METHOD
THE DISCUSSION METHOD
A method in which group discussion techniques are
used to reach instructional objectives.
THE PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION
METHOD
A method of self-instruction
THE STUDY ASSIGNMENT METHOD
A method in which the instructor assigns reading to
books, periodicals, project or research papers or
exercises for the practice.
THE TUTORIAL METHOD
A method of instruction in which an instructor
works directly with an individual student.
THE SEMINAR METHOD
A tutorial arrangement involving the instructor and advanced study or research project.
groups, rather than instructor and individual.
USES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. To develop imaginative solutions to problems. 1. Increase students interest 1. Require highly skilled instru
2. To stimulate thinking and interest and to secure student 2. Increases students acceptance and 2. Requires preparation by stud
participation. commitments. 3. Limits content.
3. To emphasise main teaching points. 3. Utilizes student knowledge and experience. 4. Consumes time.
4. To supplement lectures, reading, or laboratory exercises. 4. Results in more permanent learning 5. Restricts size of groups.
5. To determine how well student understands concepts and because of high degree of student
principles. participation.
6. To prepare students for application of theory of procedure.
7. To summarize, clarify points or review.
1. To provide remedial instruction. 1. Reduce failure rate. 1. Require local or commercial
2. To provide make-up instruction for late arrivals and 2. Improves end-of-course proficiency. preparation.
absentees. 3. Saves time. 2. Requires lengthy programme
3. To maintain previously learned skills which are not 4. Provides for self-instruction. training.
performed frequently enough. 3. Increases expenses.
4. To provide retraining on equipment and procedures which 4. Requires considerable lead ti
have become obsolete.
5. To upgrade production.
6. To accelerate capable students.
7. To provide enough common background among students.
8. To provide the review and practice of knowledge and skills.
1. To orient students to a topic prior to classroom or 1. Increase coverage of material. 1. Require careful planning and
Laboratory work. 2. Reduce classroom time. follow up.
2. To set the stage for a lecture demonstration or discussion. 3. Permits individual attention. 2. Poses evaluation problem.
3. To provide for or capitalize on individual differences in 3. Produce non-standard results
ability, background, or experience through differentiated
assignments.
4. To provide for the review of material covered in class or to
give practice.
5. To provide enrichment material.
1. To reach highly complicated skills operations or operations 1. Permits adaptive instruction. 1. Requires highly competent
involving danger or expensive equipment. 2. Stimulates active participation. instructor.
2. To provide individualised remedial assistance. 3. Promotes safety. 2. Demands time and money.
1. To provide general guidance for a group working on an 1. Provides motivation and report. 1. Requires highly competent
2. Stimulates active participation. instructor.
2. To exchange information on techniques and approaches 3. Permits adaptive instruction. 2. Poses evaluation problems.
being explored by members of a study or research group. 3. Is more costly than most other
3. To develop new and imaginative solutions to problems methods.
 under study by the group.

THE DEMONSTRATION METHOD 1. To teach manipulative operations or procedures. 1. Minimize damage and waste 1. Require careful preparation an
A method of instruction where the instructor by 2. To teach troubleshooting. 2. Saves time rehearsal.
actually performing an operation or doing a job 3. To illustrate principles. 3. Can be presented to large groups. 2. Requires special classroom
shows the students what to do, how to do it, and 4. To teach operation or functioning of equipment. arrangements.
through explanations brings out why, where, and 5. To teach teamwork.
when it is done. 6. To set standards of workmanship.
7. To teach safety procedures.
THE DEMONSTRATION METHOD 1. To teach manipulative operations or procedures. 1. Builds confidence. 1. Requires tools and equipment
A method of instruction is required to perform 2. To teach operation or functioning of equipment. 2. Enable learning evaluation. 2. Requires large block.
under controlled conditions the operations, skills or 3. To teach team skills 3. Reduces damages and waste. 3. Requires more instructors.
movement being taught. 4. To teach safety procedures. 4. Promotes safety.
THE BUZZ GROUP 1. To develop and express imaginative ideas, opinions. 1. Help trainers to draw breath. 1. Unfamiliarity in use.
2. Stimulate thinking. 2. Gauge the mood by listening to some 2. Time required.
discussion. 3. Need for group leaders.
3. Change pace of discussion.
4. Encourage participants to reflect what was
learnt.
BRAINSTORMING 1. Discover new ideas, thoughts and responses very quickly. 1. Leads to a very animated and energizing 1. It takes time particularly if it i
session. large group.
2. More reserved participants feel free to 2. May consume a lot of materia
contribute. e.g. flipcharts or writing materia
3. Requires high level facilitatio
skills.
ROLE PLAYS 1. Exploring and improving interviewing techniques and 1. Good energizers. 1. Participants might be reluctan
examining complexities and potential conflicts of groups. 2. Promotes empathy of trainees for other 2. May not work with trainees w
2. To consolidate different lessons in one setting. situation. do not know each other well.
3. Encourages creativity in learning.

Another thing to know and reflect on is when you choose a job you love, and enjoy what you do you will never have to work a day
in your life.
 Teaching Tools
Learning is more powerful and dynamic with tools that are already right in front of you – and it’s up to educators to
impress this on students in the classroom.  When you bring real things and authentic daily- life situations into the
classroom, listening becomes discovering, interest becomes wonder, and passive learning becomes active
exploration. Lessons come to life with touch, motion, and sound. Teacher resources, insights from fellow
educators, and personalized support help you teach every subject, from reading to coding, in ways that kids really
get. All of which makes those magical, a-ha moments happen much more often. For everyone.  The most powerful
tools for learning are the ones students love to use.
.
Teaching Tools include:
1-Teaching Aids.
They include:
(Cards, Charts, grids, Pictures, Drawing, photos, magazines, worksheets, mindmapping. Technology, Video, digital
material, data show, CDs, Electronic prohrama, Dictionary, Websites,The comuter, the internet, E-Book,
Intelligent board, Blackboard, Realia, actual fields, Real situations, Online Dictionaries, Graffic Organizers, virtual
tours of their latest exhibits,The real daily environmental things......)

2-Teaching resources  / Material :
They include:
A-The actual daily- life sites and environmental realia.
B-Concrete teaching Material.e,g.(Book, classroom supplies for teachers, Realia, CD, Vedio tape, tablet, iPad,
Mac, and Apple TV ..)
C-Theoritical teaching material. e.g.(Workshops, Training units)

3-Online Teacher's Tools / Resources:1-Google DOC's.

2-Wordpress.
3-Google forms.
4-Logomaker.
5-Internet readings.
6-Kahoot.
7-The Web Resources.
8-Voice of America Learning English.
9-Grammarly.
10-TED Talks.
11-YouGlish.
12-Corpus of Contemporary American English.

13-Edmodo
14-Socrative
15- LessonCast
16-Glogster EDU
17-SchoolTube:
18-Storybird:
19-Free Rice 2.0
20-Flashcard Machine
21-Bitstrips for Schools
22-Kidblog
23-DK Instant Expert
24-TED-ED
25-Videonot es

4-Electronic teaching and learning programs:

( Word program, Excel program, Power-point program, Access program, MS picture management program,
Movie-maker program, Free-mind program, Lingoes program, Celestia program, Yanka program, Anki program,
Jing program, Hot potatoes program, MS Mathematics program, the Sage program, Chemistry crocodile program,
Physics Crocodile program and a lot of other electronic programs.  Electronic teaching enables the teacher to do an
electronic lesson plan and give an electronic lesson presentation.)

5-Teaching methods.
They include:
(Active learning method, Projects, Inquiry-based teaching method, discovery method, Acting the scenes, Pointing,
Role-playing, Elicitation, CLT Method, Internet-based teaching method, Brainstorming method, Electronic
programs teaching, Classroom Network, observation, imitation, repetition, Music, Songs, Games, Storytelling,
Puzzles, Riddles, Story theatre, Solving problems, Playing roles, Changing roles,pair woek, Dialoguing, Group
work, Co-Curriculum activities, Involvement, Engagement, Debating, Interviewing, Practical learning, analysis,
Practice and research, Synthesis, Evaluation, Imagination.......)
6-Teaching Skills:
They include:
A-Language Skills (Listening-Speaking-Reading-Writing).
B-Teacher's Skills (Guiding, interviewing, Dialoguing, Observation)
C-Learner's Skills (Interactivity, Participation, Pair work, peer work, acting, elicitation,Group work, Dialoguing,
Practice, Analysis, Synthesis, Evaluation, imagination, Exploration and Dioscovery)

7-Teaching Activities.
They include:
A-Co-curriculum activities.       (Inside classroom)
B-Extra-curriculum Activities.   (Inside school)
C-Extra-curriculum Activities.   (Outside  school)

8-Assessment and Evaluation

Assessment includes:
1-Pre-assessment:
It is a measurement of the learning received during the class as part of comparing what the student knew
before in a pre-test and after the class experience in a post test.
2-During assessment:
1-It is usually done to gauge where the learner is.

2-It is helpful to pinpoint if the learner is progressing or having a

misconception that needs to be cleared up .

3-It is either formative or summative.

4-It is graded or ungraded.

3-Post Assessment:
1-It is used to determine if the learner has met the learning outcomes. 

2-It is either formative or summative.

3-It is graded.

Evaluation:
  Evaluation is a strategy used to collect information based on evidence to modify the system of learning.  Evaluation includes
repeated assessment.  It is done by the teacher, senior teacher and the supervisor at the end of the term or the whole year.  It

includes all the classroom components, course content, learners' activities and the teacher's strategy.  This information is

graded.  There are free awards, recognition awards and certificates to print, with matching incentives sheets.

..................................................................................................................................................
 1-Teaching Aids

Definition:
A teaching aid is a tool used by the teacher as a facilitator to the process of teaching and learning inside the
classroom.  It is one of the means by which we, as teachers bring life into the theoretical texts by bringing
environment inside the classroom indirectly.   Also, it is a means of personification to the concrete texts in the
students' books.  The final purpose remains as a means of relating teaching with the environment that students live
in and communicate with.

A teaching aid is a means of bringing environment into class to give life to theoretical learning.  It is a means to
involve learners physically, mentally, emotionally and environmentally.  A teaching aid can involve the learners
physically through using his senses and acting, mentally through using his mind and thinking, emotionally through
his excitement and environmentally through looking at pictures that express the daily life we live. Have you
wondered what a teacher is? He is an audio-visual aid of teaching.

Kinds of Aids:
. Visual Aids. Audio Aids. Audio - Visual Aids
1) Visual AidsThe aids which use sense of vision are called Visual aids.
For example :- actual objects, models, pictures, charts, maps, flash cards, flannel board, bulletin board, chalkboard,
overhead projector, slides etc.

2) Audio AidsThe aids that involve the sense of hearing are called Audio aids.
For example :- radio, tape recorder, gramophone etc.

3) Audio - Visual AidsThe aids which involve the sense of vision as well as hearing are called Audio- Visual aids.
For example :- television, film projector, film strips etc.

Importance :
1) MotivationTeaching aids motivate the students so that they can learn better.

2) ClarificationThrough teaching aids , the teacher clarify the subject matter more easily.

3) Discouragement of CrammingTeaching aids can facilitate the proper understanding to the students which
discourage the act of cramming.

4) Increase the VocabularyTeaching aids helps to increase the vocabulary of the students more effectively.
5) Saves Time and Money
Teaching through using aids takes a shorter time than traditional teaching that depends on lecturing and more
repetition from the side of the teacher. There will be no need to re-explain the lesson once more, as the learners
have learnt the content through using all their senses and emotion.  Here, money is saved.

6) Classroom Live and activeTeaching aids make the classroom live and active.

7) Avoids Dullnes
Teaching aids make the lesson interesting and the learners more interested. Learners see the set-book text pictures
and photographes speaking and acting.

8) Direct ExperienceTeaching aids provide direct experience of great experts to the learners. Teaching aids assist
students in learning. These aids consist of video, audio and hands-on tools to help involve the students and enhance
the learning experience.Teachers begin using visual, audio and hands-on aids as early as preschool. Teaching aids
can be as basic as a blackboard or whiteboard. Audio and visual equipment, such as DVD players and video
projectors, are commonly used as tools for learning with a very effective output.

1-Traditional Teaching Aids:

      The only method of teaching here, is the wooden blackboard and the chalk to write with. Perhaps, the teacher
uses flash cards and wall sheets in very few lessons and the purpose is for show not for knowledge or teaching. The
role of technology is restricted to enabling the learners to visit the lonely school computer laboratory, once a month
and that is also for show. There is no pr-planned program. The teacher himself is sometimes traditional. I mean that
he is reluctant to the advanced method of education. He has been and is still used to that traditional method of
education in spite of all the several efforts made by the supervisors to develop him, but in vain. He sees his method
the best and himself the greatest in a false proud way.  Nothing else can be mentioned in using technology, here.
Examples:  
Here are some examples of teaching aids: 

• What is a poster?

• What is a chart?

• Electronic programs

• What is a calendar?

• What is a flash card?

• What is a flip chart?

• What is a word slide?

• What is an easy reader?

• What is a syllable wheel?

• What is an alphabet book?

• What is an alphabet chart?What are word building cards?

• What are sentence building cards?

• What is a sentence building grid?

...............................................................................................................................................

  2-) Active Teaching Aids:

        There is no doubt that teaching aids plays a remarkable role in teaching.  You can see the teacher using flash
cards, drawings, wall sheets, real things, drawn or painted maps, electronic maps, tables, schedules, lists, designs
and paintings. The teacher uses technology which is represented in using the cassette, computer, internet,video set,
data show, overhead projector, slides, power point program, excel program, electronic teaching and learning
programs like Jing, Celestia,the Sage,Lingoes, movie-maker, Hot potatoes programs and all the sets that attract the
learner to learn and acquire real knowledge. Visit the page of " Technology in teaching" in this site.  Notice that the
learner uses all his 5 senses in learning. 

      There is a laptop or a classmate for each learner to use in learning inside the class. Musical instruments are
found inside the classroom.  Electronic  maps are there to click on in order to find the location, see the sun, feel the
temperature degree, feel the cold regions, read the labels, hear the sounds of the storms and feel the falling rain in
places all over the world.
     As an example of practical education, learners can see all the stages of a volcano to study this phenomenon.  I
saw that practically there in UK schools. There is a digital camera to photograph the scientific interviews and
meetings of learners inside the class.

     Teaching tools are several and available to use. All the teaching tools of science and mathematics are found
inside the class. Learners do experiments inside the class.  There is a real library to visit and consult its reference
books to do researches. There are names for classes. This is the science room number 1 and this a mathematics
room number 2 and so on..

    In active learning, both the teacher and the learners can use electronic learning programs like The Sage program,
The Hot Potatoes program, The lingoes program, The Celestia program, Jing program, Free-Mid map program ,
Chemistry crocodile program and the electronic lesson plan for the teacher.

Kinds of active teaching aids:. Visual Aids. Audio Aids. Audio - Visual Aids1) Visual AidsThe aids which use
sense of vision are called Visual aids. For example :- actual objects, models, pictures, charts, maps, flash cards,
flannel board, bulletin board, chalkboard, overhead projector, slides etc. Out of these black board and chalk are the
commonest ones.2) Audio AidsThe aids that involve the sense of hearing are called Audio aids. For example :-
radio, tape recorder, gramophone etc.3) Audio - Visual AidsThe aids which involve the sense of vision as well as
hearing are called Audio- Visual aids. For example :- television, film projector, film strips etc.
.............................................................

"2-Teaching Materials"

"Teaching materials" is a generic term used to describe the resources teachers use to deliver instruction. Teaching
materials can support student learning and increase student success. Ideally, the teaching materials will be tailored
to the content in which they're being used, to the students in whose class they are being used, and the teacher.
Teaching materials come in many shapes and sizes, but they all have in common the ability to support student
learning.

Examples
Teaching materials can refer to a number of teacher resources; however, the term usually refers to concrete
examples, such as worksheets or manipulatives (learning tools or games that students can handle to help them gain
and practice facility with new knowledge -- e.g. counting blocks). Teaching materials are different from teaching
"resources," the latter including more theoretical and intangible elements, such as essays or support from other
educators, or places to find teaching materials.
..............................................................................................................
      
  3-Teaching Methods
The teaching methods are various and several.

Click below:
1-TheTeaching methods

2-Teaching Toolbox

3-Teacher's Toolbox.

............................................................................................................
                
                4-Teaching Skills
Click below:
1-Laguage Skills.

2-Teacher's Skills.

3-Learner's Skills.

4-Communication skills.

.............................................................

 5-Teaching activities
1-Classroom Activities.

2-The School Activities.

...................................................
          
             6-Learning  activities

1-Learner listen, speak and communicate.

1-Learners look, Listen and point to things or people.
3-They speak and do.
4- They speak and practise.
5-They read and write.
6-They sing and dance.
7-They sing and do.
8-They ask and answer.
9-They imitate others.
10-They act the scenes.
11-They draw and paint.
12-They think, pair and share.
13-They participate
14-They interact with the teacher, peer, course, book and technology.
15-They practise. They analyse, sythesixe and evaluate.
16-They imagine, create and innovate.
17-They choose, match, fill in, underline, correct, complete, read and answer, read and skim, read and scan,
explore and invent.
18-They support, criticize and elect.
19-They play and rejoice.
20-They use electronic programs and the Tablet.
21-They access to :
online websites, Google forms, documents, wordpress, logomaker, internet readings, Kahoot, educational social
media means,
-The Web Resources
-Voice of America Learning English
-Grammarly
-TED Talks
-YouGlish
-Corpus of Contemporary American English
-The Egyptian Bank Of Knowledge.

Other activities: Learners do:

1. Pretest, interview, debate, conversation, reports,researches, modelling, projects, problem solutions,
experiements, dicoveries,tests,practice and free discussions.
2. Stand Up Sit Down
3. Thumbs Up Thumbs Down
4. Secret Answer
5. Response Cards
7. Quick Writes
8-Gallery Walk
9-Quick Draw
10-One Word Splash
11-Dictation
12-Find Your Match
13-A-Z Topic Summary
14-Feedback
15-Give opinions.
............................................................
  
     7-Assessment and Evaluation
1-Role of assessment 

2-Click here to go to Assessment and Evaluation page.

...........................................................................................................................

    
            8- TeachingTechnology
 
1-Click her to go to Technology in Teaching

2-Using mobile phones in Teaching and learning.

3-Using Nings, Blogs and social media in Teaching.

4-Online Corpus-based Learner Dictionary.

5-Film Circles:Scaffolding Speaking For EFL Students.

.............................................................

View Other Resources:

1-A bad teacher.
2- A good teacher.
3-The role of the Headteacher