THEORIES OF PERSONALITY

BANDURA

1. Unlike Skinner's behavioral analysis, Bandura's social D. a means of reducing anxiety.

cognitive theory
A. rejects the notion of goal-directed behavior. 9. According to Bandura, in general, intense physiological
B. discounts the importance of reinforcement. arousal
C. recognizes the influence of chance encounters. A. raises efficacy expectations.
D. downplays the effects of higher mental processes. B. lowers efficacy expectations.
C. initially lowers efficacy expectations, but later it rapidly
2. Skinner believed that there is no learning without increases efficacy.
reinforcement. Bandura D. has no effect on self-efficacy.
A. agrees with Skinner's observation.
B. agrees with Skinner but also stresses vicarious learning. 10. Self-efficacy enters Bandura's reciprocal determinism
C. asserts that learning is a consequence of the environment. paradigm at the point of
D. believes that cognition is unnecessary for learning. A. behavior.
B. person.
3. Compared to Skinner's approach, Bandura's theory is more C. environment.
A. cognitive. D. self-system.
B. environmental.
C. deterministic. 11. Erick is confident that he has the skills and abilities to be an
D. psychoanalytic. excellent professional baseball player. However, he is
uncertain whether he will be offered a job as a player. Thus,
4. In Bandura's view, self-efficacy is most likely to be increased according to Bandura, he has ______ efficacy expectations
when and _______ outcome expectations.
A. failure strengthens one's determination to succeed on A. high; high
future projects. B. low; high
B. one successfully performs a difficult task. C. high; low
C. one's best efforts fall a little short of success. D. low; low
D. one observes others failing at a task.
12. In Bandura's view, vicarious experiences are likely to have
5. According to Bandura, the four core features of human their strongest effect on self-efficacy when the observer
agency are intentionality, _____, self-reactiveness, and A. has a high level of physiological arousal.
self-reflectiveness. B. sees a person of equal ability succeed.
A. forethought C. has a high level of locus of control.
B. self-efficacy D. has extensive experience with the activity.
C. positive reinforcement E. has maximized the use of disengagement techniques.
D. locus of control
13.Bandura believes that
6. Bandura's triadic reciprocal causation assumes that personal A. self-efficacy and self-concept are synonymous.
conduct is a function of B. self-efficacy is another term for locus of control.
A. the environment. C. people have different levels of self-efficacy in different
B. the person. situations.
C. behavior. D. high levels of self-efficacy generalize to widely different
D. All of these are correct. situations.

7. Bandura believes that cognition 14. The confidence people have that their combined efforts will
A. is solely responsible for behavior. produce social change is what Bandura calls
B. serves as an autonomous force within the person. A. socialism.
C. is determined by behavior and environment. B. collective efficacy.
D. all of these are correct. C. personal efficacy.
E. none of these is correct. D. democracy.

8. Bandura views human agency as

A. an autonomous agent in control of behavior.
B. the capacity to exercise control over our own lives. 15. In Bandura's theory, chance encounters enter at which point
C. a function of the interaction between environment and early in the triadic reciprocal causation paradigm?
experience. A. person
B. self-system
C. behavior 23. A government official who sanctions spying on and brutal
D. environment physical harassment of legitimate, nonviolent demonstrators
because "they are a threat to national security" is using
16. According to Bandura, ______ is a person's expectations Bandura's disengagement technique of
that he or she can or cannot execute the behavior necessary A. moral justification.
to effect a successful change in a particular situation. B. palliative comparison.
A. self-efficacy C. rationalization.
B. self-regulation D. personal attribution.
C. locus of control
D. disengagement of internal control 24. In Bandura's disengagement technique of displacement of
responsibility, the consequences of one's actions are
17. Like most people, Madison relies on other people such as minimized by
the police, the fire department, and mechanics to exercise A. creating moral justifications for others' behavior.
indirect control over her life. Bandura calls this situation B. euphemistically labeling one's actions as harmless and
A. proxy agency. beneficial.
B. external reliance. C. dehumanizing the victims of one's actions.
C. collective efficacy. D. placing responsibility on an outside source.
D. personal efficacy.
25. Bandura's P, or person, factor includes
18. Megan compares her test grade with that of other class A. thought.
members to determine her test performance. She is using B. memory.
which of Bandura's judgmental processes? C. physical characteristics, such as size and social role.
A. personal standards D. none of these is correct.
B. standards of reference E. all of these are correct.
C. performance attribution
D. positive reinforcement 26. Bandura calls situations in life beyond one's deliberate
control
19. A hired killer refers to murdering another person as a A. chance encounters.
"contract" or a "hit". This is an example of Bandura's B. fortuitous events.
disengagement technique of C. neither of these.
A. palliative comparison. D. both of these.
B. moral justification.
C. euphemistic labels. 27. A terrorist dismisses the death of one hostage as
D. diffusing responsibility. unimportant in comparison to the hundreds of his comrades
killed by government security forces. This illustrates
20. The first requirement for internal self-regulation, according Bandura's disengagement technique of
to Bandura, is A. displacement.
A. a specific plan of action. B. euphemistic labeling.
B. self-observation. C. personal attribution.
C. free will. D. diffusing responsibility.
D. a non-hostile environment. E. palliative comparison.
E. accurate modeling.
28. The bureaucrat who answers criticism by responding "That's
21. Harrison, a professional photographer, is dissatisfied with his the way things are done around here" is using Bandura's
latest work, judging several pictures as substandard by his disengagement technique of
own criteria. Bandura would say that Harrison will probably A. palliative comparison.
A. learn to live with substandard performance. B. displacement of responsibility.
B. reward himself for his substandard performance. C. diffusing responsibility.
C. withhold reward for substandard performance. D. euphemistic labeling.
D. become psychologically disturbed. E. moral justification.

22. According to Bandura, disengagement of internal control is 29. A parent injures a child with a severe beating, but explains
most likely to occur when that one should not spare the rod because that may spoil
A. a lawbreaker on trial attempts to convince the judge or jury the child. This illustrates Bandura's disengagement
of her innocence. technique of
B. an otherwise law-abiding citizen attempts to convince A. minimizing consequences.
himself that his criminal acts are justified. B. ignoring consequences.
C. the unconscious mind gains control of the conscious mind. C. misconstruing consequences.
D. the conscious mind gains control of the unconscious mind. D. dehumanization.
E. euphemistic labeling. 38. Bandura claims that phobias are difficult to extinguish
because they
30. A rapist excuses his violent assault on his victim by claiming A. are a result of mental illness.
the she provoked the attack by dressing provocatively. B. stem from imbalances of neurotransmitters in the brain.
According to Bandura, this technique of disengagement is C. are not affected by reinforcement.
A. minimizing consequences. D. are maintained by avoidant behavior.
B. ignoring consequences.
C. moral justification.
D. dehumanizing the victim.
E. blaming the victim.

31. With regard to learning, Bandura believes that

A. reinforcement does not facilitate learning.
B. reinforcement is essential to learning.
C. performance is the basic datum of psychological science.
D. learning can occur in the absence of a response.

32. Bandura sees modeling as

A. a more specific concept than imitation.
B. synonymous with mimicry.
C. an important method of learning.
D. being the most important type of learning for high-status
people

33. Bandura discusses which two major types of learning?

A. observational and enactive
B. engaged and disengaged
C. instinctive and acquired
D. conscious and unconscious
E. skillful and unskillful

34. Bandura recognizes all of these as processes that govern

observational learning EXCEPT
A. attention.
B. representation.
C. motivation.
D. reinforcement.
E. behavioral production.

35. In modeling, Bandura claims people are most likely to attend

to
A. children.
B. attractive models.
C. people of lower social status.
D. All of these are correct.

36. Bandura holds that reinforcement is

A. cognitively mediated.
B. automatic.
C. a function of the environment.
D. a function of the individual's history.
E. an unnecessary concept for learning theory.

37. Much of Bandura's theory and research on dysfunctional

behaviors has centered around aggression and
A. phobias.
B. schizophrenia.
C. sexual disorders.
D. senility.