RPH Reviewer

MODULE 1, SECTION 1
Source- A person, publication, or object that gives information.
Primary Sources- considered as contemporary accounts of an event,
personally written or narrated by an individual person who directly
experienced or participated in the said event.
Examples: Manuscripts, Oral Histories, Artifacts, Government Publications,
Speeches, Memoirs, etc.

Secondary Sources- serve as interpretations or readings of primary sources.

Examples: Bibliographies, Journals, Research paper, Editorial (depends on
the context), Textbooks,etc.
Questions in evaluating the validity and credibility of sources of historical
accounts:
1. How did the author know about the given details? Was the author
present at the event? How soon was the author able to gather the details
of the event?
2. Where did the information come from? Is it a personal experience, an
eyewitness account, or a report made by another person?
3. Did the Author conclude based on a single source, or on many sources
of evidence?

Note: If the evaluation of an available source shows any indication that it’s
an interpretative work rather than a factual firsthand account, it is
considered as a secondary source.

MODULE 1, SECTION 2 (Evaluation of Primary and Secondary Sources)

Garraghan(1950) identified six points of inquiries to evaluate the authenticity
of a primary source:
1.Date- When was it produced?
2. Localization- Where did it originate?
3. Authorship- Who wrote it?
4. Analysis- What pre-existing material served as the basis for its production?
5. Integrity- What was its original form?
6. Credibility- What is the evidential value of its content?

The significance of secondary sources should not be discredited.

Louis Gottschalk (1969) emphasized that it is impossible for historians to
avoid using secondary sources due to difficulty in accessing primary sources.
Gottschalk suggested that secondary sources must only be used for:
 Deriving the setting wherein the contemporary evidence will fit in the
grand narrative of history.
 Getting leads to other bibliographic data.
 Acquiring quotations or citations from contemporary or other sources.
 Deriving interpretations with a view of testing and improving them but
not accepting them as outright truth.
Martha Howell and Walter Prevenier (2001) stated that before any source can
be considered as evidence in a historical argument, it must satisfy three
preconditions:
1. It must be comprehensible at the most basic level of vocabulary,
language and handwriting. (sets the ground for the contentions on the
acceptability of the source and for all the aspects of the debate)
2. The source must be carefully located in the accordance with place and
time. Its author, composer, or writer, and the location where it was
produced/published should be noted for the checking of
authenticity/accuracy.
 Ex: Personal Letter indicating when and where it was written.

3. The authenticity of the source must always be checked and

counterchecked before being accepted as a credible source in any
historical findings.

Forgeries- Falsely making or altering a writing by which the legal rights or

obligations of another person are apparently affected.
CASES OF FORGERY Examples:
 Ambeth Ocampo’s discovery of the alleged draft of Jose Rizal’s third
novel, the Makamisa.
It was labeled as Borrador del Noli me Tangere , although the draft has
been proven that it has not connection to Noli or El Fili.
 Roman Roque, who allegedly forged the signature of Gen. Urbano
Lacuna that led to the captivity of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. (Also forged
the signature of Jose Rizal in the great retraction controversy)
 Autobiography of Josephine Bracken, written on February 22,1897.
Badly forged in terms of penmanship ( comparing it to the previous letters
that Josephine Bracken wrote).

Seven factors of internal criteria identified by Howell and Prevenier

(2001):
1. The genealogy of the document- refers to the development of the
document.
2. The genesis of the document- includes the situations and the
authorities during the document’s production.
3. The originality of the document- includes the nature of the document
whether it is an eye/earwitness account or merely passing of existing
information.
4. The interpretation of the document- pertains to the deducing
meaning from the document.
 5. The authorial authority of the document- refers to the relationship
between the document’s subject matter and its author.
6. The competence of the observer- refers to the author’s capabilities
and qualifications to critically comprehend and report information.
7. The trustworthiness of the observer- refers to the author’s integrity—
whether he or she fabricates or reports truthfully.
Reliability of primary sources is assessed on how these sources are directly
related and closely connected to the time of the events they pertain to.
Reliability of second sources depends on the elapsed time from the date of
the event to the date of their creation.
MODULE 2: Analyzing the Significance of Primary Sources to the History
of the Filipino People
Module focuses on the significance of primary sources to the grand narrative
of the history of the Filipino people by providing concrete facts and details
coming from first-hand witnesses.
MODULE 2,Section 1:

Module 2, Section 3: Kartilya ng Katipunan by

Emilio Jacinto:
The kartilya served as the guide of the Katipunan. It
contains thirteen “teachings” that the members were
required to adhere to.

Emilio Jacinto- “Brains of the Katipunan”

“Moses of the Filipino People” (according to Artemio
Ricarte)
 Born in Trozo,Manila on December 15,1875.
  Father: Mariano Jacinto, Bookeeper (acc. to zaide) or
a merchant (acc. to E. de los santos).
 Mother: Josefa Dizon, manghihilot/Midwife.
 Private school of Maestro Ferrer (and later at the
private school of Jose Dizon).
 Education: Colegio de San Juan de Letran for
Bachelor’s degree and UST for law.
 Pen Names: Pingkian,Dimasilaw, Ka Ilyong.
 Joined the Katipunan in 1894 (19 years old)
 Editor of the newspaper Kalayaan.
 Died of Malaria on April 16,1899 (23 yrs old).

Background of the Kartilya:

Andres Bonifacio wanted to have a codified document
listing the duties and responsibilities of every member of
the Katipunan.
Andres consulted Emilio occasionally for comments on
his draft and later on presented his work to the supremo.

The following are essential key factors that were

influential in the forming of the Katipunan and that of the
Kartilya:
1. The Age of Enlightenment- In this period, secret societies like the
freemasons were established. Coffeehouses, newspapers and
literary salons flourished as new places for ideas to circulate and
transfer.
2. The French Revolution- was a period of social and political
upheaval in France. It became the focal point for the development
of all modern political ideologies.
3. Masonry- was introduced to the Philippines in 1856 when a
Spanish naval officer organized a lodge in Cavite under auspices of
the Portuguese Gran Oriente Lusitano.
4. The Propaganda Movement- was propelled by the execution of
the three priests, Gomburza, in 1872 which left a profound effect
on many Filipinos including Rizal. The start when Filipinos started
questioning the Spanish authorities and asked for reforms.
5. The La Liga Filipina- was established by Jose Rizal when he
decided to return to the Philippines to continue to call for reforms
through legal means.
English Version of (Sampung utos ng mga anak
ng Bayan ni Andres Bonifacio.
Filipino Version:
Filipino version of Kartilya ng Katipunan ni Emilio
Jacinto:
English Version:

Analysis of Kartilya ng Katipunan according to a source of

information on the web (Brainly):
1. The first tenet highlights the importance of living a purpose-driven
life. A Katipunero who does not have a purpose lives a useless life.
2. The second rule is all about doing the right thing. A deed carried
out for the sake of fame is not worthy of praise.

3. The third tenet shows what kindness really means. True act of
kindness for a Katipunero is in the love and service he render to other
people and not the other way around.

4. The fourth tenet highlights equality. Every Katipuneros are treated

equally no matter what race or educational background he has.

5. The fifth shows what honor should mean for a Katipunero. A true
Katipunero values honor more than his personal interest.

6. The sixth tenet is all about being a man of word. A Katipunero who
has a sense of shame must be a man of his word.

7. The seventh rule gives importance to time. A Katipunero must give

importance to time. For the Katipunan, a time that is lost will never
be back.
8. The eighth tenet is all about fighting for what is right. A
Katipunero must protect the weak and fight those who oppress the
weak.

9. The ninth tenet highlights the importance trust. A Katipunero is

careful with what he says and keeps the things that must be kept
secret.

10. The tenth principle is all about being able to lead a family. A
Katipunero must lead his family to the right path. If the leader is
consumed by evil, so does his followers.

11. The eleventh principle is all about women. A Katipunero must

give importance to a woman. He must not see her as an object, nor a
past time. That whenever a Katipunero sees a woman, he will
remember his mother who nurtured him.

12. The twelfth principle gives importance to every actions that one
has to make. A Katipunero must not do the things that he does not
want to be done to him or to his family.

13. The thirteenth principle is about having the right character. A

Katipunero’s life is not measured by what is his status in life nor with
the things that he possess. Instead, it is in his character and his love
for the native land.

14. The last tenet, shows a glimpse of what the author desire. It shows
the sense of hopefulness for the motherland and that all the sacrifices
made is not all for nought.

MODULE 2, SECTION 4: The Works of Luna and Armorsolo

Juan Luna and Fernando Armorsolo are two important artists in the history
of visual arts in the Philippines. This section focuses on the life of these
two artists and their most important works.

Juan Luna
 Born on October 23,1857 in Badoc, Ilocos Norte.
 3rd among the seven children of Joaquin Luna de San Pedro y
Posadas (father) and Laureana Novicio y Ancheta (mother).
 Wife: Maria de la Paz Pardo de Tavera.

Historical Background of Luna’s Paintings:

One of his most important work is the Spoliarium.
Spoliarium:
 The Largest painting in the Philippines (4.22mx7.67m)
 He spent eight months working on this painting (Now displayed in
the main gallery of the National Museum of Fine Arts).
 Won three gold medal in 1884 Exposicion Nacional de Bellas
Artes in Madrid.
His other famous works:
1. The El pacto de Sangre- shows the blood compact between Datu
Sikatuna and Miguel Lopez de Legazpi.
2. The Parisian Life- shows a lady sitting uncomfortably in a couch
in a public bar while being discretely observed by three men who
resembles (interpretations) Jose Rizal, Juan Luna, and Dr. Aniston
Lin-Bautista.
3. The Portrait of a Lady- shows a woman holding a rosary in a
scene that seems sexual interlude. ( Fact: The painting is cursed
and it was made after Luna killed his wife out of jealousy in
September 1892.
Jealousy and with the assumption of adultery is what the sexual
interlude portrayed in the painting).

Fernardo Cueto Armorsolo (1892-1972)

 Born in Calle Heran (known as Pedro Gil today) in Paco,Manila on
May 20,1892.
 Studied at the Art School of the Liceo de Manila and UP School of
Fine Arts.
 Sketched more than 10,000 pieces over his lifetime using natural
and backlighting techniques.
Famous Works:
1. Leyendo El Periodico- Which won him second place in
the Bazaar Escolta in 1908.
2. The Afternoon Meal of Rice Workers- First prize at the
New York World’s Fair in 1999.
3. Making of the Philippine Flag.
4. The First Baptism.
5. Under the Mango Tree (Sold recently for P46,720,000)

Historical Background of Armorsolo’s Paintings:

His paintings depict life during the late American regime and
the Japanese occupation in the Philippines.
His work focuses more on rural landscapes that show his
mastery in the use of light.

MODULE 2, SECTION 5: Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan,

Emilio Aguinaldo
Focuses on the Memoir written by Emilio Aguinaldo.

Emilio Famy Aguinaldo:

 Born on March 22,1869 in Kawit,Cavite.
 7th among the eight children of Carlos Jamir Aguinaldo
(Father) and Trinidad Famy Aguinaldo (Mother).
 High school: Colegio San Juan de Letran.
 Gobernadorcillo Capitan Municipal (25 yrs old)
 Codename: Colon.
 His presidency cut short when he was captured by the
American soldiers in Palanan,Isabela.

Historical Background of Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan:

 Aguinaldo produced the first volume of his memoirs between 1928
and 1946.
What does the memoir contain?
 Aguinaldo’s birth and early years until the signing of the Biak na
Bato Treaty in 1897.
 Documents he preserved and his family lore.
 Published in 1963 and publicly released in 1967.

A second volume was also drafted by Aguinaldo, which could have

cover the resumption of the Philippine revolution against Spain and
the Philippine-American War.