Earthquake –Resistant

Structures

Response of Structures

Dr. Anis Shatnawi

Dept. of Civil Engineering
Lecture # 14

1. Elastic Response Spectra

 The response of a building to earthquake ground motion
depends on the dynamics characteristics of the building.
Specifically, the natural period and the damping ratio affect
building response more than other factors.
Problem: It is not possible to use single particular
EQ record for design because:
• Jagged Response Spectra die to
choice of single EQ record.
• Unlikely to have an EQ with duration,
magnitude, or time history that will
match the probable design EQ that
will occur.
• Significant variation in spectral
values over small period ranges
would require unreasonable accuracy
in determination building period.
2

1
Solution for the above Problems:
• Developing a smoothed average design response
spectrum based on the envelopes of performance of
several earthquakes (i.e., Figure 5.2)

2
5

3
7

4
Combined D–V–A Design response spectrum for El Centro
ground motion; ζ = 0, 2, 5, 10, and 20%.

 Sd = Sv = SA
El-Centro
scaled to
PGA = 20%
Housner’s
Response
Spectrum based
on 10%
probability of
recurrence in 50
years.
9

Ductility
Factor: 10

5
11

12

6
13

14

7
⟹
⟹

15

16

8
17

18

9
19

20

10
 21

,∆ 0

,∆
,∆ % %
22

11
"i" , ∆
,∆ % %

Cd is a displacement
magnification factor.
I is Importance factor, and
xe is the maximum elastic
story lateral displacement 23

, ∆ ∆ 24

12
25

26

13
 27

See Hand-Out for Horizontal shear force distribution.

28

14
29

30

15
 For design of footings and primary outer
columns use:

 For design of shear walls, columns, and any

other supporting members within any floor x,
use:

31

32

16
 33

Earthquake-Resistant Structures

Earthquake Response of
Inelastic Systems
Lecture # 14+

Dr. Anis Shatnawi

34

17
Elastic Strength
Demand > Inelastic
Strength Demand by 1.5
to 8 times due to
inelastic response
because of frequency
shift, ductility and
energy dissipation.

35

36

18
 Hysteresis loops,
thus F- relations
are not unique.

pinching
37

 Select fy such that area under

the curves are the same

k=0

k (initial stiffness)

38

19
 Ideal Elastoplastic
system

Residual 39

40

20
 ̅ 1⟹

̅ 0.1
⟹ 10%

.
41

Yield strength
reduction factor

Let:

Now:

Ductility
Factor

1⟹
42

21
43

44

22
1. Consider elastic
SDOF system:
 Find uo
 Determine fs = fo
and normalize by
weight W

2. Now consider
inelastic (elasto-
plastic) system:
 Establish
1
̅

45

1
̅

. ., ̅ 0.5 ⟹
⟹ 2 1 ⟹Inelastic
46

23
 47

up
1 2.25 0
0.5 1.62 0.17
0.25 1.75 1.1
0.125 2.07 1.13


1 1 1
0.5 2 1.44
0.25 4 3.11
0.125 8 7.36
48

24
49

50

25
⟹
⟹

51

Yield Quantities
(not
maximums)

52

26
Yield Strength
Yield Strength

Maximum Strength
53

54

27
̅

55

56

28
 57

3 . 4⟹ 1.5 .⟹ 4 1.5 6 .
58

29
 59

Note:
Elastic specifies

e.g., 0.319

Inelastic design for

specific ductility, 
specifies

Where,

e.g., for 8
0.115

60

30
61

62

31
63

64

32
65

66

33
67

68

34
69

70

35
71

72

36
73

74

37
75

76

38
77

78

39
79

80

40
81

82

41
83

84

42
 85

Earthquake-Resistant Structures

Horizontal Distribution of
Lateral Forces to Shear Walls
in Structural Building
Lecture # 14++

Dr. Anis Shatnawi

86

43
Lateral Stiffness of Shear Walls
In order to find the lateral stiffness of a
shear wall in the plane of the wall, we
must in general take into account its
shear deformations, since it behaves like
a “deep beam”. Using the unit load
method for displacements, we have:

∆ [Eq.1] Fig. 1: Cantilever Shear

Wall Under Horizontal
Where: Load.
m(x) and M(x): Bending moment function over length due to 1 unit load and actual
load, respectively.
v(x) and V(x): Shear functions due to unit load and actual load, respectively.
= the shape factor whose value is given in next slide.
A = Shear wall cross-section area. EI = the flexural Rigidity of the wall in its
I = 2nd moment of area plane of bending.
E = Elastic “Young’s” Modulus. GA = the shear rigidity.
G = Shear Modulus 87

Lateral Stiffness of Shear Walls

We can find the lateral displacement, , at the top of the cantilever
shear wall subjected to horizontal force, V, as follows:

∆ [Eq.2]

Where:
EI = the flexural Rigidity of the wall in its plane of bending.
GA = the shear rigidity.
=the shape factor whose value as given.

Therefore, the lateral in-plane stiffness of the

cantilever shear wall of rectangular shape is:
where: V= 1 unit

∆ . [Eq.3]
88

44
Lateral Stiffness of Shear Walls
Poisson’s ratio, , for concrete varies between 0.11 for high-
strength concrete and 0.21 for low-strength concrete. Based on the
average Poisson’s ratio of 0.16, we have:

[Eq.4]
. .
Thus; the lateral stiffness of cantilever shear wall becomes:
Rigidity: with arbitrary E and t:
∆ .
[Eq.5a] . .

Similarly, the lateral stiffness of fixed-fixed shear wall is:

Rigidity
∆ .
[Eq.5b] . .
89

Distribution of Lateral Forces to Shear Walls in

Shear-Wall Buildings
. .

.
. .

.


.

Fig. 2a: Location of Center of Mass (CM) and Center of Rigidity (CR)

Where:
and = x- and y-coordinate of center of area of shear wall “i” from an arbitrary location “O”

and = x- and y-coordinate of C.M. from an arbitrary location “O”.

and = x- and y-coordinate of C.R. from an arbitrary location “O”. 90

45
 Location of Center of Mass (C.M.)
. .
.

∑
∑
∑
Fig. 2b: Location of Center of Mass (CM) for Floor
∑
Group of Diaphragm Areas

Example of symmetric
diaphragm:

91

Location of Center of Rigidity (C.R.)

. .
.

Then:

∑
∑

∑
Fig. 2c: Location of Center of Mass (CR) for Floor with ∑
Many Shear Walls

and = x- and y-coordinate of center of area of shear wall “i”

from an arbitrary location “O”
and = in-plane lateral stiffness of wall “i ” in x- and y-
directions, respectively. 92

46
 Distribution of Lateral Forces to Shear Walls in Shear-
Wall Buildings . . . .
. .

Fig. 2d: C.M. and C.R. are

Coinciding (Same Location)
The Lateral Force acts
through the C.R. without
eccentricity ( e = 0)

Fig. 2e: C.M. and C.R. at Distinct

Points (Different Locations)
Plan of the building is
asymmetric ( 0) or minimum
eccentricity is required by Code.

.
. .
. .
. . 93

Distribution of Lateral Forces to Shear Walls in

Shear-Wall Buildings Where:
. .
.
. .
.

.

. .

Fig. 2f: Shear Wall Building Subjected to Lateral . .
Forces, Vx and Vy
∆

Fig. 2g: ∆
Displacements
and Rotations of
C.R. and Shear
Walls . .
94

47
Distribution of Lateral Forces to Shear Walls in Shear-
Wall Buildings
Assumptions: 1. Floor Diaphragms are totally rigid.
2. Torsional rigidities of the shear walls are neglected.
Where:
= x-coordinate of the Center
of Area of Shear Wall “i ” from
C.R. as Origin Point.
= y-coordinate of the Center
of Area of Shear Wall “i ” from
C.R. as Origin Point.
= Angle of Rotation of Center
of Shear Wall “ i “ about C.R.

= In-Plane Lateral Stiffness

of Shear Wall “i ” in x-direction.
= In-Plane lateral Stiffness
of Shear Wall “i ” in y-direction.
Fig. 3: Displacements of Shear-Wall “i” due to
rotation, , about C.R. as Origin 95

Distribution of Lateral Forces to Shear

Walls in Shear-Wall Buildings
 Displacements of C.R. (or Stiffness Center) of shear wall “ i “ are:
Δ [Eq.6]

Δ [Eq.7]
[Eq.8]
. .
. .
. .
∆
∆

. .

 Forces induced in shear wall “ i “

due to the displacements above are:
∆ [Eq.9a]
∆ [Eq.10a]
96

48
Distribution of Lateral Forces to Shear
Walls in Shear-Wall Buildings
 Forces induced in shear wall “ i “ due to the displacements above
are:
∆ [Eq.9b]

∆ [Eq.10b]

 Forces and must be statically equivalent to forces , and acting at

C.R. of Building (Fig. 1f), thus;

[Eq.11]

[Eq.12]

[Eq.13]
97

Distribution of Lateral Forces to Shear

Walls in Shear-Wall Buildings
 Substitute Eqs. 9b and 10b into Eqs 11 and 12 to get:

[Eq.14]

[Eq.15]

[Eq.16]
 In general, coordinates of the C.R. are found from the following
equations:

∑ ∑
∑ ∑
[Eq.17] [Eq.18] 98

49
 Distribution of Lateral Forces to Shear Walls in
Shear-Wall Buildings
 Since we have chosen the origin coordinate at the point of the C.R. of
the building, i.e., (xCr, yCR) = (0, 0), we have:
∑
0⟹ 0
∑
[Eq.19]
∑
0⟹ 0
∑

 Then Eqs. 14 to 16 will simplify to:

[Eq.20]

[Eq.21]

[Eq.22]

99

Distribution of Lateral Forces to Shear Walls in

Shear-Wall Buildings
 Therefore, the displacements of the C.R. can be found from Eqs. 20 to
22 as follows:
[Eq.23]
∑

[Eq.24]
∑

[Eq.25]
∑ ∑

Where:

100

50
Distribution of Lateral Forces to Shear Walls in
Shear-Wall Buildings
 Finally, substituting for the displacement of the center of rigidity into Eqs.
9 and 10, we find the forces induced in any of the shear walls as:

∑
.T
, ∑ ,

Where:
∑
.T = distance in x-direction from the
C.R. to the center of shear wall “ i “
, ∑ ,
= distance in y-direction from the
C.R. to the center of shear wall “ i “

Where:

101

Distribution of Lateral Forces to Shear Walls in

Shear-Wall Buildings
 Notes:

, ,

, ,
102

51
 Example (C.M. and C.R. Coincide) T = V. e = 0
Figure below shows lateral force resisting system consists of three shear
walls, A, B, and C, where CM and CR coincide. Determine the lateral force in
each shear wall.
Solution:
∑

∑
Since k1 = k3 , the walls A and C
resist the following lateral force:

The walls B resists the following lateral force:

Note 1:
∑
Note 2:
∑ 103

Example on Distribution of Lateral Forces to Shear Walls in

Shear-Wall Buildings

Find the horizontal forces acting on the shear walls of the one-
story building shown in the Figure below. The concrete shear
walls are 200 mm thick. Dead load of the floor is 2 kN/m2.
Height of the building is 3.5 m. Unit weight of the concrete is
25 kN/m3. The shear force into the story in N-S direction was
calculated and found to be 139.65 kN

104

52
Solution  Find Lateral Stiffness of each shear wall (t = 0.2 m):
calculations are summarized in Table 1 below. Note that forces
in the walls are independent of the Modulus E. So the Modulus
E has been deleted in computations of Table 1.
Axis Wall Length A I (m4) .
No.
d (m2)
(m) (m-1) ∑
(m-1)

y
1 3 0.6 0.45 31.76 16.22 0.02084 0.147
2 5 1.0 2.083 6.861 9.73 0.06027 0.427
3 4 0.8 1.067 13.39 12.16 0.03914 0.277
4 3 0.6 0.45 31.76 16.22 0.02084 0.147
5 5 1.0 0.0033 4331 9.73 0.00023 0.002

0.14132 1.000

105

Solution
Axis Wall Length A I (m4) .
No.
d (m2)
(m) (m-1) ∑
(m-1)

x 1
2
3
5
0.6
1.0
0.002
0.0033
7146
4331
16.22
9.73
0.00014
0.00023
0.002
0.004
3 4 0.8 0.0027 5293 12.16 0.00019 0.003
4 3 0.6 0.002 7146 16.22 0.00014 0.002
5 5 1.0 2.083 6.861 9.73 0.06027 0.989
0.06097 1.000

106

53
 Solution
 Using Eqs. 17 and 18, coordinates of the center of rigidity C.R. relative to
the lower left corner of the building plan (Point O on Figure) are:

∑
∑
0.02084 0.1 0.06027 9 0.03914 0.02084 19.9 0.00023 9.5
0.14132
.

∑
∑
0.00014 8.5 0.00023 2.5 0.00019 8 0.00014 1.5 0.06027 5
0.06097
≅ .
So: Vx = 0, Vy = 139.65 kN, Note: Solve for the portion for
Forces in E-W direction as an
ex =12.31-10 = 2.31 m
exercise
= 139.65 (2.31)
= 322.56 kN.m ↺
107

Solution
, ∑ ,

∑
.T
, ∑ ,
∑
.

So: Vx = 0, Vy = 139.65 kN, ex =12.31-10 = 2.31 m

= 139.65 (2.31) = 322.56 kN.m ↺

, ∑ ,

, ∑ ,

, ∑ , See next slide

, ∑ ,

, ∑ ,
108

54
 Solution
 The Horizontal forces acting on different walls in N-S direction are
computed in Table 2:
using: Vx = 0, Vy = 139.65 kN, ex =12.31-10 = 2.31 m
= 139.65 (2.31) = 322.56 kN.m ↺
Axis Wall
No. ∑
(m) (m)
(kN)
(kN)
1 12.21 3.5 0.00014 0.02084 3.1086 +0.022 20.59+11.35 = 31.394
y
2 3.31 2.5 0.00023 0.06027 0.6671 -0.026 59.56+8.9 = 68.46
3 7.59 3 0.00019 0.03914 2.2565 +0.025 38.68-13.25 = 25.43
4 7.59 3.5 0.00014 0.02084 1.2023 -0.022 20.59 -7.06 = 13.53
5 2.81 0 0.06027 0.00023 0.0018 0 0.21 + 0.03 = 0.31
0.06097 0.1413 7.2309 0 Vy = 139.65

109

Example

Solution:

110

55
Example

Solution:

111

Example

Solution:

112

56
Example

Solution:

113

114

57