“Assignment of Education”

Topic: -
Growth and Development

Submitted to: -
Madam Maryam Sultana

Submitted by:-

(Musa, Maria, Rimsha, Sadaf, Zaima)

Date:-

January 16, 2018.

Growth: The Encyclopedia Britannica defines Growth as an increase in the size or the amount of an entity. The word
growth is used for all those structural and physiological changes that take place within individual during the process of
maturation.

For example, the increase in weight, height, and different organs is called growth. It is biological process and
continues for birth to adulthood.

Development: The Encyclopedia Britannica defined the word Development as the progressive change in size, shape,
and function during the life of an organism by which its genetic potential is translated into functioning adult system.
This means that development includes the increase not only in the size but also in the function of an organ.

Difference between Growth and Development:

1. Most people use the word Growth and Development in same meanings. But there is difference between these two
terms. The first term Growth means the change in the physical structure. The second term Development is the change
in the function and activities of different organs.

2. Similarly, we can say that growth is external in nature and can be directly measured because its chief concern is
with physical aspect of an individual. Growth stops at a particular stage. But, development is internal in nature. It can
only be felt. It chief concern is not only with increase in the size of the brain but thinking process also.

3. Moreover, growth is generally taken to be quantitative in nature whereas development of intelligence and
emotions. Development goes on into senility but growth stops at maturity.

4. Growth and development is interrelated. Both influence each other. When growth stops because of illness,
development is equally affected.

Aspects of Development:

1. Cognitive development.

2. Social development.

3. Emotional development.
4. Physical development.

Cognitive Development: Its referents to activities that involves thinking, perceiving and problem solving. It is also
called intellectual development Perception through senses.

Social Development: It refers to behavior that involves relation/interaction with others. It refers to the behavior
that how you behave in certain circumstances.

Emotional Development: It refers to feeling and attitudes.

Physical Development: An organized increase in volume. Physically growth but in organized form is called physical
development.

Significance:

Definition of growth _ Change in physical size.

Definition of development _ Grow or cause to grow and become more nature advanced or elaborate.

All living things grow and develop.

All living things grow which means increase in size.

By enlarging.

By the cells dividing.

All living things change to form fully functional matures forms.

Characteristics of Growth and Development:

Pattern:

• In Studies of growth and development, the concept of pattern in an important one. Pattern in growth represents
proportionality.

• It refers not just to set of proportional relationships at a point in time, but to the change in these proportional
relationships over time.

• E.g.: "cephalocaudal gradient of growth". This simply means that there is an axis of increased growth extending
from the head toward the feet.

Importance of Human Development:

1. Improves productivity.

2. Better Utilization of Resources.

3. Controls Population Growth.

4. Safeguards Physical Environment.

5. Improves the Quality of Life.

6. Encourages Research and Development.

7. Development of Agriculture and Industry.

8. Change in Attitude.

9. Higher Returns.

Stages of development:

Prenatal Development:

The word prenatal is taken from Greek word "Peri" means about, around and Latin "Nasci" which means "to be
born". So we can say it around the time of birth.

It is process in which development of baby inside mother's womb proceeds. This is a process in which an
embryo and later foetus develops during gestation.

And prenatal development, starts with " fertilization the 1st stage in "Embryo Genesis" which continues in fetal
development until birth.

This prenatal development is also named as antenatal development which is the process in which development
if embryo takes places.

Duration: prenatal development takes about 38 weeks for competition and during this period of development
single cell becomes a full term baby.

Categories of prenatal development are following:

These steps are necessary for formation of complete baby.

1. Germinal period:

Duration:This period occurs during first two weeks of (development) Pregnantly. This may initates, starts from
moment of conception and it may carried out up to the process where it begins to implant into wall of the utter
us and the zygote becomes blastocyst.

This period may ends when the blastocyst is fully implanted into uttering cells that will make up the baby.

Embryonic period: After implantation of zygote into cells the next starts which is embryonic development.
Where further development of embryo proceeds. After formation of germ layers. Some major organs, tissues
may form.

Duration: This stage lasts form implantation until about 8 weeks from time of conception.

2. Fetal period:

Duration: This is last stage. This stage takes place from end of embryonic stage or embryo development up to the
time of birth of baby. Its duration is about 10th to 40th weeks of pregnancy.

When embryo becomes a foetus at 8 weeks it is approximately 3 centimeters in length and weight about 3
grams. During fetal stage process growth of organism increased by gradual adaptation of physical functioning.

At 20th week foetus become about 20 centimeters and from 16_20 weeks fat begins to develop under skin, and
skin started to be covered and features of foetus that is fingers, eyebrows and eyelashes appear.

At 25_28 weeks foetus has length of about 38cm and approx 1.2 kg in weight. Hence the process of development
of brain and nervous system begins.
Breathing moment may start when foetus is is 29_32 weeks and bones may develop.

And during 33_36 weeks length is of 41_48 cm and weight about 2.6_3.0 kg and foetus has gained a high degree
of control over body functions.

When foetus reach at 36_38 weeks all organs start performing their functions then foetus may become able to
survive without medication.

Infancy:

The state or period of babyhood or early childhood:

It is period of growth of baby in between on month to 2,3 years. During this growth period baby start acquiring
language, start trying to walk and begin to grasps things.

In Hunan, we can define infancy as the period of life between birth and acquisition of language. In age of
approximately one to two years later.

Infacts weight, height and activities, habits:

Average in fact newborn in fact weight 3.4 kg and is about 51 cm long. Weight gaining is 170 to 200g per week
for 3 beginning months. The process of growth remain continues, but this growth Raye may decline gradually to
an average of 60g per week after 12 months.

Sleeping time: In younger age baby used to sleep for long time. Out of 24 hours baby sleep about 16_18 hours
per day. But gradually as baby grows reaches yo age of 2 years the sleeping decrease to about 9_11 hours per
day.

Food: Before appearance of teeth the food of young in fact is milk and during to process of appearance of teeth
of babies. Babies can be weaned at age of 6_7 months and food may become soft food.

Behavior or Reaction in certain different situations:

With the passage of growth baby learns by surrounding and try to do that things practically. Thus psychological
development of baby may continues. Baby may cries in situation that are against his nature or he dislike changes
in behavior, either by emotionally or physically they occurs during growth.

Characteristics:

Infancy is shortest of all development periods:

As infancy begins with birth and ends at age of two weeks. So it is considered to b the shortest period of
development.

According to psychological point of view; This process is completed when the infact begins to show signs of
developmental progress in behavior

Infancy us Hazardous period: In this period both psychologically and physically in a sense that chil learn to
react rationally in different situations.

Psychologically, infancy is hazardous because it is time when attitudes of significant people toward the in fact
are crystallized. Many of attitudes were established during prenatal period and may change radically after infant
is born, but some remain relatively unchanged or may become strengthened depending on conditions.

-> Infancy is Preview of Later Development.

-> Infancy is a time of Radical Adjustments.

Physical development: The physical growth is rapid (during first two years) up to age of 2 years. A new born
weight may increases and physical growth as well as mental growth takes place. Eruption of teeth takes place.
And baby learn certain thing and adopt different habit after observing that is surrounding environment that may
later on became part of his nature.

As it is observed that as baby grows he tries to perform different activities. He start grasping, throwing different
objects. Baby stuck different things and observe surrounding try to do like that as he observe. And to able to
walk baby start crawling when bones becomes strong usually at age of 7_10 months. The by holding objects try
to walk. Baby play wit toys, thus physical development is totally by senses.

Baby learns as he see, observe in surroundings. Baby try to pronounce words, try to utter a words which he
listen from surroundings. Then he try to learn, by observing surroundings. Babies can feel and respond to pain
andthey can feel hot , cold, hunger and satisfaction, soft and rough, pain and comforts and cuddlin. Babies
gradually adopt action which they learn and then in which they get interested the babies try to repeat that
actions.

Babies try to acquire language which they listen from surrounding with passage of time as babies grows by
interaction with their parents they learn sentiments of love , hate, trust, etc. And learn how to respond in certain
situation.

Stages of Growth and Development:

Childhood:

• Early Childhood (Ages 3_6): Early childhood is a time of tremendous growth across all areas of development. The
dependent newborn grows into a young person who can take care of his or her own body and interact effectively with
others.

Physically, between birth and age three a child typically doubles in height and quadruples in weight. Bodily
proportions also shift, so that the infant, whose head accounts for almost one forth of total body length, becomes a
toddler with a more balanced, adult-like appearance. Despite these rapid physical changes, the typical three-year-old
has mastered many skills, including sitting, walking, toilet, training, using a spoon, scribbling, and sufficient hand-eye
coordinate to catch and throw a ball.

Between three and five years of age, children continue to grow rapidly and begin to develop fine-motor skills. By age
five most children demonstrate fairly good control of pencils, crayons, and scissors. Gross motor accomplishments
may include the ability to skip and balance on one foot. Physical growth slows down between five and eight years of
age, while body proportions and motor skills become more refined.

Physical changes in early childhood are accompanied by rapid changes in child's cognitive and language development.
From the moment they are born, children use all their sense to attend to their environment, and they began to
develop a sense of cause and effect from their actions and the responses of caregivers.

Over the first three years of life, children a spoken vocabulary of between 300 to 1000 words, and they are able to
use language to learn about and describe the world around them. Bye age five, a child's vocabulary will grow to
approximately 1500 words.

The common features of this stage are:

• Infancy features are strengthened.

• Physical growth occurs like, expansion of muscles; speed in body actions, changes occur in respiration, blood
pressure develops etc.
• Language skill is developed and learns new words.

• New concepts about social relations develop.

• Memory increases.

• They ask questions about the environment.

• Socially he/she develop new friends, and wants social approval of his/her actions.

• Emotional development starts to develop.

• Middle Childhood (Ages 6-8): Middle childhood brings many changes to a child's life. Developing independence
from family becomes more important now. Events such as starting school bring children this age into regular contact
with the larger world. Friendships become more and more important. Physical, social, and mental skills develop
rapidly at this time. This is a critical time for children to develop confidence in all areas of life, such as through friends,
schoolwork, and sports.

How children develop during middle childhood:

Emotional/Social Changes:

Children in this age group might:

Show more independence from parents and family.

Start to think about the future.

Understand more about his or her place in the world.

Pay more attention to friendships and teamwork.

Want to be liked and accepted by friends.

Thinking and Learning:

Children in this age group might:

Show rapid development of mental skills.

Learn better ways to describe experiences and talk about thoughts and feelings.

Have less focus on one's self and more concern for others.

• Late childhood (Ages 9-11): Later childhood growth comprises physical, cognitive, social, affective, and moral and
faith development. Key changes that are evident during this period include:

• Peer group relationships and their values take on a heightened importance.

• Development of cognitive abilities with abstract ideas and values. This impacts how they discuss issues, analyze
situations, and draw conclusions.

• An increased capacity to appreciate the need for rules in life and in relationships.

• Greater awareness of what is morally right.

• Deeper appreciation of their strengths and limitations in making reasonable and moral choices.

• Growth in a deeper concern for others.

• Spiritually, growth in their knowledge and understanding of God, Church, Scripture and Christian living.

• Program content and process for later childhood must supply external support, structure, and assistance for the
development of competencies, skills, values, and faith that will see the later stage child into stage of early
adolescence.

Adolescence (Ages 12-19): This is the period of adulthood and to some extend of maturity, physically and socially.
This is called the spring, romantic, and the period of " Strom and stress". The development and growth vary from
culture to culture and environment factors that influence a person at this stage are as follows:

1. Physical Growth: Here children are active and sharp. They are keen observers. They give more attention to body
_ beauty and strength. Boys love strength and play the games, where physical parts, his heights, weight, nervous
system, internal organs, lungs, heart, sex organs, etc.

2. Mental or Intellectual Development:

1) They think in abstraction.

2) They can anticipate the future needs and plan for that.

3) The children ability to solve complex problems increase. They try to understand complicated issues, and to solve
the complex problems.

4) They develop the communicative abilities and talk for hours.

5) Confidence is developed which make them to make decision about future.

6) Moral concepts are developed and know that what is morally and socially good and wrong.

3. Emotional Development: Here the adolescent period is not rational but emotional. That's why it is called the
period of stress and storm. They are entering a new stage, which therefore, want emotional adjustment. Emotional
disturbance is produced when they don't adjust to new situation or role for which they are suppose to be.

Characteristics of Emotional in Adolescence:

 Complexity: they experience complexity in various issues and start adjustment. When that adjustment
doesn’t develop, storm and stress develop.
 Development of Abstract emotions: They develop emotions with those things which do not exist in real
situation. Wants and desires are generated by abstract emotions.
 Widening of Emotional Feelings: Here they select a hero/heroin. Idealization and imagination start. And get
emotional attachment with the idealization.
 Bearing Tension: They start to learn that how to bear a difficult emotional situations.
 Sharing of Emotions: They share emotions, especially with peer groups. That develop loyalty and emotional
confidence among peer groups.
 Hopes and aspirations develop about the future.
 This stage gives increase to compassion in them.
 Common Emotional Patterns.
The following are some emotional patterns which can be seen in students:
• Worries/Anxieties: These can be imaginative or real. These can be the products of school work, exam, school
problems or home problems.
• Phobias: Phobias or fears can be from material objects, meeting with people, talking to strangers etc.
• Anger, Love and Hate : These are some emotional patterns, which have its own causes, and effects.
As for emotions are concerned, the fear of failure make you to work hard. Emotions can be realized through good and
positive activities. Now it is the responsibility of home, school, teachers and parents to understand the emotional
state of the children and to avoid the bad effects of Emotional disturbance. "Become emotions can make or mar one's
life".
Adulthood:
Early Adulthood (Ages 20-40): It takes enterprise for young adults to accomplish their many responsibilities, including
finding a home and mate, establishing a family or circle of friends, and/or getting a good job. This principle of
enterprise thus serves us at any stage of life when we need to go out into the world and make our mark.
Work/career choice affects not only socioeconomic status but also friends, political values, residence location, child
care, job stress, and many other aspects of life. And while income is important in both career selection and career
longevity, so are achievement, recognition, satisfaction, security, and challenge. In the modern cultures of many
nations, the careers of both spouses and partners frequently must be considered in making job choices.
Middle Adulthood (Ages40-60): Middle adulthood starts from 40-60 years.
There are following major tasks in middle years.
• Accepting and adjusting to physiological changes.
• Helping teen age children to become responsible adults.
• Achieving adult social and civic responsibility.
• Developing leisure time activities.
• Balancing work and relationships.
• A decline of physical skills.
Physical Development:
• Height remains stable till about age 50.
• After age 55 women lose 2 inches and men loss 1 inches.
• Weight typically drops after we reach age 50.
• Hearing under goes a gradual decline beginning in middle adulthood.
• There is also vision problem.p
Oldage: It begin in the 60's and lasts until death.
External development:
• Hair color turn gray to White.
• Skin wrinkle as it loses its elasticity.
• Height will shorten from one to four inches.

Internal:
• The brain becomes smaller and lighter but retains structure and function.
• Blood floe to the brain decreases and neurons may decline in some parts of brain.
• The digestive and respiratory system become less efficient.
• Heart disease, cancer and stroke become the leading cause of death.
• Death is the final stage of growth.
• Experienced by everyone and no one escape.