Chapter 3 PDF

FLUID MECHANICS
CLD 10603
Pressure & Fluid Static
Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology
Roosevelt Dam in Arizona. Hydrostatic pressure, due

to the weight of a standing fluid, can cause
enormous forces and moments on large-scale
structures such as a dam.
CLD 10603 2 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static
Objectives
Student should be able to:
i. Determine the variation of pressure in a
fluid at rest.
ii. Define and describe Pascal’s Law.
iii. Understand the hydrostatic pressure
concept.

Introduction
 Fluid Statics refers to the study of fluids at rest or in such
a manner that no shearing stresses exist in the fluid
 In the liquid state, molecules can flow; they freely move

from position to position by sliding over one another.
 These are relatively simple problems since no velocity

gradients exist - thus, viscosity does not play a role
 Applications include the hydraulic press, manometry,

dams and fluid containment (tanks)

Introduction
By itself, fluid has no power,
but when confined and
placed under pressure,
fluid can transmit power

that can be stored,
directed and made to do work.

Pressure
 Pressure is defined as a normal force exerted
by a fluid per unit area.
F
P
A
 Unit of pressure is the N/m2 or Pascal;
1 N/m2 = 1 Pa (Pascal).
 Atmospheric pressure at sea level is
1 atmosphere (atm) = 1.013 x 105 Pa.
 1 atm = 14.7 lb/in2.

Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures

 Actual pressure at a give point is called the
absolute pressure. It is always positive.
 Most pressure-measuring devices are calibrated to

read zero in the atmosphere, and therefore indicate
gage pressure, Pgage = Pabs - Patm. It can be positive
or negative.
 Pressure below atmospheric pressure are called

vacuum pressure, Pvac = Patm - Pabs. An absolute
pressure of 0 is a perfect vacuum.



 Pressure at any point in a fluid is the same
in all directions.
 Pressure has a magnitude, but not a
specific direction, and thus it is a scalar
quantity.

Gage pressures
Mercury barometer
Open Tube Manometer

Question 1
A pressure gauge on a tank reads 20 psi.

What is the gauge pressure?

Question 2
A gauge on a tank reads 15 psi. What is

the absolute pressure in the tank?


Question 3
The pressure gauge on a tank reads 20

cm Hg vacuum. What is the absolute
pressure in the tank?

Pascal’s Law
Blaise Pascal was a scientist who lived in 1623-1662. He
described how liquids behave. He built a container like this
to show that water pressure depends on the depth of the
water, not the size or shape of the container.
A B
You might think that there is more

pressure under side B, because there
is more water, but if it had more
pressure, it would push side A up.
Pascal Law states that pressure at any point in a body of fluid is the same in every
direction, exerting equal force on equal areas. Now if you apply more pressure to
one side of the container, the fluid will rise on the other side.

Pascal’s Law
Pascal’s law states that:
Liquids transmit pressure equally in all

directions.
Or
When pressure on any portion of a
confined liquid is changed, the pressure
on every other part of the liquid is also
changed by the same amount

Pascal’s Law
Applications of Pascal’s Law:
Hydraulic brakes Hydraulic press

Hydraulic lift

Pascal’s Law - Transmission of Pressure

 A hydraulic pump used to lift
a car. When a small force F is
applied to a small area of a
movable piston it creates a
pressure P = F/A.
P1  P2
 This pressure is transmitted
to and acts on a larger F1 F2

movable piston of area A A1 A2
which is then used to lift a
car. F2 A2

F1 A1

 Pascal’s Principle: A CHANGE IN
PRESSURE IN A CONFINED
FLUID IS TRANSMITTED
WITHOUT CHANGE TO ALL
POINTS IN THE FLUID.
 Ex. Hydraulic lift.
 Hydraulic piston apparatus uses
an incompressible fluid to transmit
pressure from a small cylinder to a
large cylinder.
 According to Pascal’s Principle,
the pressure in the small cylinder
resulting from the application of F1
to a frictionless piston is
transmitted undiminished to the
larger piston.


P1 = P2
F1 F2

A1 A 2
 A2 is larger than A1, so the force

exerted by the large piston is
greater than the force exerted on
the small piston.


 The figure shows a hydraulic system
used with brakes.
 The force F is applied perpendicularly to
the brake pedal.
 The brake pedal push down shown in
the drawing and causes a force applied
perpendicularly to the input piston in the
master cylinder.
 The resulting pressure is transmitted by
the brake fluid to the output plungers
which are covered with the brake
linings.
 The linings are pressed against both
sides of a disc attached to the rotating
wheel.
Hydraulic Brakes

Hydrostatic Pressure

Hydrostatic Pressure - Pressure in a Liquid

 The pressure exerted or transmitted by water at rest.
 In a stationary mass of a single static fluid, the
pressure is constant in any cross section parallel to
the earth’s surface but varies from height to height.


 A liquid in a container exerts forces against the walls
and bottom of the container.
 For a liquid in a container, the pressure by liquid
exerts against the bottom of the container is the
weight of the liquid divided by the area of the
container bottom.
 How much a liquid weights and how much pressure
it exerts depends on its density and because of that:
– For the same depth, a denser liquid exerts a
greater pressure than a less dense liquid.
– For liquids of the same density, the pressure will be
greater at the bottom of the deeper liquid.


 The pressure of a liquid at
rest depends on the density
and depth of the liquid.
Pgage  h    g
 Liquids are practically
incompressible, so except
for changes in the
temperature, the density of
a liquid is normally the
same at all depths.


 At a given depth, a liquid exerts the same
pressure against any surface - the bottom
or sides of its container, or even the
surface of an object submerged in the
liquid to that depth.
 Pressure a liquid exerts, depends only on
its density and depth.
 Total pressure (or absolute pressure) P on
a submerged surface equals the pressure
by liquid exerts plus the atmospheric
pressure Po (1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa) .


For lakes and ocean:
Air
+b P=Pa -b
Free Surface: z = 0, P=Pa
Water
-h P=Pa + h
Hydrostatic pressure distribution in ocean and atmosphere.


 When the liquid is pressing
against a surface there is a
net force directed
perpendicular to the
surface.
 If there is a hole in the
surface, the liquid initially
moves perpendicular to the
surface.
 At greater depths, the net
force is greater and the
horizontal velocity of the
escaping liquid is greater.

Question 4
New found lake, a fresh water lake near

Bristol, New Hampshire has a maximum
depth of 60 m and the mean atmospheric
pressure is 91 kPa. Estimate the absolute
pressure in kPa at this maximum depth.
Given  = 9790 N/m3.


Question 5
The deepest point in the oceans of the

world is believed to be in the Marianas
Trench, southeast of Japan; there the
depth is about 11,000 m. What is the
pressure at that point?


Question 6
Determine the pressure in psi at a depth of

240.0 in below the free surface of a body
of water. Given H2O = 0.0361 lbf/in3.

Hydrostatic Paradox
 The downward pressure of
any given liquid is
independent of the shape of
the vessel, amount of liquid,
volume or total weight and
depends only on its height
and base.
 The liquid surface is at all
times perpendicular to the
flow of gravity.

Hydrostatic Paradox
waterwheel

Hydrostatic Paradox
Question 7
If the height of the fluid's surface above the bottom of the five
vessels is the same, in which vessel is the pressure of the
fluid on the bottom of the vessel the greatest ? The amount of
liquid in each vessel is not necessarily the same.

Hydrostatic Pressure - Pressure in a Gases

For isothermal atmosphere, where T =T0:
 g ( z2  z1 ) 
P2  P1 exp  
 RTo 
Where:
T0 = is sea level temperature
To = 288.16 K = 15C


The lower portion of the atmosphere is called
troposphere. The more accurate relation is:
g /( RB )
 Bz 
P  Pa1  
 T0 
Where:
g/RB = 5.26 (air)
To = 518.68R = 288.16 K = 15C
B = 0.003 566R/ft = 0.00650 K/m


Question 8
If sea level pressure is 101 350 Pa,

compute the standard pressure at an
altitude of 5000 m using:
a. exact formula
b. an isothermal assumption at standard
sea level temp. of 15°C
Pressure Head Concept

• Pressure in a fluid increases with depth because
more fluid rests on deeper layers and the effect of
this “extra weight” on a deeper layer is balanced by
an increase in pressure.
In a fluid of constant density, dP/dz = -g
can be integrated immediately to give :
P = - gz + constant
In a liquid, the pressure P at any depth z,

measured downwards from the free
surface so that z = -h will be:
P = gh + constant

If we take point 1 to be the free
surface of a liquid open to
atmosphere, P = Patm, then the
pressure at a depth h from the
free surface becomes
P = Patm + ρgh or Pgage = ρgh


Taking Patm as zero the pressure
equation becomes:
P
atm
P = gh
Liquid which indicates that, if g is assumed

Density, 
h constant, the gauge pressure at a
P point x can be defined by stating the
X vertical height h, called the head, of
a column of a given fluid of mass
density  which would be necessary
to produce this pressure.

Atmospheric Pressure Measurement
 Widely used for steam and

compressed gases.
 Pressure to be measured is
applied to a curved tube, oval
in cross section.
Bourdon Gauge

Atmospheric Pressure Measurement

 Pressure applied to the tube cause
the tube to straighten out, and the
deflection of the end of the tube is
communicated through a system of
levers to a recording needle.
 The pressure indicated is the

difference between that
communicated by the system to the
Bourdon Gauge external (ambient ) pressure, usually
referred to as the gauge pressure.

Fluid Pressure Measurement

Simplest manometer is a
tube. Open at the top.
Attached to the top of a vessel
containing liquid at a pressure
( higher than P atm) to be
measured. P measured is
relative to atmospheric, so is
gauge pressure.
Tube Piezometer

Pressure at A = Pressure due
to column of liquid above A
PA = gh1
Pressure at B = Pressure due

to column of liquid above B
PB = gh2
Tube Piezometer

 Pressure of both liquids
Fluid P, Density  and gases can be
D
measured.
A
h2
 U is connected as in
h1
the figure and filled with
B C
a fluid called the
Manometric Fluid Density man manometric fluid.
U-Tube Manometer

 The fluid whose
Fluid P, Density 
pressure is being
D
measured should have
a  <  man.
A
h2
h1
 The two fluids should
B C
not be able to mix
Manometric Fluid Density man
readily.
U-Tube Manometer

 If B the level of the interface
in the left hand arm and C is
D
a point at the same level in
the right hand arm,
Pressure PB at B = Pressure PC at C
A
h2
h1  For the left hand arm:

B C PB = Pressure PA at A +
Pressure due to h1 of fluid P.
Manometric Fluid Density man PB = PA + gh1
U-Tube Manometer

 For the right hand arm:
PC = Pressure PD at D +
D Pressure due to h2 of man.
fluid.
A
h2
PD = Patm = Zero gauge
h1
Pressure
B C

PC = 0 + mangh2
U-Tube Manometer
D Since PB = PC
A
PA + gh1 = mangh2
h2
h1
PA = mangh2 - gh1
B C
U-Tube Manometer

Question 9
A manometer is used to
measure the pressure in a tank.
The fluid used has a specific
gravity of 0.85, and the
manometer column height is 55
cm, as shown in figure. If the
local atmospheric is 96 kPa,
determine the absolute
pressure within the tank.


Question 10
A blower operates with a pressure difference

of 10 in of water as measured by a
manometer. What is the pressure difference
in psia and Pa? Use ρ = 0.0361 lbm/in3.

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FLUID MECHANICS

Roosevelt Dam in Arizona. Hydrostatic pressure, due

CLD 10603 3 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

 In the liquid state, molecules can flow; they freely move

 These are relatively simple problems since no velocity

 Applications include the hydraulic press, manometry,

CLD 10603 4 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

fluid can transmit power

CLD 10603 5 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

CLD 10603 6 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures

 Most pressure-measuring devices are calibrated to

 Pressure below atmospheric pressure are called

CLD 10603 7 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures

CLD 10603 8 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures

CLD 10603 9 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

Open Tube Manometer

CLD 10603 10 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures

A pressure gauge on a tank reads 20 psi.

CLD 10603 11 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures

A gauge on a tank reads 15 psi. What is

CLD 10603 13 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures

The pressure gauge on a tank reads 20

CLD 10603 15 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

You might think that there is more

CLD 10603 17 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

Liquids transmit pressure equally in all

CLD 10603 18 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

Hydraulic brakes Hydraulic press

CLD 10603 19 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

Pascal’s Law - Transmission of Pressure

Pascal’s Law - Transmission of Pressure

CLD 10603 21 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

Pascal’s Law - Transmission of Pressure

 A2 is larger than A1, so the force

CLD 10603 22 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

Pascal’s Law - Transmission of Pressure

Pascal’s Law - Transmission of Pressure

CLD 10603 24 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

CLD 10603 25 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

Hydrostatic Pressure - Pressure in a Liquid

CLD 10603 26 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

Hydrostatic Pressure - Pressure in a Liquid

CLD 10603 27 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

Hydrostatic Pressure - Pressure in a Liquid

CLD 10603 28 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

Hydrostatic Pressure - Pressure in a Liquid

CLD 10603 29 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

Hydrostatic Pressure - Pressure in a Liquid

Free Surface: z = 0, P=Pa

Hydrostatic pressure distribution in ocean and atmosphere.

CLD 10603 30 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

Hydrostatic Pressure - Pressure in a Liquid

Hydrostatic Pressure - Pressure in a Liquid

New found lake, a fresh water lake near

CLD 10603 32 Chapter 3: Pressure & Fluid Static

Hydrostatic Pressure - Pressure in a Liquid