T4

Tutorial 4: Complex Numbers II and (c) Repeat (b) for the number – 4.

Inverse functions and logarithms

This tutorial covers trigonometric inverse
functions: their differentiation and
integration, the inverse of a function, index
and log laws and logarithmic differentiation.

Beautiful basics
r4  
1. (a) Find the exponential polar form of
4  4  cos   i sin  
w = 1 + i, that is, the form 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 , where both
2. Find exact values for the following. HINT: Write
r and 𝜃 are real, and −𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
down the range of the inverse cosine function
before you start. Your answer needs to be
within the range of the function.

 1 
(a) cos 1  
 2

cos 1 x : Domain  1,1 , Range  0,  

r  w  12  12  2 1 
cos 1 
 2 4

4

 w  1  i  2e
i  1 
4
(b) cos 1   
 2
(b) Write the number 6i in polar form with
argument between 0 and 2𝜋.
Note the answer is expected in the form cos 1 x : Domain  1,1 , Range  0,  
𝑟(cos(𝑡) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)).
1 3
cos 1  
2 4
3
is within the range for cos 1 x
4
3
while  is not.
4
3. Refer to a table of integrals if required and find
the derivatives of the functions.

 (a) cos1 x
r 6 
2
   d  cos 1 x  1
6i  6  cos  i sin  
 2 2 dx 1  x2

Tutorial 4 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 1

 T4
(b) x sin 1 2 x dy
5. Find in each case, using logarithmic
dx
Product Rule
differentiation:

d  x sin 1 2 x 
 x.
2
 1.sin 1 2 x (a) y  3x 2 x
dx 1  2x
2

Take logs of each side

2x
  sin 1 2 x
1  4 x2
ln y  ln  3 x 2 x   ln 3  ln  x 2 x 
(c) ArcCosh x 4
 ln 3  2 x ln x
d  ArcCosh x 4  1
 4 x3 .
dx x8  1 Differentiate both sides with respect to 'x'
4 x3

x8  1 1  1 
y '  0   2 x  2 ln x 
y  x 
4. Refer to a table of integrals if required then
 1 
find the integrals below. y '  0   2 x  2 ln x  y
 x 
1  6 1  ln x  x 2 x
(a)  6 x 2
dx

(b) y  (3x)2 x
From table of integrals
dx 1 x Take logs of each side
a 2
x 2
 tan 1    C
a a
 a 6 ln y  ln  (3 x) 2 x   2 x ln  3 x 
1 1  x 
 6 x 2
dx 
6
tan 1    C
 6 Differentiate both sides with respect to 'x'
1
(b)  6 x 2
dx 1 3
y '  2 x  2 ln  3 x 
y 3x
y '  2 1  ln  3 x   y
From table of integrals
1 1  x 
 a tanh  a   C if x  a  2 1  ln  3 x   (3 x) 2 x
dx   
 a 2  x 2   1 1  x 
 coth
 a  a   C if x  a

 a 6
 1  x 
 tanh 1    C if x  a
dx  6  6
 6  x2    x 
 1
coth 1    C if x  a
 6  6

Tutorial 4 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 2

 T4
MODELLING (A) MODELLING (B)

In fluid mechanics, the complex potential 1. Find

function w is given by:
t
w(r , )   (r , )  i (r , ) .
4 3
dt
where  (r , ) is the potential function and
This was done in lectures
 (r , ) the stream function both of which are
functions of the two real variables, r and  .  13 
t

t 4 
A particular flow is given by t
 13   
c2
 4 dt    4  dt   1   C
3

w z  3 ,
3 ln  4 3 
z  
t
where c is a non-zero real number and 3
4
z  re i . 3 C
ln 4
By considering the real and imaginary parts of
2. A colony of bacteria monitored from t = 0
w, show that the potential function  (r ,  ) is hours grows at a rate given by
given by
t
 c2  n(t )  1000 4 3
 (r , )   r 3  3  cos(3 )
 r 
How many bacteria are expected to exist after
and find a similar expression for the stream 4 hours if the initial number of bacteria is
function,  (r ,  ) . 2000?

c2 n(t) is a rate, to find the number of bacteria, N,

Substitute z  rei into w  z 3  : with time ‘t ’ of N(t), we need to integrate with
z3
respect to ‘t ’.
c2 c 2 e  i 3
w   re 
i 3
 r e3 i 3
 t

 re  i 3 r3 N (t )   1000 4 dt 3

c 2 ei ( 3 ) t
3 i 3
r e   1000  4 dt 3
r3
 r 3  cos 3  i sin 3 
t
43
 3000 C
c2

r3
 cos  3   i sin  3   ln 4
We are given that initially (t = 0) there is 2000
 r 3  cos 3  i sin 3  bacteria. We can use this to find C.
c2
  cos 3  i sin 3  0
r3 43
2000  3000 C
Collect real and imaginary terms: ln 4
3000
C  2000 
 c2   c2  ln 4
w   r 3  3  cos 3  i  r 3  3  sin 3
 r   r 
  r ,    r , 

Tutorial 4 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 3

 T4
t Approximately 3.5 years to reach 800 from the
3
4 3000 graph.
N (t )  3000  2000 
ln 4 ln 4
(b) Remember that in science and engineering we
3000  3 2
t

  4  ln 4  1 tend to give meaning to variables so take the
ln 4  3  inverse here by making t the subject.

When t=4: 100, 000

P
100  900e  t ( P )
3000  43 2  100, 000
N (4)   4  ln 4  1  100  900e  t ( P ) 
ln 4  3  P
13580 bacteria 100, 000
 900e  t ( P )   100
P
MODELLING (C) 100, 000 100
 et ( P )  
900 P 900
Adapted Qu. 28. Sec. 1.7. Stewart The population 1, 000 1
 
of a certain species in a limited environment with 9P 9
initial population 100 and carrying capacity
(maximum population that can be sustained in the Take logs of both sides
environment) of 1000 is
 1, 000 1 
ln e  t ( P )  ln   
P (t ) 
100, 000  9P 9
100  900e  t  1, 000 1 
t ( P )  ln   
Where t is measured in years.  9P 9
 1, 000 1 
(a) Plot the population with time t ( P )   ln   
 9P 9
and estimate the time to reach
800.
This gives the time taken to reach a population ‘P ’.
(b) Find the inverse of this function
and explain its meaning. (c)
(c) Use the inverse function to find
time required for the population
 1, 000 1 
to reach 800. Compare with the t (800)   ln   
result of part (a).  9  800 9 
 3.58 years 3.6 years
(a)
This value is slightly greater than the estimate
t 0 1 2 3 4 5
obtained in part (a) however looking at the graph
P(t) 100 232 451 691 858 943 the value is expected to be slightly greater than 3.5
years.

Tutorial 4 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 4

 T4
TUTORIAL DISCUSSION ADDITIONAL STUDY QUESTIONS

What are the requirements for a one-to-one
function?
For every y-value on the specified domain there is
a unique x-value.
How could you check that a function is one-to-one
on a stated domain?
1. Graph and show only one x-value for every ‘y’.
2. Show f ’(x) does not change sign on the specified
domain.
Check that f ( x)  x 2  4, x  0 is one-to-one
on the stated domain.
f’(x)=2x which remains positive for x  0  one to
one function.
These questions provide extra practice. For help,
go to the Maths Study Centre Drop-in room,
CB04.03.331.
1. Sketch each complex number on a
separate argand plane, then find the
exponential polar form of each number.
In each case, indicate the arg of the
complex number on the diagram.
Remember that the exponential polar
form of a complex number is the form
re i , where both r and  are real, and
    .
(a) –6 + 6i

2. Explain: why sin 1 (sin  / 4)   / 4,

while sin 1 (sin 7 / 6)  7 / 6 .

3
Domain sin 1 x  1,1 r  6 
2
 62  6 2 
4
   3
Range sin 1 x   ,  i
 2 2 6  6i  6 2e 4


since is within the range (b) 6 + 6i
4
  
sin 1  sin  
 4 4
but
 7  7
sin 1  sin 
 6  6
7 
as is out of the range r  62  62  6 2 
6 4
7 1 
sin  i
6 2 6  6i  6 2e 4

so
 1 
sin 1     
 2 6

Tutorial 4 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 5

 T4
(c) 6 – 6i f) –2i


 r2  
r  6   6   6 2  
2 2
2
4 
i
i

2i  2e 2
6  6i  6 2e 4

(d) –6 – 6i (g) –3.

r 3  
3  3ei
3
r  6    6  6 2  
2 2

4
3
i
6  6i  6 2e 4 (h) 3–3i.

(e) 4i


r  32   3  3 2  
2

4

i
 3  3i  3 2e 4

r4 
2

i
4i  4e 2

Tutorial 4 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 6

 T4
2. Solve the following equations, giving 27  i
(b) 5e
2
your answers as complex numbers if
necessary:
27  24 3 
i  i    
(a) x 2  2 x  3 5e 2
 5e  2 2 

3
i 
See addition problems Qu. 11(a) Tutorial 3.  5ei12 .e 2
 5.1.  i
(b) x 2  2x  5  0  5i  0  5i

See addition problems Qu. 11(b) Tutorial 3. 15

 i
3. Express each of the following in
(c) e 6

Cartesian form ( a  ib ) :
15  12 3 
i  i    
e 6
e  6 6 
(a) 1  i 2  i 5  i 11
1
i 
 ei 2 .e 2
 1.i
See addition problems Qu. 12(a) Tutorial 3.
 i  0i
1
(b)
4i
5. Find in the form a  bi , where a and b
See addition problems Qu. 12(b) Tutorial 3. are (i) exact real numbers (ii)
approximations to 3 significant figures,
2
(c)
3  7i (a) 4e i / 6

See addition problems Qu. 12(c) Tutorial 3.

  
4ei /6  4  cos  i sin 
4. Write each of these complex numbers in  6 6
exponential polar form. Remember that
the exponential polar form of a complex  3 1
 4   i 
number is the form re i , where both r 2 2

and  are real, and       . Then
convert to Cartesian form.  2 3  2i (i)

2 3  2i 3.46  2.00i (ii)

(a) 5e27 i
5ei 27  5e 
i 26  

 5ei 26 .ei (b) 3e 25i (Reminder: e a b  e a .e b ).

 5.1.  1 3e 25i  3e 2 e5i

 5  5  0i
 3e 2  cos 5  i sin 5  (i)
6.29  21.2i (ii )

Tutorial 4 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 7

 T4
(c) 2e i 7. Prove this result about complex
conjugates: zw  z w .
2e i  2e i Let z  z1  z2i, w  w1  w2i
 2  cos   i sin   zw   z1  z2i  w1  w2i 

 2  1  0i   z1w1  z1w2i  z 2iw1  z 2 w2i 2

  z1w1  z2 w2   i  z1w2  z2 w1 
 2  0i (i) LHS :
 2.00  0.00i (ii) zw   z1w1  z2 w2   i  z1w2  z 2 w1 
RHS :
zw   z1  z2i  w1  w2i 
i11 / 2
(d) 7e  z1w1  z1w2i  z 2iw1  z 2 w2i 2
 z1w1  z1w2i  z 2iw1  z 2 w2
11 8 3 3
i i i i   z1w1  z2 w2   i  z1w2  z2 w1 
7e 2
 7e 2
.e 2
 7e 2
 LHS
 3 3 
 7  cos  i sin  8. Express cos 4 in terms of (a) cos
 2 2 
and sin  , (b) cos . Find the
 7 0  i integral of the fourth power of
cos(theta).
 0  7i (i )
DeMoivre’s Theorem
 0.00  7.00i (ii )
 cos   i sin    cos 4  i sin 4
4

1
6. Find the admittance, Y   cos   i sin   
4
Z in a
 cos 4   4 cos3  i sin   6 cos 2  i 2 sin 2 
circuit given that Z   75  j30   . Note
 4 cos  i 3 sin 3   i 4 sin 4 
that the omega symbol here is the ohm, the
SI unit of impedance.  cos 4   4 cos3  i sin   6 cos 2  sin 2 
 i 4 cos  sin 3   sin 4 
 cos 4   6 cos 2  sin 2   sin 4 
1 1  i  4 cos3  sin   4 cos  sin 3  
Y 
Z 75  j 30  cos 4  i sin 4

1 75  j 30
 . Equate real components:
75  j 30 75  j 30 cos 4  cos 4   6 cos 2  sin 2   sin 4  ( a)
75  j 30

5625  900 Now cos 2   sin 2   1  sin 2   1  cos 2 

75  j 30 cos 4  cos 4   6 cos 2  1  cos 2    1  cos 2  

2


6525  cos 4   6 cos 2   6 cos 4   1  2 cos 2   cos 4 

1 2
  j cos 4  8cos 4   8cos 2   1 (b)
87 435

Tutorial 4 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 8

 T4
 cos  d 10
4
b. Show that G by substituting
4
Aside: the polar form for (1  j ) .
cos 2  cos 2   sin 2  i

1  j  2e
 cos   1  cos  
4
2 2

40 40 40
 2 cos 2   1  4  
(  j ) 4
 (1  j ) 4 i
cos 2  1  ( 2e 4 ) 4
4

 cos   2

2 40 10
  4
cos 4  8cos   8cos 2   1
4  .4.e
4 i
 . 1
10
 cos 2  1   4
 8cos 4   8   1 
 2 
 8cos   4 cos 2  3
4
c. Show that G
10
by evaluating
 cos 4  4 cos 2  3 4
 cos 4   (1  j ) 2 and substitution
8

i
1  j  2e 4

 cos  d
4

40 40
 cos 4  4 cos 2  3 d  4
 (  j ) 4
 (1  j ) 4
8 40
sin 4 sin 2  4
   3  C  (1  j ) 2 (1  j ) 2
32 4
40
 4
9. Here you will use two methods to solve the  (1  2 j  j 2 )(1  2 j  j 2 )
same problem. 40
 4
(From control engineering). A particular  (1  2 j  1)(1  2 j  1)
robot arm has a transfer function, G, given 10
 4 2
by  .4 j
40 10
G , where j  1 .
2
 4
(  j ) 4


a. Factorize the denominator.

(  j )4   4 (1  j )4

Tutorial 4 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 9

 T4
10. Sketch the following functions and 11. Refer to a table of integrals if
list the domain and range in each case. required. Then find the integrals and
derivatives below. Check with
1
(a) f ( x)  cos x Mathematica.


See lecture notes. dx
(a)
2 x  32
2
(b) f ( x)  arccos x
dx 1 dx
See lecture notes.  2x 2
  2
 32 2 x  16
1
(c) f ( x)  cosh x
From table of integrals:
See lecture notes. dx 1 x
a 2
x 2
 tan 1    C
a a
(d) f (x)  arccoshx
 a4
See lecture notes. 1 1 1 x
1
x 2
 16
dx  . tan 1    C
2 4 4
(e) f ( x)  sin x
1 x
 tan 1    C
See lecture notes. 8 4
(f) f ( x)  arcsin x


dx
See lecture notes. (b)
9  x2
1
(g) f ( x)  sinh x
Table of integrals:
See lecture notes. dx x
a x
 sin 1    C
2
a 2
(h) f (x)  arcsinhx
a3
See lecture notes. dx x
1
 9  x2
 sin 1    C
3
(i) f ( x)  tan x
d
See lecture notes. (c) tanh 1 7t 2
dt
(j) f ( x)  arctan x
Table of integrals:
See lecture notes. dx
1
 1 x 2
 tanh 1 x  C
(k) f ( x)  tanh x
d  tanh 1 7t 2  7  2t 14t
 
See lecture notes. dx 1   7t 
2 2 1  49t 4
(l) f (x)  arctanhx

See lecture notes.

Tutorial 4 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 10

 T4
(d) cosh 1 x 4 13. Find exact values for the following:
HINT: Write down the range of the
d  cosh 1 x 4  1 inverse cosine function before you start.
 4 x3 .
dx x8  1
(a) cos (cos(3 / 4))
1
4 x3

x8  1 3
12. Check that these functions are one-
4
to-one on their domains, or on the 1
(b) sin(cos 0)
indicated domain. [Use a graph and/or
show that the derivative does not change
 
sign.] Then find their inverses. sin  cos 1 0   sin    1
2
4x  1
(a) f ( x) 
3  2x 14. Find dy/dx in each case, using
logarithmic differentiation:
f '( x) 
 3  2 x  4   4 x  1 .  2
3  2x  (a) y  x
2 5x

12  8 x  8 x  2
 Take logs of each side
3  2x 
2

ln y  ln  x5 x   5 x ln x
14
  0 for all x  one to one.
3  2x  Differentiate both sides with respect to 'x'
2

Finding inverse, method swap x and y: 1 1

y '  5 x  5ln x
y x
4 y 1
x
3 2y
y '  5 1  ln x  y
x 3  2 y   4 y  1  5 1  ln x  x5 x
3 x  2 xy  4 y  1 (b) y  x
1/ x
, x  0.
4 y  2 xy  3 x  1
y  4  2 x   3x  1 Take logs of each side
3x  1
ln y  ln  x1/ x  
ln x
y  f 1 ( x)
4  2x x
Differentiate both sides with respect to 'x'
1
x.  ln x.1
(b) f ( x)  x  8
3 1
y'  x 2
y x
f '( x)  3x 2  0 for x  0 1 1  ln x
y' 
 one to one for x>0. y x2
 1  ln x 
Finding inverse, method swap x and y: y'   y
 x 
2

x  y3  8  1  ln x  1/ x
 x
y  3 x  8  f 1 ( x)  x 
2

Tutorial 4 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 11

 T4
15. (a) Show that d cos-1 x  1 Hint: 16. An arch similar to the St Louis Arch can
dx 1 x 2 be approximated by the equation
start by letting y  cos x then complete x
-1
y  b  a cosh(x / a) when the origin is
= …., then differentiate both sides with on the ground in the centre of the arch,
respect to x using the Chain Rule. and the y axis points vertically upwards.

Let y  cos 1 x  x  cos y

Differentiate both sides w.r.t. x
1  y '.  sin y
dy 1 1
  
dx sin y 1  cos 2 y
but x  cos y Find the values of a and b in the case of
dy 1 an arch where the distance at ground

dx 1  x2 level between the “legs” is 170 metres
Note the graph of y  cos 1 x is and the height is 200 metres. (Note: you
may need Mathematica and/or
dy
always decreasing so 0 Newton’s Method here, depending on
dx your problem solving strategy.)
that is why we don't need - 1  cos 2 y .
(Answer: a approx 31.77, b approx 231.77)
𝜋
(b) Show that 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = 2 .
Hint: start by differentiating the left hand
side (LHS) and then think what the result (0, 200) is on the curve
implies about the LHS.  200  b  a  b  200  a (1)

Differentiating LHS
(85,0) is on the curve
 85   85 
1  0  b  a cosh    b  a cosh  
d
 cos 1 x  sin 1 x  = 
1
0  a   a 
(2)
dx 1 x 2
1  x2

We need to solve for 'a' (let x  a)

So cos 1 x  sin 1 x  C , for some constant,
 85 
for all values of x. f ( x)   200  x   x cosh    0 for all x.
 x 
85  85   85 
When x  0, we get: f '( x)  1  x. 2 sinh    cosh  
x  x   x 
cos 1 0  sin 1 0  C
85  85   85 
   1 sinh    cosh  
 0C  C  x  x   x 
2 2
We can conclude that
 Continued on next page…
cos 1 x  sin 1 x 
2

Tutorial 4 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 12

 T4
Newton's Method (i) How many seconds pass between
 85  the crests? (Answer to two decimal
 200  x0   x cosh   places).
x1  x0   x0 
 85   85  g  2 h 
1
85
sinh    cosh   f2 tanh  
2 L  L 
x0  x0   x0 
Choose x  30 ,note the answer is visible.
then At h=10m, L=120 m, y=9.80m/s 2
x1  31.373
x2  31.7648 etc 9.8  2  10 
f  tanh  
Result a 31.8, b 231.8 2  120  120 
0.079025/sec
17. (a) (i) Sketch the graph of the
function : 1 1
T=  12.65 sec
f ( x)  3 cosh1 (2 x), f 0.079025

(ii) With what speed is the crest of any

particular wave travelling? (Answer
to two decimal places).
 120
v  9.48 m/s
T 12.65
18. (Adapted from Calculus for
Engineers, 4th Ed, by Donald Trim)
A crank (OC), of length R with slider C is
(ii) State the domain of the
rotating clockwise about O. The slider
function :
moves in a slotted lever hinged at A at a
f ( x)  3 cosh1 (2 x) .
distance of L from O. Show that

1  1 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑
Domain  ,   or x  𝜃 = arctan(
𝐿 + 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑
)
2  2
(b) In shallow water, waves may appear
in strings where L is the distance
between crests. The number of
crests that pass a fixed point each
second is the frequency f
(seconds -1). Under certain
conditions, L and f are related by the
𝑔 2𝜋ℎ
equation 𝑓 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ ( )
2𝜋𝐿 𝐿
where h is the depth of the water in
meters and g is acceleration due to
gravity (9.80 ms-1). The function
R sin 
“tanh(…)” is the hyperbolic tangent tan  
function. In a particular location, in L  R cos 
water that is 10 metres deep, L is  R sin  
120 m.    tan 1  
 L  R cos  

Tutorial 4 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 13

 T4
Indicie Laws

a m  a n  a m n a m  a n  a mn

a 
m n
 a mn a0  1

a n  b n   ab 
1 n
n
 an
a
1

 
n
n
m
a  am m
a  am

Log Laws

(a  0, a  1)

an  x  n  loga x

log a x  log a y  log a xy; x, y  0

x
log a x  log a y  log a ; x, y  0
y

loga x p  p loga x; x  0

log a a  1 log a 1  0

1
log a   log a x, x  0
x
log a b  logb a  1; b  0, a  0.

log a x
 logb x; (change of base)
log a b

Recommended Study Questions from the

textbook.
Calculus Concepts and Contexts, 4th
Edition, (Metric Edition)
James Stewart
Appendix I contains theory,
examples, and exercises on
complex numbers. Do all the odd
numbers (or a good selection of
them).

Tutorial 4 and Study Questions, 33130 Mathematical Modelling 1 14