INTRODUCTION: - AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS

Audio - visual material must be seen in their relationship to teaching as a whole and to the learning process as a whole, until teacher understands the
relationship between audio visual material and teaching – learning process, he can not b e expected to make intelligent or fruitful use of the techniques,
which offer so much assistance in day to day activities of teachers.
‘Audio – visual aids’, ‘audio – visual material’, ‘audio – visual media’, ‘communication technology’, ‘educational or instructional media’, and
‘learning resources’ --- all these terms broadly speaking, mean the same thing.

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE USE OF AUDIO – VISUAL AIDS: -

A Dutch humanist, theologian and writer Desiderious Erasmus (1466 – 1536) discouraged memorization as a technique of learning and advocate that
children should learn through the aid of pictures or other visuals. John Amos Comenius (1592 – 1670) prepared a book known s Orbis Sensulium Pictus
(The world of sense objects) which contained about 150 pictures on aspects of everyday life. The book is considered to be the first illustrated textbook for
childhood education. This book gained wide publicity and was used in childhood education centers all over the world. Jean Jacus Rousseau (1712 –
1778) and other educators stressed the need of pictures and other play materials. The terms ‘visual education’ was used as early as 1926 by Nelson I
Green.

DEFINITION:-

“Audio – visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning.”
------- Burton
“Audio – visual aids are those aids which help in completing the triangular process of learning, i.e. motivation, classification and stimulation.”
-------- Carter V. Good
“Audio – visual aids are any device which can be used to make the learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic.”
-------- Kinder, S. James
MEANING OF A.V.AIDS:-
The sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning. It helps the process of learning i.e., motivation, classification and stimulation. Audio
– visual aids are a multisensory material which motivate, classifies, and stimulates the individuals. It makes dynamic learning experience more concrete, realistic and
clarity, establish, co – related and coordinate accurate concepts, interpretations and appreciation and enables him to make learning effective, interesting, inspirational,
meaningful and vivid. It provides significant gains in informational learning, retention, recall, thinking, and reasoning, activity interest, imagination, better
assimilation and personal growth and development.

CONCEPT OF A.V.AIDS:-
Audio – visual aids are sensitive tools used in teaching and as avenues for learning. These are planned educational materials that appeal to the senses of the people and
quickness learning facilitates for clear understanding.
A Chinese proverb: ‘if I hear, I forget, if I see, I remember, if I do, I know’ says the importance of sensory perception in teaching, learning situation.
 Seeing – 87%
 Hearing – 07%
 Odour – 03%
 Touch – 02%
 Taste – 01%
 A.V. aids enhance clarity in communication.
 Provides diversity in the methods
 Increases the forcefulness of the subject being learned or taught.
 Serves in the instructional role in order to supplement and enrich the teacher’s own learning.

NEED/ IMPORTANCE/ PURPOSE OF EDUCATIONAL OR COMMUNICATION MEDIA OR A. V. AIDS:-

 Improve and make teaching effective
 Enable the audience to look, listen and learn.
 Make learning interesting and profitable.
 Quicken the phase of learning
 Economize teachers effort
 Foster / develop knowledge
 Add variety and newness to the lesson, provide vicarious experience.
 Increase and sustain attention and concentration.
ADVANTAGES OF AUDIO – VISUAL AIDS:-
 Antidote to the disease of verbal instruction
 Best motivators
 Clear images
 Vicarious experience
 Variety
 Freedom
 Retentivity
 Helpful in attracting attention
 Helpful in fixing up new learning
 Saving of energy and time
 Realism

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD TEACHING AIDS:-

o They should be meaningful and purposeful.
o They should be accurate in every respect.
o They should be simple.
o They should be cheap.
o As far as possible, they should be improvised.
o They should be large enough to be properly seen by the students for whom they are meant.
o They should be up to date.
o They should be easily portable.
o They should be according to mental level of students.
o They should motivate the learners.

GUIDES FOR SELECTING AND MAKING A. V. AIDS:-

 Aid must be easy to see and understand
 Simple and direct
 Easy to handle and transport
 Emphasizes the key point
 Good working conditions
 Please the senses
 Accurate
 CLASSIFICATION OF A. V. AIDS
Teaching aids are classified in 4 different ways –

 Classification 1 – Projected and non projected aids

 Classification 2 – Audio – materials, visual materials and audio – visual materials.

 Classification 3 – Big media and little media. Big media include computer, VCR and TV. Little media include radio, film strips,
graphics, audio cassettes and various visuals.

 Classification 4 – there are dimensional aids –

1. models
2. Mockups
3. specimen
 Audio Visual Aids

Projected aids
Non – projected aids
* Films
* Filmstrips
* Opaque projector
* Overhead projector Graphic aids Display boards 3 – dimensional Audio aids Activity aids
* Slides
* Cartoons * Blackboard * Diagrams * Radio * Computer assisted
instruction
* Charts * Bulletin * Models * Recordings * Demonstrations
* Comics * Flannel board * Mockups * Television * Dramatics
* Diagrams * Magnetic board * Objects * Experimentation
* Flash cards * Ped board * Puppets * Field trips
* Graphs * Specimens * Programmed
instruction
* Maps * Teaching methods
* Photographs
* Pictures
* Posters
 AUDIO, VISUAL AND AUDIO – VISUAL MATERIAL

Audio material Visual material Audiovisual material

* Language * Bulletin boards * Demonstration

* Radio * Chalk boards * Films
* Sound distribution system set * Charts * Printed materials with
* Tape and disco recordings * Drawings, etc. recorded sound
* Exhibition * Sound filmstrips
* Film strips * Study trips
* Flash cards * Television
* Flannel boards * Videotapes
* Flip books
* Illustrated
* Magnetic boards
* Maps
* Models
* Pictures
* Posters
* Photographs
* Self – instructional
* Silent – films
* Slide
 FILMS (MOTION PICTURES)
A USES –
motion picture film carries optically recorded visual information and sound. In motion picture projection, a series of still transparent pasteurized film frames
 Films
follow at thecan
rateteach
of 16factual materials
to 24 frames in aeffectively
second. Eachoverframe
a wideis range of subject
projected on the matter, ages,
screen at abilities,
a speed moreand conditions
than 16 framesofause.second so as to produce he persistence of
 Films can be effective in teaching perceptual motor skills.
vision.
 Films
Retinacan
of be
themade
eye ismore
able effective
to retain as
vision of a visual
learning signal for
tools through the1/16 of various
use of a second; this time
teaching is called persistence of vision. If 16 or more frames are projected
techniques.
ona screen in succession in a second, then a progressive motion is seen by the eye on
Films can modify motivations, interest, attitudes and opinion if they are designed to stimulate or the screen duereto persistence
– inforce of vision.
existing beliefsThus
of thewhile filming a scene, the
audience.
motion is split
 Films areinto a series
greatly of pictures
influenced exposed
in their in quickbysuccession
effectiveness audience –onlearner
a moving photosensitive film. A coordinated sound signal system accompanies a film to
characteristics.
record the sound.
 Films provide a background of sensory experience.
 Films provide concrete experiences which serve as a basis for thinking, reasoning and problem solving.
CONSTRUCTION
 Helps to provide OFanMOTION PICTURE
easily accessible fund PROJECTOR
of knowledge which – It consists of metal
stimulates casing
interest with an intense
and motivates sourcetooffurther
the students light called projection
study and learningbulb and is of 1000
activities.
watts with a concave reflector. A series of convex lenses called ‘condenser’ illuminates an aperture across which the film frames move to get illuminated. A
 Helps to present a large amount of information in a short period of time.
convex lens in a slidable barrel called projection lens produces a real image of the picture frames on a screen.
 Films increase the amount of initial learning and permanency of learning.
Besides these stationary pars, a motion picture projector has 2 spools, motor, sprocket wheels, shutter, claw-and-cam arrangements and control.
 Helps to develop attitudes, appreciation and better social relationships.
WORKING - In the motion picture projector, the film is moved vertically downward in front of the aperture gate at an
ADVANTAGES –
intermittent rate of 24 frames per second by means of a claw-and-cam arrangement

TYPES OF SCREEN – involve and auditory senses simultaneously, it captures attention and arouses interest.
As motion pictures
S. NO.
It can bring faraway experiences, events and
TYPES actions filmed earlier to the classroom and motion partADVANTAGES
DESCRIPTION of the film heightens reality.
 1 By slow motion
Silver screenfilming An
andaluminum
projection,powder
the stages in acloth
coated process, action or event It
screen. can be viewed
reflects light in details.
well and gives an allusion of depth to the
 Many slow processes can be shown as fast by filming them at he right stages ofimage development to educate students quickly.
 2 It allows
Matteevents which are
screen out of reach
A simple whiteorcloth
specific to be
screen seen
with without
smooth gettingis near
surface It isthose events.
cheap and suitable for wide rooms
 It can enlarge or reduce called
things matte
and show the internal parts, processes and working of things.
screen
3 Breaded screen A white cloth screen coated with glass beads is It reflects light well and is useful for narrow long rooms
DISADVANTAGES – called beaded screen
 4 Motion pictures
Translucent and related equipments
A thin are very
white silken clothexpensive
or tracingand mostscreen
cloth schools
is cannot
It givesafford them. images on both of sides of screen
distinct
 By borrowing
screen from various agencies
called proper
translucent correlation between the prescribed suitable
screen content andfor pictures can where
exhibitions not be projection
maintained.is done from
 It requires a proper projection room with right kind of seating arrangements. behind without the audience seeing the projector.
 They are to be used as tools of entertainments for educational purposes, the teacher and students have to be properly prepared before.
 FILMSTRIPS

Filmstrip is a continuous strip of film consisting of individual frames or pictures arranged in sequence, usually with explanatory titles. Each strip contains from
12 to 18 or more pictures. It is a fixed sequence of related stills on a roll of 35 mm film or 8 mm film. Generally 20 to 50 slides or frames are there on an about ½
meter to 1 ½ meter long strip.

FILMSTRIP PROJECTOR

The filmstrip are projected on a screen using an optical instruments called slide and film strip projector. It works on the principle that when an illuminated object
(slide) is placed between the focus and twice the focus of a convex lens, it produces an enlarged real image beyond twice of the focus on the other side of the
lens.
A filmstrip projector consists of a metal case having a concave reflector; a 500 watt or 1000 watt straight filament bulb; a set of convex lens called
condenser to illuminate the slide to the projected; a slidable set of convex lenses called objective which focuses the image of the slide on the screen.

CARE OF FILMSTRIPS – The filmstrips can be placed in rolled up positions in cylindrical container. Each container should
be properly labeled for the plastic title of the film-strip.

ADVANTAGES –

 Filmstrip projector requires simple skills to operate and is a convenient aid for making classroom teaching interesting.
 They are small in size and commercially available. Because of their compactness they can be stored and also carried around easily.
 Because of their repeated use workout quite cheaper.
 It saves time in teaching as the teacher has not allowed or prepares graphic aids for his lesson.
 They are useful for skill training lessons especially for teacher training.
 It is economical visual materials.
 It is easy to make and convenient to handle and carry.
 Provides a logical sequence to the teaching procedure and the individual picture on the strip can be kept before the students for a length of time.
 It can be projected on the screen or wall or paper screen as the convenience and the teaching situation demands.
 OPAQUE PROJECTOR

A projection of real magnified images on a screen directly from pictures and drawings on paper is called opaque projection. Opaque projection is done by an
optical instrument called episcope. Flat picture diagrams and other graphic material from books, magazines, periodicals, as well as those drawn on glossy white
paper can be straight away projected on a screen in a darkroom. It is worthwhile to know about episcope in terms of its principle of working construction and
operation.

PRINCIPLE OF EPISCOPE –

The light reflected from the strongly illuminated picture is reversed by means of a mirror at 45° and then it is projected on a screen using a convex lens. The
illuminated picture lies between the focus and twice the focus of the convex lens to produce a magnified real image.

USING EPISCOPE FOR CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION –

For using an episcope for classroom instruction, there are certain do’s for a teacher which are as follows:-

 The teacher must select the pertinent material and keep on cataloguing it lesson-wise.
 Trace out your illustration from books and periodicals on tracing paper with color inks and keep them ready for projection. The size of the tracing paper
should be 25 cm X 25 cm. paste this prepared illustration on cardboard pieces and stock them serially.
 Cut pictures from various books resources and mount them on thick chart paper pieces.
 While using an episcope make sure that darkroom is properly ventilated with an exhaust fat.
 Seating arrangement should be semicircular within a space of 60° angle from the center of screen.
 Do not allow students to sit very close to the screen.
 As far as possible use the optical built-in pointer to focus attention on certain details of the illustration.
 Use episcope for introducing, reviewing and testing the lesson topics.
 Every picture should be presented with a commentary.
 As far as possible paste the collected illustration on a folding charts paper for continuity in projection.
 For using episcope for testing purpose; use only true false, fill in the blanks, and multiple choice type question projected from book resources or prepared
sheets.
ADVANTAGES –

 It has all the advantages of graphic aids as these are projected with magnification on a screen.
 An episcope provides a method of tracing enlarged images on chart papers or blackboard.
 There is no need of clipping pictures from book resources as they can be straight away projected.
 Flat specimen like coins, cloth pieces, leaves, etc., can also be projected during lessons.
 Because of possibilities, of enlargement, the opaque projections can be seen conveniently by a large number of students.
 A printed page projected with the help of an episcope can be used for the language reading lessons.
 Software used with episcope is inexpensive.
 Episcopes can be used for flat non-transparent learning material from the stamp-size to that of 20 cm x 250 cm size pictures.
 Stimulate attention
 Arouse interest
 Clarify information
 Help students to retain knowledge for a longer period of time.
 To introduce subject or topics.
 Present specific information
 Test knowledge and ability
 Review instructional problems
 Facilitate cooperative students-teacher participation in problem-solving.
 OVERHEAD PROJECTOR (OHP)

The OHP is a very vital teaching aid which has made projections so simple and easy that it has replaced a chalkboard completely in many classrooms. The OHP
produces images on a screen behind and over the head of the teacher. An OHP can be used in soft light conditions and enables the students to take down notes while
viewing the projections on the screen. It projects transparencies with brilliant screen images suitable for use in a lighted room. The teacher faces the class as he uses
OHP, and the class views the projections. The teacher can write or draw diagrams on the transparency while he teaches; these are projected simultaneously on the
screen by the OHP.
An OHP consists of a metal box with a 1000 watt bulb and a concave reflector, a condenser lens illuminates the transparency laced on the glass sheet on the
top of the box. The transparency size can be as big as 25 cm x 25 cm whereas the teacher can write with the marker pens that will be projected on the screen
simultaneously.

ABOUT OHP TRANSPARENCY –

Readymade transparencies on acetate sheets are available these days. Also transparencies are made using diazoammonia process; the diazocoated film process has
made it possible the multilayer projection method like opaque and slide projections. This overlay projection is unique with OHP only. Besides the commercially
available transparencies, the teacher can make his own transparencies also using acetate or cellophane sheets which are properly framed with cardboard. Using
marker pens and glass marking pencils one can draw diagrams. Even if the teacher is not good at drawing he can trace the diagram from a suitable source on the
transparent acetate sheet. Lettering for caption can be done using plastic stencils which are commonly available these days.

WRITING A TRANSPARENCY –

 Landscape position should be used

 Leave margins on all 4 sides
 Eight words per line
 Eight line per transparency but now with changed pattern seven word and seven lines.
 Words should be readable with naked eyes at 2 meters.
 Sandwiching papers between films.
ADVANTAGES –
 It ahs a large aperture and can project a large number of instructional material like diagrams, charts, maps, worksheets, graphs after those are transferred on the
transparencies.
 The use can be quite cheap as transparencies can be used repeatedly.
 The teacher can write directly with a glass marking pencil and the writing is directly projected on the screen. After use the writing can be wiped with cloth piece.
 The teacher is always facing the students keeping an eye contact which is not possible with other projections equipments.
 It allows the psychological technique of progressive disclosure to build up his lesson in sequential learning steps.
 It can be used in normally lighted room, the students can take down notes and the teacher facing the class observes the student reactions and strengthens his
presentation.
 It can be easily used with other visual aids also without the fuse of switching on and off the room lights as is the case with other projection aids.
 The verbal discourse of the teacher can be supported with illustrations as he can directly sketch the diagrams, write key points and main concepts on the
transparency with his students in front.
 If an acetate roll is used, the teacher can prepare the whole study course before hand and give accurate notes to his students
 The use of OHP saves a lot of class time for utilization for individual guidance and corrective feedback.
 An OHP allows overlay of transparencies and superposition to develop the lesson and illustrate certain complicated systems and structures properly which a
unique feature not obtainable with other projection equipment.
 An enlarged image can be obtained with quite a less distance, therefore, students can sit close to the teacher and this produces better rapport.
 It can be used in the normal classroom; the difficulty of ventilation does not hamper teaching which is the case with other projection equipments that are used in
a darkroom.
 The operation is convenient as it involves switching and focusing only.

DISADVANTAGES –
 Overheating of the bulb can damage to acetate transparency as well as bulb.
 Need to switch off the projector every 5 to 10 mins.
 Shifting of projector can not be done while bulb is on it can break filament of bulb.
 Too low overhead can make image distorted. This distortion is called ‘key stoning’.
 SLIDES
A slide is a still transparency of 70 mm, 35 mm or 6 mm size which is optically enlarged and projected on a screen as a real image. Specially prepared slides of
approximate sizes 5 cm x 5 cm and 10 cm x 10 cm are available with scientific instruments dealers. These are a small piece of transparent material on which a single
pictorial image or scene or graphic image has been photographed or reproduced otherwise. Slides can be made from photographs and pictures by the teachers and
pupils taking photographs and snapshots when they go on fieldtrips for historical, geographical, literary or scientific excursions.
The arrangement of slides in proper sequence, according to the topic discussed, is an important aspect of teaching with them.
Slides must be:-
 Appropriate
 Accurate
 Legible
 Comprehensible
 Well executed
Appropriate –
o Simplicity – discard inessentials
o Specially prepare for lectures
o Prefer graphs instead of tables.
Accurate –
o Correct spelling
o Follow one dictionary
o Confirm what you quote
o Graphical data accuracy
Legible –
o Font size – 24-32 for title 36-42
o Distance between lines – 1.5 to 2
o Depends on the fonts and bolds / regular
o 50-70 characters including space and punctuation per line
o Don’t vary starting point for each line
o Sans serif preferred for titles
o Serif – Times Roman, serifa, comic sans, bookantiqua, souvenir, sans sorif, impact,.
Comprehensible –
o Clear everything in one slide
o Copy, photographs from books
o Avoid complicated figures
o One point per line and use brief phrases
o One slide per minute
o Use abbreviations with care.

QUALITIES OF GOOD SLIDE –

 Clarity
 Rule of seven
 Table not more than 4 columns
 Margin 2.5 cm all around
 Fonts with uniform letter
 Title underlined or different font
 Avoid full stops
Though a large number of slides are available these days, the teacher should also prepare the hand-made slides. The slides which can made by the teacher
himself are of 4 kinds:-
1. Marker – ink slide
2. Cellophane slide
3. Silhouette slide
4. Etched slide
For making Marker- ink slide a clean glass piece of right size is taken and picture or diagram is drawn with a fine tip marker pen or Indian-ink. One can even trace a
picture on the glass piece. The glass piece may be held in cardboard or wooden frame.
It is very easy to make Silhouette slides. Small cut outs from paper are pasted on glass piece with adhesive. Because of the contrast between the dark picture and
transparent background, these slides give the clearest image.
For preparing Cellophane slides, cut out from color cellophanes are pated on the glass piece and another glass piece is placed over it and the two then are taped
together. Another type of cellophane slide is made by typing on cellophane or drawing on cellophane piece and sticking it on a glass piece.
In order to prepare handmade Etched glass slide, clean a glass piece thoroughly and rinse it with kerosene oil. Draw the diagram with crayon glass marking
pencil. Another method of making an etched slide is cover the glass piece with smoke from
burning mustered oil lamp, and then etch out the diagram with a sharp needle. Cover the glass piece with another glass piece and tape them together.

ADVANTAGES –
 help in retention of material taught in the minds of the pupils
 attract attention
 arouse interest
 assist lesson development
 test student understanding
 review instructions
 facilitate student teacher participation
 it requires simple skill to operate and is a convenient aid for making classroom teaching interesting
 Slides are small in size and commercially available.
 Because of compactness they can be stored and also carried around easily.
 Because of their repeated use work out quite cheaper
 Specially prepared slides provide a logical and sequential order of presentation
 It can be used in a classroom in semidark conditions
 The image on the screen can be held for any time interval for detailed discussion and explanations.
 It saves time in teaching as the teacher has not to draw or prepare graphic aids for his lesson.
 They are useful for skill training lessons especially for teacher training.
 Slides projections capture attention and interest students.
 When used with other teaching aids, slides can develop a lesson economically and efficiently.
 Slides along with interaction through questions answers can facilitate student participation in learning.
 Slides can be used effectively to introduce, review and test a lesson.
 MICROPROJECTOR
there are also slide projectors designed to project the microfilm slides or microscopic slides to a group of students simultaneously. The main advantage is that it
MICROFILM
reduces s the cost of instruction as it eliminates the expensive individual microscopes for each student to view the slides. Also, enlargement on screen is quite big for
Microfilm and microfiche are used widely for storage and retrieval of information. Microfilm contains photographed reading material on 35 mm film, each frame
students to see and get more details.
being the reduced photo of a printed page. Thus, printed matter of a book can be stored in a small loop of 35 mm film. When microfilm is passed through a microfilm
reader, an enlarged image approximately of the size of the printed page is formed on a ground glass screen and the observer can read the matter by moving the film
This really isn’t the kind of thing through
you wantthe for a home
reader imagestheater system,
of different pagesobviously, but it’s
can be obtained and tiny,
read it works, and it costs less than $350 on
what we like to call “the street.” It even runs on a rechargeable Li-ion battery and not AAAs or something weak like that.
A Handheld projector (also known as a pocket projector or mobile projector or pico projector) is an emerging technology
that applies the use of a image projector in a handheld device. It is a response to the emergence of compact portable devices such as phones,
personal, and digital cameras, which have sufficient storage capacity to handle presentation materials but little space to accommodate an
attached display screen. Handheld projectors involve miniaturized hardware and software that can project digital images onto any nearby
viewing surface, such as a wall. The system comprises five main parts: the battery the electronics, the laser light sources, the combiner optic,
and the scanning mirrors. First, the electronics system turns the image into an electronic signal. Next the electronic signals drive laser light
sources with different colors and intensities down different paths. In the combiner optic the different light paths are combined into one path
demonstrating a palette of colors. Finally, the mirrors copy the image pixel-by-pixel and can then project the image. This entire system is
compacted into one very tiny chip. An important design characteristic of a handheld projector is the ability to project a clear image, regardless
of the physical characteristics of the viewing surface.
There are currently three major competing imager technologies for micro projectors. Texas Instruments's  Digital Light
Processing (DLP), Microvision's beam-steering, and a handful of LCoS (Liquid crystal on silicon) manufacturers including Micron
Technologies and Omnivision. Most micro projectors employ one of these imagers combined with color-sequential (RGB) LEDs in either a
single or triple architecture format.
The advantages and disadvantages of each technology vary. For example while DLP typically has slightly lower resolution
than their LCoS counterparts due to the tiny mirrors used in DLP technology, 3-LED DLP projectors are generally regarded as having a higher
contrast, better efficiency and lower power consumption as opposed color-sequential. LCoS units and better color quality than white LED
LCoS units. Laser scanning projectors such as Microvision's ShowX and AAXA's L1 offer very good color gamut and low power
consumption due to the use of lasers as the light source and also present an image that is always in focus. However high speckle noise along
with thermal instability primarily due to the pumped green laser in the image remains a major challenge.
 STEREOGRAPH

The still picture gives an illusion of space; the observer receives the impression of reality. Hence, it is known as 3-dimentional photograph. The stereo
film is double photograph made by the stereoscopic cameras, the 2 photographs being taken from a slightly different angle. The two pictures are
enlarged and merged into one view when seen through the lenses of the stereoscope.
 NON-PROJECTED AIDS
GRAPHIC TEACHING AIDS

Graphic basically, is the art of drawing, painting and writing which one to have picture of communication in mind. The word ˝ graphic ˝ has its origin in the
Greek words ˝ Graphickos ˝ and ˝Graphiein ˝- the former meaning to paint or draw and latter meaning to represent with lines. Graphic teaching aids are the
illustrative instructional material depicted on a two dimensional surface combining drawing, pictures, painting and words. It provides non-verbal or visual
learning experiences.

Graphic aids are helpful in -:

 Arresting student attention
 Conveying information in a condensed from
 Presenting information efficiently
 Concretizing abstract ideas
 Stimulating interest
The Graphic aids can be enlisted as
1. Charts
2. Diagrams
3. Maps
4. Graphs
5. Posters
6. Cartoons
7. Comic Strips
8. Flash cards
9. Display boards
 CHARTS
A chart is a combination of pictorial, graphic, numerical or vertical material these visual symbols used for summarizing , comparing, contrasting, or performing
other services in explaining subject matter.
Charts are the graphic teaching material including diagrams, posters , pictures , maps and graphs. Charts can be defined as illustrative visual media for
depicting a logical relationship between main ideas and supporting facts . according to Kinder ˝ Charts are graphic aids depicting information in the form
of tables , pictures , graphic and diagram.
Purpose of Charts
 For showing relationship by means of fact and figures.
 For presenting the material symbolically.
 To show continuity in process.
 For presenting abstract ideas in visual form.
 For showing development of structure.
 For creating problem and stimulating thinking.
How to use charts effectively
 Involve the student in the preparation of charts.
 Every detail depicted in the chart should be visible to all the pupil in the class.
 It should display the information only about one specific area in a subject.
 It should not contain so many details.
 it should posses neat appearance.
 Teacher should make sure that there is provision for hanging the chart at a vantage point.
 Use the pointer to point out specific factors in the chart.
 Chart should be carefully stored and preserved for use in future.
TYPES OF CHART

1. Tree Chart :- A chart made in the form of several branches from the trunk of a tree such that the trunk represents the main idea while the branches
represent various development, relationships or subparts of the main idea.A tree chart can be effective used in history to depict the family tress,
rulers, king and dynasties.
2. Stream Charts :-A stream charts is the graphic aid showing the main thought , idea, concept, in the form of a main river and its subparts in the form
of tributaries coming out of it. A stream chart gives a pictorial representation to an abstract idea and can be frequently used for a variety of
teaching subjects at the school level. They are easy to make with free hand drawings.
3. Table or Time chart:- Table charts are very valuable aid in the teaching situation where breakdown of a fact or a statement is to be listed. Also it is
useful aid for showing points of comparison, distinctions and contracts between two or more things. While preparing such charts various straight
columns are made for listing various point or fact along the raws to compare and contrast the things.
4. Flow charts:- A flow charts is the graphic aids of a system requiring preparation in form of connected lower division of the system in boxes and
lines to show their relatives position with respect to the highest position in the system. The flow chart must show where a division actually
stands relatively in a given system.
5. Strip tease chart :- It enables the speaker to present the information step by step. It has great suspense value, which aids in holding attention
and building interest. It helps the audience to remember key ideas and maintains interest to the very end of the presentation. It increases the
interest and imagination of the audience. The information on the chart is covered with thin paper strips to which it has been applied either
by wax, tape or sticky substance or pins, tags can also be used.
6. Narrative charts:- Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the events in the process or development of a significant issue to its point of
resolution or we can show an improvement over a period of years.

7. The cause and effect charts:- Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the relationship between two system or between right and
responsibilities or between a complex of condition and change or conflict.
8. The evolution chart:- Facts and idea for expressing changes in specific items from begning data and its projection into the future.

9. Pull charts :-It consists of written message which are hidden by strips of thick paper. The message can be shown to the viewer, one after
another by pulling out the concealing strips.

10. Pie charts:- A circle will be drawn and the division will be made into different section; each section will be coded differently and code key will
be given at right corner of the chart as a legend. The circumference is divided into suitable section. it is relevant for showing the component
parts of the total.

11. Tabulation Chart :-To show the schedule of an activity or of an individual e.g. tour chart , timetable of a class. It provides a
chronological frame work within which events and developments may be recorded .

12. Genealogy Chart:- To represent historical facets or growth and development of the family. Taking an analogy from the tree , the origin
is shown in a single line , rectangle , circle or other representation of the trunk and the various changes or developments are shown.

13. Job chart :- Job responsibilities of specific categories will be listed out and circulated among its member.

14. Flip chart :- A set of charts related to specific topic have been tagged together and hang on a supporting stand. The individual chart will carry
a series of related materials or messages in sequence. The salient points of specific topic will be presented.

15. Overlay chart:- It consist of illustrated sheets which can be placed over the other conveniently and succession. The drawing or illustration
on each sheet forms a part of the whole picture. It enables the viewers to see not only the different parts but also to see them against total
perspective when one is placed over the other. When the final overlay is placed , the ultimate product is exposed to view.
 PICTURES
Pictures include photographs, painting, illustrations clipped from periodicals. If the pictures collected are small, they can be enlarged and drawn on chart paper sheet
in the form of sketches , felt-pens, crayons and soft pencils
- Pictures can be collected from a variety of source like: picture postcards, broachers of commercial firms calendar an d periodicals.
- Black and white photographs can easily printed in the school darkroom which cover important event in the school ,fieldtrip, activities, objects abd artefacts
- It may used - in the personal situations
- As display type visuals in exhibition or bulletin boards.
- Projected with an opaque projector suited to teach illiterates.
- For effective teaching, a photographs must tell story.
- Illustrate only one point, give accurate results.
- Have plain and simple background.
- Shows the main subject prominently.
- Shows action and useful for easy understanding.

The picture should be invariably captioned and labeled. After a large number of framed pictures are collected , they should be catalogued and stocked in
boxes for use for classroom teaching effective. These being :

1. The picture can be flashed in front of the class and related questions asked to initiate the lesson.
2. A series of picture related to a lesson can be displayed in the classroom to arouse the curiosity and interest before the lesson begins on the topic.
3. The related picture if they are small can be passed around in the class for students to have a look at them and related question asked to initiate discussion.
4. The picture should be large enough for the whole class to see it properly.
5. The picture must have clear details for asserting attention and interest.
6. The picture should be related to the lesson and meaningful for students.
7. The picture should be authentic and identifiable.
8. The picture should arouse curiosity , imagination and thinking.
9. The picture should be able to built up the proper learning environment.
10. The picture should lead the class to some purposeful activity.
 DIAGRAMS

A diagrams is the simplified drawing of an object, product, appliance or process to explain finer point of the same. A diagram is made to show relationship with the
help of line and symbols without the pictorial element. Diagrams are especially helpful when cross section and plans of design are to be shown.

Following points should be kept in the mind if a teacher wishes to prepare his own diagram-:
- Make to diagram large enough to be seen simultaneously by the whole class.
- Make the outlines features of diagrams sharp.
- Include only the essential and relevant parts of diagrams which pertain to topic.
- Clapton and label the diagram boldly.
- The diagram should be to the scale and proportional.

Standard of a Good Diagram

 Technically correct
 Neatly drawn in proper proportions.
 Well labeled and explained.
 It can be moved and seen from all angles.

Advantage-:
 They are specially helpful when cross section and plan of designs are to be shown.
 They are effective for summarizing and reviewing parts of the lesson.
 MAPS
A map is a graphic aid representing the proportionately diagram the surface of the earth, world or parts of earth. these are flat representation of the earth’s
surface , which convey the information by means of lines, symbol, words and colors. A map is always drawn to scale which is mentioned on one corner of it.
Every map should have the following description on it.
-a caption or title
-a grid
- a scale
- a key
-date on which it has been prepared
Map are common graphic aids for teaching social sciences, they are valuable graphic aids if abstract ideas of distance, size, directions of different place,
region and land ,world and universe are to be put into concrete reality. These days colourful maps are commercially available. Also colorful collection of
maps or atlases , globes , room planeteria etc can be purchased and brought to the school for teaching social sciences efficiently. It will be worthwhile here to
describe briefly the importance of a globe , room , planeteria and flat map.
TYPES OF MAPS
Globe :- it is the model of the earth in its spherical shape, along with the axis of rotation of the earth and its inclination. A globe is invariably mounted on a
stand and shows various countries , oceans , prime median , longitudes and latitudes.
Room planetarium:- It is a special type of globe which along with the earth has other spheres representing the sun and the moon rotating and revolving by
means of belts and pulleys. The room planetarium is helpful in explaining phases of the moon , formation of seasons , occurrence of eclipses , etc.
Flat Maps- Graphic representation of the earth’s surface or portions of it are termed as maps. These are flat representation s of the earth’s surface , which
convey information by means of lines, symbols , words and colors.
 These days , the relief and physical maps are also available in plastic moulds which can be illuminated internally to increase their visibility.
 A flat map should be backed with cloth to last longer and should have wooden rods attached to it at the top and bottom side to roll it up and
down for storing and displaying respectively.
 It is also desirable that the maps should be numbered and catalogued for locating them easily from the store.

country , etc.
Types of Flat Maps
1. Political maps- These maps show political division of the world , a continent , a nation , etc.In such maps the political boundaries are drawn prominently.

2. Physical maps-These maps show the physical contours of a place , area, region , country , etc.

3. Relief maps – These maps show the actual elevations and depression in a place , area , region , country etc.

4. Weather maps – These maps show the amount of rains , temperature extremes , humidity and other weather conditions of a place , area , region ,
country etc.

5. Population maps –These maps show the distribution of population in various parts of region , country, etc.

6. Picture maps or tourist maps – These maps show the historical spots , scenic spots , monumental sites , sanctuaries and other spots of tourist interest.

7. Road maps- These maps show the roads of a region connecting various parts and points together.

8. Railway maps- These maps show the railway links between points.

9. Air maps- These maps show the air routes between various points.

10. Sea route maps- These maps show the sea routes between various sea –ports.
 GRAPHES

Graphs are the visual teaching aids for presenting statistical information and contrasting the trends or changes of certain attributes, graphes makes presentation of
quantitative data easily interpretable and readily understood. A huge data and long list of figure is always boring but the same represented by a graph capture
attention and make student think.
Types of graph-:
1. Bar graphs-: A bar graphs consists of the bars arranged either horizontally or vertically from an origin bas. The length of bar represents the magnitude of
given attribute while the space between bars represent second variable which shown be uniformly changing.
When a graphs chart is made, it is desirable to write the little of charts in bold letters, a key for attributes and members in the and bottom of each bar.
Preparation -:
1. Before making the bar chart makes a rough sketch of it in a notebook.
2. For drawing the bar graph use the chart paper of 50 X 72 cm size.
3. Use two different color shades for the two contrasting groups.
4. The bar should be equi-spaced.
5. Write the key to the bar graph in a box on the right hand side corner of the chart paper.
6. Numbers specifying the magnitude of the bars should be on the top on the bars.
2. Line graph (Curve Graph) -: A free hand smooth line through various points indicating the instantaneous values of two variables at various moments is
called line graph. The line may be straight or curve line indicating the relationship between two variables.
3. Pie graph-: this usually shown as a disc (resembling a pie) or circle divided into sectors of different angle to represent the fraction or percentage of the
division of a distributive attribute.
Preparation-:Find out the angles from the percentage or fractions.

1. Draw the circle on the chart paper of full size using a big compass carrying a sketch or marker.
2. Divide the circle into appropriate sector using the protector
3. Color each section and write the corresponding percentage it represents.
4. Caption the pie graph with w descriptive title.
4. Pictoral graph-: A pictoral graph consist of picture of the same but of different size, proportionate to the magnitudes of the attributes being represented or else,
it may be made with the picture of same size but different in number to represent different magnitutdes.
 POSTER

Poster are the graphic aids with short, quick and typical message with attention capturing paintings.
Purpose-:
1. Adverting an event or product.
2. Campaigning for a cause.
3. Giving a directive.
4. Popularizing a slogan.
5. Drawing attention towards desirable action and values.
6. Giving a warning.
7. Popularizing a symbol or a sign.
8. Propagenda
9. To promote one point
10. To support local demonstration and exhibition.
Preparation-:
1. Tell the message in a single glance.
2. Use bold letters(20X 30)
3. Use simple and few words which convey one idea.
4. Use pleasing color.
5. It contain
-1ST division-: announcement the purpose of the project.
- 2nd division-: set out condition
- 3rd division-: recommends action.
6. it should be attractive.
Advantage-:
 It makes an instant appeal.
 It convey single idea or few idea.
 It helps to be understood at a glance.
 Poster are comprehensive at a distance and sufficient clear.
 They are suitable for patient education, presenting scientific facts, showing safety measures and many other facts relating to health.
 They can be put anywhere walls, corridors, bulletin boards, library etc.
 CARTOONS

It is a metaphorical presentation of reality .It makes learning interesting and effective as it creates a strong appeal to the emotions. In a cartoon, the features of object
and people are exaggerated along with generally recognized symbol. In short, a cartoon is a figurative and subtle graphic aid.
 A cartoon is humorous caricature which gives a subtle message. In a cartoon the features of objects and people are exaggerated along with generally
recognized symbols. In short, a cartoon is a figurative and subtle graphic aid.
 A cartoon has an instantaneous visual appeal and a tickling message.

Sources
The main sources of cartoons are periodical . Newspaper carry cartoons daily which are either political or social in nature. Special periodicals and
magazines carry cartoons on science , management , economics and education.

It make use of -:
- Personalized
- Fantasy
- Incognition
- Satire
- Exaggeration

Preparation-:
- The symbol used should be familiar and ripest a concept or idea.
- Drawing should be high primary for visual effectiveness.

Advantage-:
 It can be effectively used to initiate certain lesson.
 It can be used to motivate student to start a discussion.
 It can be used for making lesson lively and interesting.
 Chip
 COMIC STRIPS

A comic strips is the graphic depiction in a series of pictures or sketches of some characters and events full of action. This medium of communication is found very
interesting and exiting by children .For telling stories, historical events, life histories, scientific process etc, the comic strips can be very effective. A large
number of comic strips depicting long continuous episodes are published in the book – form and these days a large number of comic strips , books ,
magazines are available in India e.g. Amar Chitra Katha , Diamond Comics , Indrajal Comics etc.

Advantage-:
- Comic strips fire the imagination of children.
- They boost the courage of children and build up the spirit of adventure.
- It makes communication detailed and vivid.
- They stimulate reality and involvement.

Disadvantage-:
- Comic strips misguide children by depicting characters with supernatural power divorced from the hand realities of life.
- They hamper the development of language of children
- Classic brought out in the form of comic develop the tendency in children to ignore or bypass the original work.
- Comic soon become an obsession with young children and they tend avoid serious studies.
 FLASH CARDS
Flash cards are small cards of generally 25 X30 cm or 10 X12 cm size which are shown for a moments before the class to send across a message or impart an idea
.The idea in the flash card should be brief. They may also be used for reviewing a lesson with students.
 Used for small groups not over 30 people.
 Provide variety and activity in the class.
 Adaptive to local condition, use plenty of colors.
 10-20 cards for one talk can be used.
 Prepare a picture for each idea, which will give visual impact to the idea.
 It can be used either individually or in combination with other charts.
Preparation Of Flash Cards –

 Cut a foolscap chart paper and cut it into four equal parts to get the flash cards.
 Write the content on it either in the free hand or using lettering stencils and sketch pen.
 Height of writing on the flash cards is to approximately 5 cm so that the whole class can see the flash cards properly.
 is advisable to make a rough card or an ordinary paper first and then transfer it on the chart- paper or cardboard flash cards.

Using The Flash Cards

 Give brief introduction about the lesson to students.

 Flash the card in front of the class by holding it high with both your hands so that all the students can see it.
 Let the students respond as per instruction already given.
 Add more information to the student responses.
 Test the learning by additional flash cards.
 Review the lesson by selectively using flash cards.

Advantages Of Flash Cards

 It can be used to introduce and present topics.
 It can be used to apply information already gained by students to new situations.
 It can be used to review a topic.
 It can be used for drill and practice in elementary classes.
 It can be used to develop the cognitive abilities of recognition and recall of students.
 It can be used for playing educational games to couple learning with fun.
 DISPLAY BOARDS

A display board is the visual teaching aid in the form of a flat surface on which the information to be communicate can be arranged in an attractive fashion. These days
a large number of different kind of display boards are available. Viz.

BLACK BOARD OR CHALK BOARD

A black board or chalkboard is a slightly abrasive written surface made of wood, ply, hardboard, cement, ground, glass, asbestos, state, plastic etc. With black, green or
bluish- green point on it. White chalk stick is generally used for writing on the blackboard or chalkboard. At times color chalk sticks, are used for better illustrations.
The chalkboard is the life of a classroom. It is the most commonly used visual aid by the teacher. For providing a teaching atmosphere, the chalkboard is must in every
classroom.

Type of chalk board

1. The ordinary chalk board held by an easel-: A portable and adjustable blackboard put on a wooden easel can be taken out of the classroom while taking the class in
open, useful for teaching of art subject in small class.
2. The roller type chalkboard with a mat surface made of thick canvas wrapped on a roller.
3. The magnetic board; Teachers can make 3-dimentional demonstration with object on a vertical surface small magnets are used to hold suitable objects fixed
wherever they are put on this vertical surface.
Board is made up of steel on which magnet can be fixed. The creative impulse is aroused among the students while they use it as an exercise.
4. Black ceramic unbreakable board-:It will be framed with aluminum or teak wood frame as per requirement, useful for chalk piece writing.
5. Black or green glass chalkboard; it will be framed with teak wood and available black or green colour, useful for chalk piece writing.
6. Lobby stand board-: it is useful in lobby. Alphabets and figures are changeable. It will be lightweight and easy to carry. Stand height will be 6 feet.
7. Exhibition board: it a can be folded and expanded easily. Both side useable. It will come with 2 panels, 3 panels, 4 panel. Papers and pamphlets can be fixed with
pushpin.
8. Double side stand board: one side white board for marker writing and another side blackboard for chalk piece writing. it is fixed on wheel stand. It can be moved
from one place to another place easily.
9. Reception board- gold colour powder coated aluminum frame. Golden letters can fixed on this board.
10. Tariff board-: useful for price list, reception, welcome to delegates and wedding.
11. Paging board-: one side marker pen writing and one side letters interchangeable. It is useful at public place to receive the VIP’s.
12. Pressing graph perforated board-: it can be used vertically, horizontally in any place like educational institution, administrative office.
13. Write and wipe off board-: it can be used for marker pen writing and it can be erased easily with duster or ordinary cloth.
14. Information notice board-: it is framed with aluminum frame, notices can be fixed with pushpins, available in green, blue and maroon colour.

Preparation and use

 Board should be kept clean always and uniform stokes with eraser can be made to clean the board.
 The surface of the chalkboard should be rough enough to hold the writing on the board.
 The surface of the chalkboard should be dull enough to eliminate glare which hampers visibility of the writing on the board.
  The writing should be easily removable with a cloth or foam duster.
 The chalkboard should be mounted on an appropriate height within the reach of the teacher and visibility of student.
 Stand on the side of the chalkboard while explaining a point t students. Use a pointer to draw attention to the written material on the chalkboard.
 Write the letter and drawing should be in large size, legible.
 Avoid spelling mistake
 Writing should be in straight rows.
 Do not talk as you write
 Face the group after writing and continue the discussion.
 Extreme lower corner of blackboard should not be used, as, total member a cannot see.
 Do not fill the board, only salient feature have to be written.
 While writing on the board, the teacher should ensure that the class is attentive.
 Use colored chalks.
 Do not stand in front of the board, stand to one side.

Advantages-:
 The chalkboard is convenient visual aids for group teaching.
 The chalk board is an economical teaching aid as it can be used over and again.
 Accompanied by the appropriate action by the teacher and illustrations drawn on the chalkboard, it can capture student’s attention.
 The chalkboard can work as a valuable supplementary teaching aid.
 The chalkboard can work as good visual aids for drill and revision.
 The chalkboard can be used for drawing enlarged illustrations from the textbooks.
 The chalkboard can be easily used for giving lesson notes to students.

Limitation-:
 It makes the student highly dependent on the teacher.
 It does not care for the individual needs of student.
 It makes the lesson a dull routine.
 It makes chalk powder to spread and inhaled by the teacher and student.
 Constant use of the chalkboard makes it smooth and full of glare.
 BULLETIN BOARD

A bulletin board is the display board which shows the visual learning material on a specific subject. It is usually in the form of a soft-board or straw or
corkboard with the help of thumb tacks. The most recommended size is 1.5 m X 2m.it will used for both informational and educational purposes. It can
motivate, supplement and enriching, stimulate thought .
It is a simple device placed either indoor or outdoor, kept in a suitable place, it can provide a
suitable place for the display of all kind of creative work of the students.

Items generally used in bulletin board are-:

 Photographs
 Cutout illustrations
 Publication
 Drawing
 Specimen
 Poster
 Newspaper
 Pasting up of –Announcement, assignment, distinctions, achievements.

Uses of bulletin board

To communicate the idea.
To describe the ways of doing a particular items.
To follow-up instruction on things demonstrated and emphasized.
Photographs to show local activities.
To local announcement of importance to all.
To motivate the learner.
To present the ideas of many individuals and localities, when the material is gathered from a variety of sources.
To intensity impression and vitalize instruction.
To add variety to the classroom activity.
To provide information.

Principles in the use of the bulletin board

1. A board for posting notice should be kept separate from those for current events and study.
2. A suggested from those for current events and study.
3. A suggested plan for placement of bulletin board is to have one near the educational administrator’s office, another near the library or study room for
material in relation to study, third board in conference hall or main wards, 4th one in classroom.
Principles in the use of the bulletin board
4. A board for posting notice should be kept separate from those for current events and study.
5. A suggested from those for current events and study.
6. A suggested plan for placement of bulletin board is to have one near the educational administrator’s office, another near the library or study room for
material in relation to study, third board in conference hall or main wards, 4th one in classroom.
7. The content of the board should be organized around a central theme of content and material should be dated to ensure that, it does not remain or longer
than desired.
8. The appearance must be neat, orderly an attractive manner.
9. The material should be changed frequently and systematically to encourage interest.
10. Notice should be removed as soon as they have fulfilled their purpose.
11. The contribution should be well- labeled.
12. A bulletin board committee should be appointed, they are responsible to provide material, and responsibility for editing the board should be placed on
one person.
Types of bulletin board-:
 Flannel board/felt board
 Magnetic board
 Fixed type
 Motivate type
 Folded type

Advantage-:
 Bulletin boards work as a good supplement to normal classroom teaching.
 It arouses student interest in specific subjects.
 Its displays can be effectively used as follow-up of chalkboard work.
 It add color and liveliness to the classroom as they have decorative value along with the educational value
Limitation:-
 Cannot used for all inclusive teaching and they have to be used as supplementary aids to other teaching aids. At times the collection of relevant material
for certain specific topics may be difficult.
 FLANNEL BOARD

A flannel board is display board made of wood, cardboard or straw-board covered flannel or wooden cloth. Display material like the cuts-out, pictures drawing
and light objects backed with rough surfaces like sand paper strips, flannel strips etc. will stick to the flannel board temporarily.

Preparation and uses-:

 Collect picture, light object or make cut- out and black them with sand paper pieces.
 Display the material in the sequence to develop the lesson.
 Change the picture or cuts-outs as you talk to the student.
 Use flannel board to create proper scene and designs relevant to the lesson.
 For telling a story, the teacher adhere the picture on the flannel board along with a commentary or disruption.
 For playing interesting and educative zig-saw puzzles, a flannel board can be used effectively.

Characteristics of Good Flannel Board

 For telling a story, the teacher adheres the picture on the flannel board along with a commentary or description.
 For letter recognition and work formation during language in primary classes. This is done by cutting out big letters from chart paper and backing
them with sand – paper strips.
 For recognition and recall testing , appropriate pictures can be used for teaching different subjects.
 For teaching elementary lessons on numbers, a flannel board can be used.
 For showing interrelationship between different parts or steps of a process, a flannel board can be used e.g. nursing process.

Advantage-:
 A flannel board display hold the interest of students and arrest their attention.
 The provision of sequential change of material on flannel board provides continuity in lesson development.
 Flannel board enable teacher to talk along with changing illustration to develop a lesson.
 The changing of picture on the flannel board is able to kindle enthusiasm and interest of the teacher as well as student.
 PED BOARD
Ped board is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from
copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. A PCB populated
with electronic components is a printed circuit assembly (PCA), also known as a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA). Printed circuit boards are used
in virtually all but the simplest commercially-produced electronic devices.PCBs are inexpensive, and can be highly reliable

MAGNETIC BOARD
A magnetic chalkboard is framed iron sheet carrying porcelain coated in some dark color generally black or green .A magnetic board can be used in the
following -:
 To write with chalk sticks, glass marking pencils and crayons.
 To display picture, cuts-out and light object with disc magnet or magnetic holder.
 A magnetic board chalkboard can work combination of chalkboard type display board. Thus a magnetic chalk add the dimension of visual presentation .
 A magnetic chalkboard provides the flexibility of movement of visual materials.
 Three dimensional objects can be displayed on the magnetic chalkboard using magnetic holders.
Use the Magnetic Chalkboard
 A magnetic chalkboard add the dimension of visual presentation to the usual functions of a chalkboard or blackboard.
 The visual learning materials can be displayed easily and quickly with magnetic holders along with writing the key points on the magnetic
chalkboard.
Advantage-:
 A magnetic board chalkboard can work combination of chalkboard type display board.(The black board and funnel board)
 It gives an added advantage of movement of visual material by sliding it along the surface of magnetic board which is not possible on a flannel bard.
 Light and portable.
 Easily constructed in school by purchasing an iron sheet and applying the blackboard paint on it.
 NON-PROJECTED TEACHING AIDS

The three dimensional actual object or their scaled-down or blown-up replicas are called teaching aids. Such as provide the first hand feel and sense of
reality to learning, thus resulting in better classroom instruction. Under the non-projected teaching aids, the following categories of aids are covered:
1. Model
2. Specimen
3. Exhibition
4. Museums
5. Diorama

MODELS

A model is a representation of a thing three- dimensionally, i.e. height width and depth are felt as a reality. This makes the understanding of the thing easy and
better. It is true that model provide the knowledge of the internal and external parts of a thing properly which is not possible with the two dimensional diagram
and chart. Models used by the teachers are; clay, model of heart, eye, tooth, globe platinum etc.
Type of model-:
1. Solid model
2. Cut-away, cross-section or X-ray model
3. Working model
Advantage
 Model heightens reality of thing and makes learning direct and meaningful as they are three-dimensional.
 Model explains the complex and intricate operations in a simplified way and thus makes comprehension.
 Models illustrate the application side of certain principle and law.
Limitation
 Expertise are required to prepare the model.
 Model at time can give a wrong impression and conception of size of the real thing.
 Some models are very expensive.
 OBJECTS AND SPECIMEN

Collection of real thing for instructional use refers to object. On the other hand, specimen is any typical object representing a class or a group of thing. Object
and specimen are the real thing and thing and their use for classroom teaching imparts a directs learning experience to students A specimen is sample of the real
object or a material. For example, for studying the hair of a horse, whole horse or its tail cannot brought to the classroom, only one hair of its tail will do. Other
eg. Like parts of rock, a sample of construction material, etc.

Source of object and specimen

Local market can a good source buying low-cost object and some of the objects can be borrowed foe teaching purpose from the manufactures and factories,
discarded material from houses, stores etc.
Specimen found in nature can be collected by student themselves by organizing nature hurts and field trips. The specimen to be collected from the nature may
include the wild flower, leaves, shell, stones, butterflies, moths, insects, plants, etc.

Using Objects And Specimen

 Plan your teaching with certain simple and direct observations of the objects or specimen being referred to.
 Ask questions from the students to elicit more details of the features of the object or specimen under observation.
 Clarify and emphasize important structural details of the object or specimen under observation.
 Provide review and practice to make learning permanent.

Advantage-:
 Collection of objects and specimens by student requires interaction with other leading to development of social skill and values.
 Student when collect and display objects and specimen derive satisfaction of contributing to the school and teacher something worthwhile.
 Good source of investigatory project.
 Objects and specimen arouse student’s interest in learning.
 It involves all three five sense organ.
MOCKUP

It emphasizes the functional relationship between the device reality and its workability. Certain element of the original reality is emphasized to make
it more meaningful for the purpose of instruction , e.g. an artificial kidney to demonstrate dialysis.
 DIORAMAS

A diorama is a three dimensional arrangement of related object, model and cut- out to illustrate a central theme or concept. The object and model are generally
placed in a box or showcase with a glass covering and background painted with a shade or a scene.
some diorama which may be produced in the school could be as follows-:
- A harvest scene
- A planting scene
- A street scene
- A scene of school activities
- A scene from freedom struggle.
- A scene if the man landing on the moon

Characteristics of Dioramas
 Thus, a diorama bring small portion of real world into the four walls of the classroom for student to have a close look at it in relation to an instructional
segment.
 Some diorama may have live object with proper habitats and these have immense educational value. such diorama with live specimen along with their
habitat are called varariums. there are many types of vararium such as (1)aquarium (2)terrarium (3) herbarium(4) avarium
 The dioramas produced in the school should be covered with cellophane paper and open at top.
 The diorama brings small portions of the real world in to the four walls of the classroom for the students to have a close look .
 During religious festivals and during exhibitions on social themes , scenes with models in the form of stage – sets are the dioramas produced at
a grand scale.

Types of dioramas
1. Acquarium
2. Terrrarium
3. Avarium
4. Herbarium or botanical gardens
 PUPPETRY

Puppetry is an educational cum entertainment aids in which puppets manipulated by the performer is a person termed as character in a story to be depicted. A
puppets is a manipulative doll dressed as a character and the performer is a person termed as puppeteer.

Types of puppets-
1. String or marionettes puppets-: Marionettes consist of puppet with hinged body parts which are controlled by nine strings produces required
movements in the puppet. These puppets are mainly manipulated by professional puppeteers. for a teacher to manipulate marionette world require special
training.
2. Stick puppets-: Sticks puppet are the painted cardboard cut-out attached by sticks. The action of these puppets are manipulated by the teacher and
student by hiding behind a screen so that only puppets are visible to the audience or the class.
3. Shadow puppets-; Shadow puppets are silhouettes of cardboard which produce shadows on a white screen. The motion of these silhouettes is
manipulated by the teacher and students.
4. Finger or hand puppets-; hand puppets are round balls painted as head with overflowing colorful costumes. These are worn on finger which operates
their movements these are operated from below the stage.

Using puppets as instructional aides

- Puppets action should be accompanied by short dialogues which are easily comprehensible.
- A puppet show should not have many characters. At the most four characters are recommended.
- Put in short duration songs and dance to arouse emotion.

Advantage

 Create interests.
 Motivates students.
 Easy to carry and operate.

Disadvantages
 Needs group cooperation, coordination.
 Skills in presentation.
 AUDIO AIDS
In the purely auditory aids, sound recording and reproduction, and transmission and reception equipment some which include radio receiver and recording
equipment like disc, tape and cassette players. These pieces of equipments can be extremely useful for teaching languages and social studies lessons.

RADIO
The most common form of public education and entertainment is radio receiver. It can be seen in the remotest villages even. The radio transmission serve as a
vital agency of mass education if uses effectively.
In certain countries, several colleges and universities have their own radio transmitter. The lesson are generally transmitted in the evening. Even commercial
stations have a time slot for educative broadcasting during which talks by expert are beamed.

Using radio programs for classroom instruction

 Procure and study in advance the nature and contest of the radio lesson.
 Prepare student for the radio lesson by informing them about the background of the lesson.
 Allow the student to listen to the radio lesson and you as teacher not down the important point covered by it. Make use of the noted down points to
discuss the radio lesson with the students.
 Make use of the noted down point to discuss the radio lesson with visual aids.

Kind of radio lesson

Generally three kind of radio lesson are popular these being-:
i) talk
ii) discussion
iii) dramatization
Advantages
1. Radio programmes are good for mass education.
2. Radio programmes are effective for distance education.
3. Radio programmes can arouse positive emotions and reinforce positive attitudes.
4. Through the radio programmes , the effective and expert teacher can be made to reach out to a large majority of students.
5. A radio programme can be used for introducing a lesson as well as for reviewing a previous lesson.
6. A good radio lesson can be recorded for use at an appropriate time.
 RECORD DISC PLAYER

A record disc player is sort of talking machine which reproduce sound recorded on a disc. Record are available having poem. Song, fairly tales, stories,
linguaphone lesson, dramatic recoding lesson ,English language lesson etc.

Using a record player for teaching

A record disc player can be used in the following ways-:
 The record player can be used to supplement a lesson.
 The record player can be used for an appreciation lesson in music.
 The record player can be used for an appreciation lesson in literature.
 The record player can be used for student to acquire the singing ability, deliver a speech properly, and recite a poem in a right way.
 The player can be used to end or conclude a lesson, introduce a lesson, and review a lesson.
 The record player can be used for physical exercise accompanied with music.

Source of record disc

Record disc and player are available in music shops, departmental stores, electric stores, radio shops etc. These are a few record disc manufacturing
companies in India such as His Master’s voice (HMV)

TAPE RECORDER
A tape recorder is portable electronic gadget to record, reproduce, erase and record sound on a magnetic tape. This device can be used without much fuss by
any body by operating the following press button attached to the recorder viz. stop play wind rewind, record pause and eject. There is some functional control
in a tape.
Another helpful attachment in a good tape recorder is the tape counter which is set at zero and records up to a count of 999.This attachment is helpful for
replaying the specific portion of the tape as it moves in the reverse direction on rewinding. Also a good tape recorder carries an electric meter to indicate the
intensity of sound during recording.
 TELEVISION

Television has made this vast world small place. We can watch the happenings in far off  lands on the screen of our television sets. The moving and living 
pictures create an impression of reality.  Many  informative and educative programmes are helpful to the students. Even those who are illeterate can see and
hear and learn a lotabout the developments in different spheres in todays changing times. Televisions are a great asset to the method of teaching and learning
in schools,  colleges and various other institutions. Television helps us to stay in touch with the day- to day activities around us as well as help us to get away
from tensions and worries by viewing fun- filled programmes.

REALIA
Real things, as the objects associated with everyday life in a culture, esp. as distinguished from theories based on such things.

Uses of Realia

1. The main advantage of using real objects into the classroom is to make the learning experience more memorable for the learner. To give a couple of
simple examples, if you are going to teach vocabulary of fruit and vegetables it can be much more affective for students if they can touch, smell and
see the objects at the same time as hearing the new word. This would appeal to a wider range of learner styles than a simple flashcard picture of the
piece of fruit or vegetable.

2. For teaching English to young children, stimulate their imagination with visual aids. Items like fruits and vegetables can be brought into the
classroom. Bring in toys to that they can both learn from and play with. Do some story-telling and use puppets to depict different roles in your
stories. This is an activity that many kids will surely enjoy. They will also be motivated to learn more when their attention is caught up with the
story telling.
3. To help students remember names of other countries, you could use a map in pointing out their locations. Maps can also be utilized when teaching
students how to give directions.
 NEWSPAPER

A newspaper is a regularly scheduled publication containing news, information, and advertising, usually printed on relatively inexpensive, low-grade paper
such as newsprint. By 2007 there were 6580 daily newspapers in the world selling 395 million copies a day. The worldwide recession of 2008, combined with
the rapid growth of web-based alternatives, caused a serious decline in advertising and circulation, as many papers closed or sharply retrenched operations.]

General-interest newspapers typically publish stories on local and national political events and personalities, crime, business, entertainment, society and sports.
Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page containing editorials written by an editor and columns that express the personal opinions of writers. Other
features include display and classified advertising, comics, television listings, tender notices and inserts from local merchants.

The newspaper is typically funded by paid subscriptions and advertising

 N Publicity: Its contents are reasonably accessible to the public.

 Periodicity: It is published at regular intervals.
 Currency: Its information is up to date.
 Universality: It covers a range of topics.

Types Of Newspaper
1. Daily
2. Weekly
3. National
4. International
5. Customized
6. Organizational
7. Zoned and other Editions
 PAMPHLETS

A pamphlet is an unbound booklet (that is, without a hard cover or binding). It may consist of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and
folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths (called a leaflet), or it may consist of a few pages that are folded in half and saddle stapled at the crease to make a
simple book.
HANDOUTS

The briefing of a session in a single sheet. Use simple, clear language with short sentences. If needed sketches, graphs should be drawn and labeled.
Give titles, and sub- titles , underline the key words. Suitable colors can be used. Hand outs may be given well in advance to orient interested group
about the purpose, aims and objectives of the presentation , or after completion of presentation to leave a record a lesson and for follow up.