FLUID MECHANICS

CLD 10603
Introduction to Fluid Systems

LECTURER: NOR AFIFAH KHALIL

L01, L02 AND L03

UNIKL – MICET
 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Objectives
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to :
 Define fluid
 Classify the type of fluid and its physical
behaviors.
 Know examples of fluid system.

CLD 10603 2 Chapter 1: Introduction to Fluid Systems

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Introduction
 Fluid mechanics is a branch in applied
mechanics concerned to the behaviour of
liquid or gas which is either in rest or in
motion.
 The study related to a fluid in rest or stationary
is referred to fluid static (rest), otherwise it is
referred to as fluid dynamic (motion).

CLD 10603 3 Chapter 1: Introduction to Fluid Systems

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Definition of Fluid
 A continuous amorphous substance that tends
to flow and to conform to the outline of its
container. It does can deform continuously
when being subjected to shear stress at any
magnitude. This includes any liquid or gas.

CLD 10603 4 Chapter 1: Introduction to Fluid Systems

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Definition of Fluid
 Stress is defined as the
force per unit area.
 Normal component:
normal stress
o In a fluid at rest, the
normal stress is called
pressure
 Tangential component:
shear stress

CLD 10603 5 Chapter 1: Introduction to Fluid Systems

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Distinctions between Fluid and Solid

Fluid Solid
 The rate of strain is  The strain is a function of the
proportional to the applied applied stress, providing that
stress. the elastic limit is not
exceeded.
 A fluid continues to flow as  The strain in a solid is
long as the force is applied independent of the time over
and will not recover its which the force is applied
original form when the force and, if the elastic limit is not
is removed. exceeded, the deformation
disappears when the force is
removed
CLD 10603 6 Chapter 1: Introduction to Fluid Systems
 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Distinctions between Fluid and Gas

Liquid
 Liquid is difficult to compress  A gas is easily to compress
and often regarded as being
incompressible.
 A given mass of liquid
occupies a given volume and
will occupy the container it is
in and form a free surface (if
the container is of a larger
volume).
Gas
and usually treated as such - it
changes volume with
pressure.
 A gas has no fixed volume, it
changes volume to expand to
fill the containing vessel. It
will completely fill the vessel
so no free surface is formed.

CLD 10603 7 Chapter 1: Introduction to Fluid Systems

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Solid, liquid, Gas

 Solid are tightly packed, usually in a
Free surface
regular pattern. It’s vibrate (jiggle) but
generally do not move from place to
place.
k

k k  For liquids, it is stronger which is

k sufficient enough to hold the molecule
together and can withstand high
(a) Solid (b) Liquid (c) Gas
compression, which is suitable for
application as hydraulic fluid such as
oil. On the surface, the cohesion forms
a resultant force directed into the liquid
region and the combination of cohesion
forces between adjacent molecules form
a tensioned membrane known as free
surface.
 For gases, it is very weak which
enables the gas to disintegrate and
move away from its container.

CLD 10603 8 Chapter 1: Introduction to Fluid Systems

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Classification of Fluid
Newtonian Fluid – all fluids in which shear stress is directly
proportional to the deformation rate.
du
 yx 
dy
Example: Water, air and gasoline.

Non Newtonian Fluid – All fluids in which shear stress is

indirectly proportional to deformation rate.

Example: Toothpaste and Paint.

CLD 10603 9 Chapter 1: Introduction to Fluid Systems

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Classification of Fluid

• Bingham Plastic: toothpaste

• Pseudoplastic : paint, polymer solutions
• Newtonian Fluid : water, air
• Dilatant : quicksand, solutions with
suspended starch or sand

CLD 10603 10 Chapter 1: Introduction to Fluid Systems

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Examples of Fluid System

Many of them can be found in:

 Home or school
- Heating and air conditioning, water supply and
liquid waste removal, personal computer
cooling system, refrigerator, fan, vacuum
cleaner, hair dryer etc.

CLD 10603 11 Chapter 1: Introduction to Fluid Systems

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Examples of Fluid System

 Outside environment
- Road and rail vehicles, airplanes , ship, water
reservoir and air ducts, municipal waste
treatment plants, incinerators etc.
 Industrial system
- Hydraulic power system for construction and
manufacturing equipments, catalytic crackers
in petroleum refineries.

CLD 10603 12 Chapter 1: Introduction to Fluid Systems

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Natural Environment

Tornadoes Thunderstorm

Global Climate Hurricanes

CLD 10603 13 Chapter 1: Introduction to Fluid Systems

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Transportations
 The aim - to find low drag body shapes and
reduce fuel and electrical energy
consumptions.
 1930’s – 17 passengers with 250 km/h
 Boeing 707
 Wind tunnel model A340 (300 km/h)

CLD 10603 14 Chapter 1: Introduction to Fluid Systems

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Transportations

Trains

CLD 10603 15 Chapter 1: Introduction to Fluid Systems

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Cars – Mercedes-Benz

Racing car

CLD 10603 16 Chapter 1: Introduction to Fluid Systems

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Physiology and Medicine

Blood pump Ventricular assist device

CLD 10603 17 Chapter 1: Introduction to Fluid Systems

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Sports & Recreation

Water sports Cycling Offshore racing

Auto racing Surfing

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