Structural Dynamics

Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF)

System (9)
Response to Impulsive Loading
Lecture 10

M.E. in Earthquake Engineering

Khwopa Engineering College,
Bhaktapur
2020
 Impulsive Loading
• Impulsive load consists of a single principal
impulse of arbitrary form, as shown in the
figure below.
• Such a load generally is of relatively short
duration.
• Damping has much less importance in controlling a
in a structure to impulsive loads,
because the response to the
impulsive load will be reached in a
very short time. For this reason only the
• undamped response to impulsive
Arbitrary Impulsive Load
loads will be considered.
 Half-sine-wave impulse
• For impulsive loads which can
be expressed by simple
analytical functions, closed
form solutions of the equations
of motion can be obtained.
• The response to such an
impulse will be divided into two
phases as shown in the figure,
the first corresponding to the
forced vibration phase in the
interval during which the load
acts and the second Half-sine-wave impulse
corresponding to the free-
vibration phase which follows.
 Half-sine-wave impulse
• During this phase, the structure is subjected to
the single half-sine-wave loading.
Phase I Forced Vibration Phase
0 ≤ t ≤ t1
Assuming that the system starts from rest, the
undamped response, including the transient as
well as the steady-state will be given by

v t   sint   sin t  1

p0 1

k 1  2

 Half-sine-wave impulse
Phase II Free Vibration Phase
t ≥ t1
t  t  t1  0 :
vt 1 
v t   v t 1  cos t  sin t 2

• The magnitude of the dynamic response depends on
the ratio: t1/T.
• Maximum response is of prime interest.
dv t 
0
p0 1
 cos t   cos t 
dt k 1  2

cost  cos t
 Half-sine-wave impulse
t  2n  t n  0 ,  1,  2 , ..........3
This is valid, only so long as t   , that is, if the
maximum response occurs while the impulsive load is
acting (PhaseI)
For the most interesting condition, where the load
frequency approaches the free vibration frequency, i.e.,
where    , the time of maximum response will bw
given by substituting n = 1 and using the negative sign
in (3).
2
t  4
1   
 Half-sine-wave impulse
from t  2  t ,
t  t  2
 t 
t  1    2
 t 
2
t 
1  


The maximum response amplitude can then be obtained

by introducing (4) into (1). The result is valid only if t  
 Half-sine-wave impulse
Further explanation:

 
from  t 1 and t  t1 t  t  
 

 1     2
2 1 1
 
1 

1
  1

 2 

 2  1

1
    1
2  1

 1  
 Half-sine-wave impulse
For  1   
The maximum response occurs during the free-vibration
phase (Phase II).

Putting t 1   into equation 1,

 
v t 1  
p0 1
 0   sin 

k 1  2   
 
v t 1   5
p0 1
  1  cos 

k 1  2   
 Half-sine-wave impulse
The amplitude of free vibration is given by
1
  v t 1   
2 2

  v t 1   
2
 
    
1
p0 k    2
   2  2 cos 

1  2
  

For   1, t  t 1 ,
2 
D
v max
 6
p0 1  2
cos
 
k
 Rectangular Impulse
Phase I Forced Vibration Phase ( a step loading case)

0 ≤ t ≤ t1

vp 
p0
7a
k
at rest initial condition,
the response in this phase
will be given by :

v t   1  cos t  7b
p0 Rectangular impulse.
k
 Rectangular Impulse
Phase II Free Vibration Phase
t ≥ t1
t  t  t1  0 :
vt 1 
v t   v t 1  cos t  sin t 8

• Vmax always in Phase I if t1≥ T/2 and D = 2.
• For shorter duration,

 v t 1  
2

  v max     v t1   2
9
 
 Triangular Impulse

 t 
pt   p0  1  
 t1 
p0  t 
v p t   1   10
k  t1 
Triangular impulse