code Provisions

25.4.2.2 — For bars with fy>550 MPa spaced closer than 150 mm
on center, transverse reinforcement shall be provided such that
Ktr shall not be smaller than 0.5db.
25.4.2.3 — For deformed bars or deformed wires, ld shall be

calculated in accordance with Table 25.4.2.3

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
13
ACI Code Provisions

19
22
2.1 1.7
1.4 1.1

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
14
7
12/8/2019
ACI Code Provisions

1.1

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
15
ACI Code Provisions

[1]The product ψtψe need not exceed 1.7.

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
16
8
12/8/2019
ACI Code Provisions


Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
17
ACI Code Provisions


Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
18
9
12/8/2019
ACI Code Provisions


Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
19
ACI Code Provisions


Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
20
10
12/8/2019
Example B1
For the cross section shown of a simply supported beam reinforced
with 4φ25 bars that are confined with φ10 stirrups spaced at 150
mm. The beam is made of normal-weight concrete, bars are not
coated, f ′c = 30 MPa, and fy =550 MPa. Determine the development
length of the bars according to:
a) Table listed in ACI 25.4.2.3
b) Using Eq. 25.4.2.4a

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
21
Example B1
Determine clear spacing between bars
300 − 2 × (40 + 10) − 4 × 25
s= = 33.33 mm
3
= 1.33db
Determine the clear cover
Clear cover = 40+10 = 50mm, or 2db
Stirrups are provided.
All requirements are met thus
550 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.15
ld = db
1.7 × 1× 30
= 74.72 × 25 = 1868 mm ≈ 1.9 m

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
22
11
12/8/2019
Example B1
b) Using Eq. 25.4.2.4a, determine cb
1) cb1=40+10+12.5=62.5 mm (Horizontal)
2) cb2=40+10+12.5=62.5 mm (Vertical)
3) cb3=(33.33+25) /2=29.2 mm
Thus cb3 controls and potential splitting will be in the horizontal
direction
Atr = 2 × 78.54 = 157.08 mm 2
40 × 157.08
K tr = = 20.944 > 12.5
150 × 2
29.2 + 20.944
= 2.0 < 2.5
25

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
23
Example B1
f yψ tψ eψ sψ g
ld = db
 cb + K tr 
'
1.1λ f  c 
 db 
550 × 1.0 × 1.0 ×1.0 ×1.15
= db
1.1× 1× 30 × 2.0
= 52.49 × 25 = 1312 mm ≈ 1.35 m
If splitting was controlled by the vertical direction, then:

Atr = 78.54 mm 2 & n=4

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
24
12
12/8/2019
Example B2
For the beam-column joint below the negative steel area
required is 18.71 cm2; 2φ36 are used, providing As=20.36 cm2.
Normal density concrete is used fc’=28 MPa and fy=420 Mpa.
Find the minimum distance ld at which negative bars can be cut
off, based on development of the required steel area at the face
of the column using 55 cm
1Φ32
a) Table listed in ACI 25.4.2.3
b) Using Eq. 25.4.2.4a 2Φ36
Stirrups are spaced 25 cm
4 at 75 mm, followed
by a constant 125mm 5 cm 40 mm 55 cm
45 cm
spacing in the region of the
1Φ36 Φ10
support
stirrups
1Φ13 ties
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
25
Example B2
Determine clear spacing between bars
1) s= 250-2x(40+36+10)=78 mm, or 2.17db
Determine the clear cover
1) c=40+10=50mm, or 1.39db
2) ctop_bar =100-36/2=82 mm=2.28db
All requirements are met thus
 f ψψ ψ  420 ×1.3 × 1× 1
ld =  y t e g  db = × 36
 1.7λ f '  1.7 × 1 × 28
 c 
A
= 2.19 m reduce by s , provided
As , required
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
26
13
12/8/2019
Example B2
18.71
ld = 2.19 × = 2.0 m
20.36
b) Using Eq. 25.4.2.4a, determine cb
1)cb1=(250-2x(40+10+36/2))/2=57 mm
2) cb2=40+10+36/2=68 mm
3) cb3=100 mm(Top cover)
Thus cb1controls and potential splitting will be in
the horizontal direction.
40 Atr 40 × (2 × 78.54)
K tr = = = 25.13
sn 125 × 2
cb + K tr 57 + 25.13 < 2 .5
= = 2.281
db 36 > 1 .5
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
27
Example B2
 
 
fy ψ tψ eψ sψ g 
ld =  d
 1.1λ f '  c + K   b
 c

b tr
 
  db  
 420 ×1.3 × 1×1× 1 
=  × 36 = 1.480 m
 1.1× 1× 28 × 2.281 
18.71
= 1.51× = 1.360 m ≈ 1.4 m
20.36
Using the more accurate equation reduces
the development length by 30%
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
28
14
12/8/2019
Example B3
A reinforced concrete column is reinforced with 8φ32 bars,
which should extend to the footing. Determine the
development length needed for the bars to extend down in
the footing. Use normal-weight concrete with f ′c = 30 MPa
and fy =420 MPa.
 0.24 f yψ r   0.24 × 420 × 1.0 
ldc ( a ) =   db =   × 32 = 588.91 mm > 200
 λ f'   1 × 30 
 c 
ldc (b ) = 0.043 f yψ r d b = 0.043 × 420 × 1× 32 = 577.92 mm
 ldc ≈ 600 mm

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
29

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
30
15
12/8/2019

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
31
23
36
36
65 mm
40 MPa /100+0.6
40 MPa

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
32
16
12/8/2019

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
33
65 mm
65 mm
65 mm

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
34
17
12/8/2019
Example B4
For the beam-column joint in Example 1 the φ36 negative bars
are to be extended into the column and terminated in a standard
90о hook, keeping 50 mm clear outside the face of the column.
The column width in the direction of beam width is 40 cm. Find
the minimum length of embedment of the hook past the column
face and specify the hook details.
55 cm
1Φ32
2Φ36
25 cm
5 cm 40 mm 55 cm
45 cm
1Φ36 Φ10
stirrups
1Φ13 ties
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
35
f yψ eψ rψ oψ c 1.5
Example B4
ldh = d b
23λ f c'
0.88

420 ×1.0 ×1.6 × 1.0 × (28 / 100 + .6)
= × 361.5
23 × 28
= 1049.54 mm
18.71
= 1049.54 × ≈ 964.48 mm
20.36
With 55-5=50 cm available the required length is not contained
within the column. Thus add ties such that Ath>0.4 Ahs . Thus
18.71
ldh = 655.96 × ≈ 605 mm > 500 mm
20.36
Still NG redesign (try 3φ32 instead, was perfectly fine according
to ACI-14)
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
36
18
12/8/2019
Example B4
Check Example B2 for development length accordingly.
The hook will be bent to a minimum diameter of 8db (ACI

25.3.1)=8x32=256 mm. The bar will continue for 12db or 384 mm
past the end of the bend in the vertical direction.

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
37
Critical Sections in Flexural Members

• At points of maximum stress
• At points where tension bars within the span
are terminated or bent
• At the face of the support
• At points of inflection at which moment
change signs

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
38
19
12/8/2019

Theoretical cutoff point
d • Sections Critical for negative
x2 ≥ moment reinforcement are
12d b
 Section 1: Face of support
where negative moment and
stress are at max value.
Check x1 using ACI 25.4.2.1
for ld.
 Section 2: Part of negative
moment can be terminated.
  Check x2 using ACI 9.7.3.3
 d 
   Section 3: Point of inflection.
x3 ≥  12db  Check x3 using (ACI 9.7.3.8.4,
1 
 clear span  at least 1/3 As)
 16 
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
39

d • Sections Critical for positive
x6 ≥ moment reinforcement are
12d b
 Section 4: Maximum positive
moment and stress. Check x5
using ACI 25.4.2.1 for ld.
 Section 5: Part of positive
moment can be terminated.
Check x6 using ACI 9.7.3.3.
and 9.7.3.5
 Section 6: Point of inflection.
Limits are according to ACI
150 mm for at least ⅟₄ of (+As) 9.7.3.8.3
(⅓ for simple spans) or ldc
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
40
20
12/8/2019

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
41
Near the Point of Zero Moment

Point of Inflection

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
42
21
12/8/2019

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
43
Mn
Vu
Moment at b is about ¾ of c thus there might be a chance that the bars extending
from b might not be fully developed unless section 9.7.3.8.3 is satisfied

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
44
22
12/8/2019

• To use the chart below the following must be
satisfied
– Nearly equal spans.
– Uniformly loaded.
– Not more than ½ the tensile steel is to be cut or
bent.

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
45

• In practice (depending on cost) many
engineers continue all positive reinforcement
into the face of the supports the required 150
mm and extend all negative reinforcement the
required distance past the point of inflection
rather than using staggered cutoff points

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
46
23
12/8/2019
Example B5
A continuous beam has the bar details shown
(Next Slide). The bending moments for
maximum positive and negative moments are
also shown. Check the development lengths at
all critical sections .
Given: f ’c=28 N/mm2, normal weight concrete,
fy=420 MPa, b=30 cm, d=450, and span L=7.3 m.

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
47
Example B5
2.25 m
0.45 m x4
1.8 m
x5 =0.5 0.45 m 1.35 m

450 mm
1.0 m =1.8 m
6φ29
550 mm
6φ25
62.5 mm
3φ25
0.15 m 0.75 m 2.75 m
300 mm 300 mm
Not to scale
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
48
24
12/8/2019
Example B5
1. Development length for negative moment,
a. Using table in ACI 25.4.2.1 Check if conditions are met
cover=62.5-29/2=48 mm>db
Clear spacing=(300-2*62.5)/2-29=58.5 mm>2db O.K
 f yψ tψ eψ g 
 ld =   d = 47 d b = 1363 mm
 1.7λ f '  b
 c 
For top bars x1 = 1.3 × ld = 1772 ≈ 1.8 m > 300 mm

Provided 1.8 m is adequate.
b. The development length x2 shall extend beyond where
3φ29 are not needed, either d=450 mm or 12db=348 mm
thus x2=450. The required development length is x4=x1 thus
total required length y=2.25 m as provided.
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
49
Example B5
1. Development length for negative moment,
c. Beyond the point of inflection (section 3) 3φ29 extend a
length x3=2.25-1.0=1.25 m. The ACI code requires at least
one third of the bars . The 3φ29 are adequate. The
required development length x3 are:
 
 d   450 mm 
   
x3 ≥  12db  =  348 mm 
1   
 clear span   468.75 mm 
 16 
The provided x3=1.25 m is adequate

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
50
25
12/8/2019
Example B5
2. Compressive reinforcement at the face of the support, 3φ25
bars
0.24 f yψ r  0.043 f y d b 
x5 = ldc = d b = 476.2 mm >  
λ f c'  200 mm 
use 480 mm.
3. Development length for positive moment reinforcement.
a. 3φ25 extend 1.8 beyond the centerline and the other bars
extend to the support. The development length x6 from the
centerline is ld=47db=1.175m <1.8 thus provided is
adequate. Assuming conditions of 9.7.3.5 are met.
b. For x7
 d   450 mm 
x7 ≥   =  
12db   300 mm  use x7=450 mm
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
51
Moment-Resistance Diagram
Bar Cutoff Points
Draw the Moment resistance diagram for the beam below
wu=60 kN/m
439.5 mm
6.0 m
 a
M u = φAs f y  d − 
4φ25  2
60.5mm  a As f y
M ub = φAsb f y  d −  a=
300 mm  2 0.85 f c'b
a = 115.5 mm
M ur1 = 70.83 M ur 2 = 141.67
M ur 3 = 212.5 M ur 4 = 283.35
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
52
26
12/8/2019
Moment-Resistance Diagram
Bar Cutoff Points
c 1 bar
b’ 2 bars b’
b b
x 3 bars x
a’ a a a’
ld = 47 db = 1.20 m
ld x x ld
d = 439.5 mm
4 bars
ld ld 12d b = 300 mm
 x = 440 mm
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
53
Lap Splices in Tension

• Tension lap splice length lst for deformed bars
and deformed wires in tension shall be in
accordance with Table 25.5.2.1, where ld shall
be in accordance with 25.4.2.1(a).

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
54
27
12/8/2019
Lap Splices in Compression

• Compression lap splice length lsc of No. 36 or smaller
deformed bars in compression shall be calculated in
accordance with (a), (b) or (c):
• (a) For fy ≤ 420 MPa: lsc is the longer of
– 0.071fydb
– 300 mm
• (b) For 420 MPa< fy < 550 MPa: lsc is the greater of
– (0.13 fy – 24)db
– 300 mm

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
55
Lap Splices in Compression

• (c) fy > 550 MPa: lsc is the longer of
– (0.13 fy – 24)db
– lst calculated in accordance with 25.5.2.1
• For fc′ < 21 MPa, the length of lap shall be increased

by one-third. 25.5.5.2 Compression lap splices shall
not be used for bars larger than No. 36, except as
permitted in 25.5.5.3.

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb
56
28

4 - Bond, Anchorage, and Development Length - 2019

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

4 - Bond, Anchorage, and Development Length - 2019

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

12/8/2019

Bond, Anchorage, and

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 1

Bond Strength and Development

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 2

Bond Strength and Development

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 3

Bond Strength and Development

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 4

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 5

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 6

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 7

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 8

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 9

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 10

ACI Code Provisions

25.4.1.1 — Calculated tension or compression in

25.4.1.4 — The values of f c' used in this chapter shall not

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 11

ACI Code Provisions

25.4.2.1 — Development length ld for deformed bars and

a) Length calculated in accordance with 25.4.2.3 or 25.4.2.4

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 12

ACI Code Provisions

25.4.2.3 — For deformed bars or deformed wires, ld shall be

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 13

ACI Code Provisions

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 14

ACI Code Provisions

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 15

ACI Code Provisions

[1]The product ψtψe need not exceed 1.7.

ACI Code Provisions

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 17

ACI Code Provisions

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 18

ACI Code Provisions

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 19

ACI Code Provisions

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 20

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 21

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 22

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 23

If splitting was controlled by the vertical direction, then:

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 24

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 29

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 30

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 31

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 32

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 33

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 34

The hook will be bent to a minimum diameter of 8db (ACI

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 37

Critical Sections in Flexural Members

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 38

Critical Sections in Flexural Members

Critical Sections in Flexural Members

Critical Sections in Flexural Members

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 41

Near the Point of Zero Moment

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 42

Near the Point of Zero Moment