Module 8

Mole Concept
REFERENCE:
TEXTBOOK PAGES
136-146
CARBON 12 AMU provides the standard for
measuring the atomic mass of other elements.

Average atomic mass:

CARBON ISOTOPES Naturally Occurring/abundance
6CARBON 12 = 98.90% ( 0.9890)( 12)
6CARBON 13 = 1.10% ( 0.0110) (13)
12.01 amu average
atomic mass of natural carbon
 Average atomic mass Relative atomic mass
- is derived from the - is the average mass of
masses of its stable one atom of that
isotopes. element compared to
- unit is amu 1/12 of the mass of one
carbon-12 atom.
- ratio, no unit
Relative Formula mass Relative Molecular
mass
-ionic compounds - is the average mass of one
- sum of the atomic molecule of that compound
compared to 1/12 of the mass
weights of the atoms of one carbon-12 atom.
- ratio , no unit - sum of the masses of all the
atoms in the substance
- ratio, no unit
 Stoichiometry is a section of
chemistry that involves using
relationships between reactants and/or
products in a chemical reaction to
determine desired quantitative data.

 In Greek,
 stoikhein means element
 metron means measure,
stoichiometry the measure of
elements.
 Molar mass of an element (M)

The mass ( in grams) of 1 mole of units

( such as atoms or molecules of a
substance)
Unit is g/mol
602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

Mole = 6.022 x 1023

 1 atom of 12C = 12.00 amu
= 1.992657 x 10-23

1 mole of 12C atoms = 12.00 g

= 6.022 x 1023 atoms

1 mole= 6.022 x 1023 particles

(atoms, ions, molecules or formula units)
1 mole Sb 6.022 x 1023 121.75g
atoms
1 mole NaCl 6.022 x 1023 58.0 g
formula units
1 mole CO2 6.022 x 1023 44.0 g
molecules
1 mole C 6.022 x 1023 12.0g
carbon atoms
1 mole O2 6.022 x 1023 (2) 16.0 g
Oxygen atoms
 LORENZO ROMANO AMEDEO CARLO
AVOGADRO ( 1776-1856)

Avogadro’s
number(NA)was ignored
during his lifetime,
although it became the
basis for determining
atomic masses in the
late nineteenth century.
 He
determined
the value of
the
Avogadro's
number
MOLE CONVERSION
 1 2

Mass(g) particles

Number
Number of 6.022 x 1023
of Molar mass moles
moles
 Percentage Composition Of
Compounds

Empirical And Molecular Formula

Chapter 9 pp 146-153
 Percentage Composition of Compounds
( % by mass composition)
Is the percent by mass of each element
in a compound.

% composition of = (n or number of atoms)(atomic mass) x 100

an element molecular mass compound
Empirical Formula
and
Molecular Formula
 CHEMICAL
FORMULA
is a way of expressing information
about the proportions of atoms
that constitute a
particular chemical compound.
 EMPIRICAL FORMULA MOLECULAR FORMULA

SIMPLEST FORMULA TRUE FORMULA

SHOWS THE ELEMENTS SHOWS EXACT NUMBER OF

PRESENT IN THE COMPOUND ATOM OF EACH ELEMENT IN A
MOLECULE.

SIMPLEST RATIO OF THE ALWAYS THE MULTIPLE OF THE

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ATOM IN EMPIRICAL FORMULA
THE COMPOUND
CHEMICAL EQUATION

pages 128-133
162-171
176-178
CHEMICAL EQUATION
- is the symbolic representation of
a chemical reaction in the form of
symbols and formula.
MASS RELATIONSHIPS IN CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
YIELD –
the amount of product formed in the reaction.

PERCENTAGE YIELD – determines the efficiency of

a given reaction. It describes the proportion of the
actual yield to the theoretical yield.
- Often the % yield is less than 100% because the
reactants are not pure. The more impure the reactants,
the lower the actual yield of the product.
 PERCENTAGE YIELD

 Most of the reaction do not go into

completion.

 Factors that can affect the percentage

yield includes temperature and
pressure.
 PERCENTAGE YIELD
Percentage yield = actual yield X 100
Theoretical yield
 THEORETICAL YIELD/ ACTUAL YIELD
reaction yield

Maximum obtainable yield The amount of product

actually obtained

Calculated amount of Always less than the

product theoretical yield
 Limiting and
Excess reagents
Limiting reagent - is the reactant that is
completely used up in the reaction. It limits or
determines the amount formed in the reaction.

Excess reagent - the reactant that is not

totally used up in the reaction.