Classification of the Singularity a of f: depends on the Laurent Series of f about a i. e.

,
∞
f (z) = ∑ c ( z − a)
n =−∞
n
n
.

a is called a Removable singularity if cn = 0 for all n < 0

Example 2: f (z) = (sin z) /z, a = 0.

a is called a Essential singularity if cn = 0 for infinitely many n < 0
Example 3 : f (z) = e3/z, a = 0.

a is called a Simple Pole if c−1 ≠ 0 and cn = 0 for all n < –1
Example 4: f (z) = (z – 1) – 1, a =1.

a is called a Pole of Order m if c− m ≠ 0 and cn = 0 for all n < – m.
Example 5: f (z) = (z – 1) – 5, a =1 is a pole of order 5 for the function f.

Exercises on Residues at Poles

Identify the poles and then find the residue of each of the following functions at the poles:
1
1. f ( z) = 2
z ( z − i)
z2 + 1
2. f ( z) =
z 2 − 2z
z2 − 2z 1
3. (a) f ( z) = (b) f ( z) =
( z + 1)2 ( z 2 + 1) z 2 ( z − 1)2 ( z + 2)
2z + 4
4. f ( z) =
( z + 1)( z 2 + 1)
zeiz
5. f ( z) =
z2 + 1