Lesson 1

BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Reference Book:
Biology by Campbell and Reece

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 Target Objectives
1. Categorize the biological molecules(lipids,
carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids)
according to their structure and function.

2. Explain the role of each biological molecule in

specific metabolic processes.

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Prepared by Ms. Lynrie
 Biological Molecules
INTRODUCTION

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 INTRODUCTION:
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
• Organic molecules
• Consists mainly of carbon and hydrogen with
nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus
• Molecules that occur naturally in living
organisms
• Very large molecules of many atoms, that are
covalently bound together.

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 INTRODUCTION:
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

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 INTRODUCTION:
Molecular composition of cells

• Water (H2O) 70%

• Macromolecules (protein, nucleic acid, etc.) 24%

• Small molecules (amino acids, sugar & nucleotides) 5%

• Inorganic ions (Na,K,Cl,PO4) 1%

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INTRODUCTION: Molecules of Life

Main Groups of Biological Macromolecules

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids

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INTRODUCTION: Molecules of Life
Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers

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INTRODUCTION: Molecules of Life
Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers

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INTRODUCTION: Molecules of Life
Lipids are not polymers.

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INTRODUCTION: Molecules of Life

Not all macromolecules/biomolecules are polymers.

But all polymers are macromolecules.

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 BIOMOLECULES:
Carbon Compounds

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Sugars and Fats and Amino

Nucleotides
starches Oils Acids

Carbon, Carbon,
Carbon, Carbon,
Hydrogen,
Hydrogen, Hydrogen, Hydrogen,
Oxygen,
Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen, Nitrogen,
Nitrogen Phosphorus
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 Biological Molecules
Structure & Function

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Biological Macromolecules

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids

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Biological Macromolecules

1. Carbohydrates
Structure: Contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1
ratio (CH2O).

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Biological Macromolecules
1. Carbohydrates

Functions:
•provide energy
•Short term enery reserve

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Biological Macromolecules

1. Carbohydrates
Functions:
• supply carbon atoms for the synthesis of other biochemical
substances
• form part of the structural framework of DNA and RNA
molecules
• structural components of cell membranes

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Biological Macromolecules

Classes of Carbohydrates:

a. Monosaccharide

b. Disaccharide

c. Polysaccharide

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Biological Macromolecules
Classes of Carbohydrates:

a. Monosaccharide
• Simple sugar
• Serve as a major fuel for cells and as raw material for
building molecules
• May have three to seven carbons in the skeleton
• Monosaccharides are classified by
– The location of the carbonyl group (as aldose or
ketose)
– The number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

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 Location of the Carbonyl Group
Aldoses (Aldehyde Sugars) Ketoses (Ketone Sugars)

Glyceraldehyde Dihydroxyacetone

Ribose Ribulose

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 Number of Carbons in the Carbon Skeleton
Trioses: 3-carbon sugars (C3H6O3)

Glyceraldehyde Dihydroxyacetone

Pentoses: 5-carbon sugars (C5H10O5)

Ribose Ribulose

Hexoses: 6-carbon sugars (C6H12O6)

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Figure 5.3a

Aldose (Aldehyde Sugar) Ketose (Ketone Sugar)

Trioses: 3-carbon sugars (C3H6O3)

Glyceraldehyde Dihydroxyacetone
Figure 5.3b

Aldose (Aldehyde Sugar) Ketose (Ketone Sugar)

Pentoses: 5-carbon sugars (C5H10O5)

Ribose Ribulose
Figure 5.3c

Aldose (Aldehyde Sugar) Ketose (Ketone Sugar)

Hexoses: 6-carbon sugars (C6H12O6)

Glucose Galactose Fructose

 Figure 5.4

1 6 6
2
5 5
3
4 1 4 1
4
2 2
5 3 3

(a) Linear and ring forms

6
5
4 1
3 2

(b) Abbreviated ring structure

Biological Macromolecules
Classes of Carbohydrates:

a. Monosaccharide examples:
1. Glyceraldehyde
2. Dihydroxyacetone
3. Ribose
4. Ribulose
5. Glucose
6. Fructose
7. Galactose

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Biological Macromolecules
Classes of Carbohydrates:

a. Monosaccharide examples:
• Ribose—a 5C aldose that forms part of the backbone of
nucleic acids.

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Biological Macromolecules
Classes of Carbohydrates:

a. Monosaccharide examples:
• Glucose—a 6C aldose that is the product of photosynthesis
and the substrate for respiration that provides energy for
cellular activities.

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Figure 10.6-4

H2O CO2

Light

NADP
ADP
+ Pi
Calvin
Light Cycle
Reactions

ATP

NADPH

Chloroplast

O2 [CH2O]
(sugar)
Biological Macromolecules

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Biological Macromolecules
Classes of Carbohydrates:

a. Monosaccharide examples:
• Fructose—a 6C ketose that is found in many plants and is
often bonded to glucose.

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 Semen Components
1. Spermatozoa or Mature Sperm Cells
2. Hormones (Testosterone and Inhibin)
3. Yellowish Fluid from the Seminal Vesicles (60-70%)
• Fructose (sugar)
• Vitamin C
• Prostaglandins
• Other substances that nourish and activate sperm

4. Milky Fluid from Prostate Gland (20%)

• Acid phosphatase
• Proteolytic enzymes
• IgA (Immunoglobulin A)
5. Thick clear mucus from Bulbourethral Gland (5%)
• Mucoproteins

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Anatomy of the Sperm

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Biological Macromolecules

Classes of Carbohydrates:

b. Disaccharide
• Double sugar
• Energy source, sweetener and dietary component
• Formed when a dehydration reaction joins two
monosaccharides
• This covalent bond is called a glycosidic linkage

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 Figure 5.2a

(a) Dehydration reaction: synthesizing a polymer

1 2 3

Short polymer Unlinked monomer

Dehydration removes
a water molecule,
forming a new bond.

1 2 3 4

Longer polymer
 Figure 5.2b

(b) Hydrolysis: breaking down a polymer

1 2 3 4

Hydrolysis adds
a water molecule,
breaking a bond.

1 2 3
Biological Macromolecules
Classes of Carbohydrates:

b. Disaccharide examples:
1. Maltose
2. Sucrose
3. Lactose

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Biological Macromolecules
Classes of Carbohydrates:

b. Disaccharide examples:
1. Maltose
• glucose + glucose
• found in sprouting grains, malt-based energy drinks, or beer

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Biological Macromolecules
Classes of Carbohydrates:

b. Disaccharide examples:
2. Lactose
• glucose + galactose
• Source of energy for infants
• An enzyme called lactase is
required to digest this.

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Biological Macromolecules
Classes of Carbohydrates:

b. Disaccharide examples:
3. Sucrose
• glucose + fructose
• found in table sugar processed from sugar cane, sweet
fruits, and storage roots like carrots

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 Broken down into

STARCH
Processed to extract

GLUCOSE
Converted to sweeter version

FRUCTOSE
Added to food as HFCS
Biological Macromolecules
 Biological Macromolecules

https://drhyman.com/blog/2011/05/13/5-reasons-high-fructose-corn-syrup-will-kill-you/
 Biological Macromolecules

https://drhyman.com/blog/2011/05/13/5-reasons-high-fructose-corn-syrup-will-kill-you/
Biological Macromolecules

Classes of Carbohydrates:

c. Polysaccharide
• many sugars
• larger forms of sugar
• serves as storage areas and provide structural or
building materials

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Biological Macromolecules

Types of Polysaccharide

1. Storage Polysaccharide

2. Structural Polysaccharide

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Biological Macromolecules
Types of Polysaccharides
• Storage Polysaccharides
ex. Starch (plants)

Chloroplast Starch granules

Amylopectin

Amylose
(a) Starch: 1 m
a plant polysaccharide

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 Figure 5.7

(a)  and  glucose

ring structures

4 1 4 1

 Glucose  Glucose

1 4
1 4

(b) Starch: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers (c) Cellulose: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers
 Figure 5.7b

1 4

(b) Starch: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers

1 4

(c) Cellulose: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers

Biological Macromolecules
Types of Polysaccharides
• Storage Polysaccharides
ex. Glycogen (animals)

Mitochondria Glycogen granules

Glycogen
(b) Glycogen: 0.5 m
an animal polysaccharide

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Biological Macromolecules
Types of Polysaccharides
• Structural Polysaccharides
ex. Cellulose (plant)
Cellulose
Cell wall microfibrils in a
plant cell wall
Microfibril

Cellulose
molecules

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 Figure 5.7

(a)  and  glucose

ring structures

4 1 4 1

 Glucose  Glucose

1 4
1 4

(b) Starch: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers (c) Cellulose: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers
Biological Macromolecules
Types of Polysaccharides
• Structural Polysaccharides
ex. Chitin (animal and fungi)

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Biological Macromolecules
Types of Polysaccharides
• Structural Polysaccharides
ex. Chitin (animal and fungi)

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Biological Macromolecules
Types of Polysaccharides
• Structural Polysaccharides
ex. Peptidoglycan (bacteria)

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Biological Macromolecules
Types of Polysaccharides
• Structural Polysaccharides
ex. Peptidoglycan (bacteria)

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