Exercise 4 A

Question 1 (Num)

A hammer exerts a force of 1.5 N on each of the two nails A and B. The
area of cross section of tip of nail is 2 mm2 while that of nail B is 6 mm2.
Calculate pressure on each nail in pascal.

On A,
Force = 1.5 N
Area = 2 mm2
1 mm = 1/1000 m = 0.001 m
1 mm2 = 1 mm x 1mm = 0.001 m x 0.001 m = 0.000001 m2 = 10-6 m2

P = 1.5N/(2 x 10-6) m2 = 7.5 x 105 Pa

on B,
P = 1.5N/(6 x 10-6) m2 = 2.5 x 105 Pa

Question 2 (Num)

A block of iron of mass 7.5kg and of dimensions 12cm × 8cm × 10cm is kept

on a table top on its base of side 12cm × 8cm. Calculate 
a) Thrust 
b) Pressure exerted on the table top.
Take 1kgf=10N

Thrust = mg = 7.5 × 10 = 75N

Dimensions of iron mass 12 cm x 8 cm x 10 cm

Area of the surface of iron block kept on the table
                = 12 × 8 = 96 cm² = 0.0096 m²

Now we know that :

        
Pressure = Thrust ÷ Area
Putting values in it, we get:
Pressure = 75 ÷ 0.0096 = 7812.5 Pa

So the thrust is 75 N and pressure is 7812.5 Pa.

Question 3 (Num)

A vessel contains water up to a height of 1.5 m. Taking the density of

water 103 kgm−3, acceleration due to gravity 9.8 ms−2 and area of base of
vessel 100 cm2, calculate : (a) the pressure and (b) the thrust at the base vessel.

Pressure = ρgh
where ρ = density of water
g = acceleration due to gravity
P = 103 × 9.8 × 1.5 = 1.47 × 104Nm
2

⇒ P= 1000 x 9.8 x 1.5 = 14700 Pa

Upthrust = Force exerted = Pressure x Area

⇒ Upthrust = 1.47 × 104Nm × 100 ×10-4 m = 147N
2

Question 4 (Num)

The base of a cylindrical vessel is 300cm2. Water (density of water =1000kgm−3) is

poured into it upto a depth of 6 cm. Calculate : (a) the pressure and (b) the thrust of
water on the base. (g = 10ms−2).

Given height = 6 cm = 0.06 m,

Area = 300 cm2=300 × 10−4 m2
d = 1000 kgm−3, g = 10 ms−2
P = hdg
⇒P = 0.06 m × 1000 kgm−3× 10 ms−2 = 600 Pa
∴ Thrust on the base =Pressure × area
= 600 × 300 × 10−4 N = 18 N

Question 5 (Num)

(a) Calculate the height of a water column which will exert on its base the same
pressure as the 70 cm column of mercury. Density of mercury is 13.6gcm−3. (b) Will
the height of the water column in part (a) change if the cross section of the
water column is made wider?
(a)
Pressure will remain same for both the liquids water and mercury.
Hence, Pressure = ρ×g×h
ρ = density of the liquid
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = height of the column
⟹ ρmercury × g × hmercury = ρwater × g × hwater
⟹ ρmercury × hmercury = ρwater × hwater
Given ρmercury =13.6, hmercury = 70, ρwater = 1, hwater = ?
Hence,
hwater = 13.6×70
hwater = 952 cm
(b) If the water column is made wider, there will be no change in the height of the water
column.

Question 6 (Num)

The pressure of water on the ground floor is 40,000 Pa and on the first floor is
10,000 Pa. Find the height of the first floor. (Given density of water is 1000 Kg/m3,
g = 10 m/s2)

Pressure of water on the ground floor =P1 = 40000 Pa

Pressure of water on the first floor =P2 = 10000 Pa
Density, ρ = 1000 kg/m3
We know that, P1−P2 =ρgh
⇒ 40000−10000 = 1000 × 10 × h
⇒ 30000 = 1000 × 10 × h
∴h=3m

Question 7 (Num)

A simple U tube contains mercury to the same level in both of its arms. If water
is poured to a height of 13.6 cm in one arm, how much will be the rise in mecury
level in other arm?
Given : density of mercury = 13.6×103 kgm−3 and density of water = 103 kgm−3

When water is added to one side of the U tube, the rise in mercury level of the other side of the
U tube will be depend on the density of water and mercury.

The height of water added in one arm = 13.6 cm, we have to calculate the corresponding rise in
level in the other arm.

The pressure difference in the two arms will be equal.

13.6 cm = 0.136 m
Pw = Pm
⟹ ρwghw = ρmghm
⇒103 × g × 0.136 = 13.6 × 103 × g × hm
∴ hm = 1 cm
i.e. When 13.6cm water is added to one arm of the U tube, only a height of 1cm will be the rise
in mercury level in the other arm.

Question 8 (Num)

In a hydraulic machine, a force of 2N is applied on the piston of area of cross

section 10 cm2. What force is obtained on its piston of area of cross section 100
cm2?

According to the Pascal's law the increase in pressure is same at all the points when any force is
applied

Converting the area in cm2 to m2 by diving with 104

We know that, Pressure = Force ÷ Area

⇒ Pressure = 2 ÷ 10 = 0.2 Ncm−2
Now, Pressure = 0.2
Again, Force = Pressure × Area
Force = 0.2 × 100 = 20N

Question 9 (Num)

What should be the ratio of area of cross section of the master cylinder and
wheel cylinder of a hydraulic brake so that a force of 15N can be obtained at
each of its brake shoe by exerting a force of 0.5N on the pedal?

Let the ratio of area of cross section of the master cylinder and wheel cylinder be A 1: A2
Force on pedal F1 = 0.5 N
Force on brake shoe F2 = 15N

By the principle of hydraulic machine,

Pressure on narrow piston = pressure on wider piston
or F1/A1 = F2/A2 or F1/F2 = A1/A2
or A1/A2 = 0.5/15
or A1/A2 = 1/30

Thus the required ratio is 1:30

Question 10 (Num)
The areas of the pistons in a hydraulic machine are 5cm 2 and 625cm2. What
force on the smaller piston will support a load of 1250N on the larger piston?
State any assumption which you make in your calculation.

Area of narrow piston = 5cm2 = A1, let force applied be F1

Area of wider piston = 625cm2 = A2, let force applied be F2 = 1250N

We known by the principle of hydraulic machine,

Pressure on narrow piston = pressure on wider piston
or F1/A1 = F2/A2 or F1/5 = 1250/625
or F1 = 10N

There is no friction and no leakage of liquid.

Question 11 (Num)

(a) The diameter of neck and bottom of a bottle are 2cm and 10cm respectively.
The bottle is completely filled with oil. If the cork in the neck is pressed in with
a force of 1.2kgf, what force applied on the bottom of the bottle?

(b) Name the law/principle you have used to find the force in part (a).

Diameter of the cork at the neck is 2 cm

So, Radius of the cork at the neck is 1 cm
Area of the cork, Ac = π × 12 cm2
We know that, Pressure = Force ÷ Area
So, pressure applied through the cork, Pc = 1.2 ÷ (π × 12) kgf.cm−2

Same pressure is applied on the bottom of the bottle as per Pascal's law.
Diameter of the bottom of bottle is 10 cm
So, Radius of the bottom of bottle is 5 cm
Area of the bottom, Ab = π × 52 cm2
So, force applied at the bottom = Pc × Ab = 1.2 ÷ (π × 12) × π × 52 = 1.2 × 25 = 30 kgf

(b) Pascal’s Law has been used to find the force.

Question 12 (Num)

A force of 50kgf is applied to the smaller piston of a hydraulic machine.

Neglecting friction, find the force exerted on the large piston, if the diameters of
the pistons are 5 cm and 25cm respectively.

Diameter of the smaller and larger pistons are 5 cm and 25 cm respectively

So, Radius of the smaller and larger pistons are 2.5 cm and 12.5 cm respectively
We know that the pressure on both the piston should be same.

Pressure on smaller piston = Pressure on larger piston

i.e. Force on smaller/Area of smaller = Force on larger/Area of larger

Therefore,

Force on larger = Force on smaller ÷Area of smaller ×Area of larger

⟹ 50 ÷ (2.5 × 2.5 × 3.14) × (12.5 × 12.5 × 3.14) = 1250 kgf

Question 13 (Num)

Two cylindrical vessels fitted with pistons A and B of area of cross section
8cm2 and 320cm2 respectively, are joined at their bottom by a tube and they are
completely filled with water. When a mass of 4kg is placed on piston A, find (i)
the pressure on piston A, (ii) the pressure on piston B, and (iii) the thrust on
piston B.

Given that the force applied to the smaller piston A = 4 kg

Area of cross section of piston A = 8 cm²
Area of cross section of piston B = 320 cm²

(i) Pressure acting on piston A in the downward direction = Thrust ÷ Area

= 4/8 = 0.5 kg/cm2

∴ Pressure acting on piston A=0.5 kgf cm-2

(ii) According to Pascal's law

Pressure acting on piston A= Pressure acting on piston B = 0.5 kgf cm-2
(iii) Thrust acting on piston B in the upward direction = Presuure × Area of B
= 4 kg × 320/8 = 160 kg

∴ Thrust acting on piston B in the upward direction = 160 kg

Question 14 (Num)

What force is applied on a piston of area of cross section 2 cm 2 to obtain a force

of 150 N on the piston of area of cross section 12 cm2 in a hydraulic machine.

Area of cross section of piston A = 8 cm²

Area of cross section of piston B = 320 cm²
Area of cross section of smaller piston = 2 cm² = 2 x 10-4 m²
Area of cross section of larger piston = 12 cm² = 12 x 10-4 m²

We know that the pressure on both the piston should be same in a hydraulic machine.

Pressure on smaller piston = Pressure on larger piston

∴ P1 = P2
or F1/A1 = F2/A2
or F1/(2 x 10-4)= 150/(12 x 10-4)
or F1 = 150 x (2 x 10-4)/(12 x 10-4)
or F1 = 25N
 Exercise 4 B

Question 1 (Num)

Convert 1mm of Hg into Pascal. Take density of Hg = 13.6 x 103 kgm-3 and g = 9.8

ms-2.

We know that P = ρgh

ρ = 13.6 × 103 kgm-3
g = 9.8 ms-2
h = 1 mm = 10-3 m
P=13.6 × 103 kgm-3 ×9.8 ms-2 ×10-3 m
P=133.28 kg m-1s-2
P = 133.28 Pascal

Question 2 (Num)

At a given place, a mercury barometer records a pressure of 0.70m of Hg. What

would be the height of water column if mercury in barometer is replaced by
water? Take density of mercury to be =13.6 × 103 kgm-3

Given density of mercury h = 13.6 × 103 kgm-3

Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8 ms-2
Height of mercury column ρ = 0.70 m
We know that Pressure P = ρgh = 0.70 x 13.6 × 103 x 9.8 = 93.3 × 103 Pascal
Let ‘h’ to the height of the water column
P = hg (density of water)
⟹ 93.3 × 103 = h x 1 x 103 x 9.8
h = 93.3 ÷ 9.8 = 9.52 m

Question 3 (Num)

At sea level, the atmospheric pressure is 76 cm of Hg. If air pressure falls by 10

mm of Hg per 120 m of ascent, what is the height of the hill where the
barometer reads 70 cm Hg. State the assumption made by you.
Atmospheric pressure, P = 76 cm of Hg
Rate at which pressure falls =
10 mm of Hg per 120 m of ascent = 1 cm of Hg per 120 m of ascent
Let h be the height of the hill.
Pressure at hill, P1 = 70 cm Hg
Total fall in pressure = P - P1 = (76-70) cm Hg = 6 cm Hg
 
Now, fall in pressure is 1 cm Hg for every 120 m increase in height.
Thus, if the fall in pressure is 6cm Hg, increase in height shall be (6 x 120) m = 720m
 
Height of the hill = 720 m

Question 4 (Num)

At sea level, the atmospheric pressure is 1.04×105Pa. Assuming g=10ms−2 and

density of air to be uniform and equal to 1.3kgm−3, find the height of the
atmosphere.

We know that pressure = ρ×g×h

So, h = pressure ÷ (ρ×g)
⇒ h =1.04×105 ÷ (1.3 X 10) = 8000 m

Question 5 (Num)

Assuming the density of air to be 1.295 kgm−3, find the fall in barometric height
in mm of Hg at a height of 107 m above the sea level. Take density of mercury
=13.6 × 103 kgm-3.

Density of air to be 1.295 kgm−3

Let ‘h’ to be the height above the sea level
Pressure at height ‘h’ – Pressure above the sea level = h x ρair × g
⇒ h x ρair × g = ρm × g × hfinal - ρm × g × hinitial
⇒ Change in the height = ρair × h ÷ ρm = 1.295 x 107÷13.6 × 103 = 0.0101 m = 10 mm