Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

Don Severino de las Alas Campus
Indang, Cavite

College of Engineering and Information Technology

Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering

AB Power Engineering
ABEN 50

Name: Onting, Alexander F. Date of Submission: September 16, 2020

Student No.: 201813853 Rating:

Assignment/Activity No. 1

HEAT ENGINE

ASSIGNMENT RUBRIC
Criteria Weighted
Percentage (%)
Organization (15%)
Level of Content (20%)
Development (20%)
Grammar & Mechanics (10%)
Style (10%)
Format (15%)
Materials/References (10%)
TOTAL POINTS

Comment/s:

Engr. ELIGIO C. BORRES, JR.

Subject Instructor ELIGIO C.
BORRES, JR. Signature
Subject
Instructor
 College of Engineering and Information Technology
Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering

HEAT ENGINE
Assignment No.__1__

I. INTRODUCTION
The world is composed of different types of energy which are renewable and
non-renewable used in the living of every individual till then until now. As the world
changes, the use of different kinds of energy has emerge. In order for the human kind to
use the energy it should undergo a process to convert it into power. The capacity to do
work is called energy, and when the energy is already transmitted presence of power
occurs. Having the knowledge on how the process of conversion of energy to power
works entails a clear understanding on what’s ahead. In this activity, the student will
know the different classification of heat engines, and different types of external
combustion engines.

II. OBJECTIVES

At the end of this activity, the student will be able to;

1. Know the different classification of heat engine.

2. To recognize the types of external combustion engine and their uses
3. To point out the contribution of heat engine in the present days.

III. Content

A.Classification of Heat Engines

Identification of different types of energy and converting it leads to
numerous innovation in the world. Energy is the capacity to do work or to
produce heat, it is around us and manifest in different forms like heat,
light, sound, magnetism, gravity, movement, and all life functions.
Energy sources played a vital role in the development of society.
Renewable and non-renewable are the two classification of energy,
renewable energy is boundless, it is the energy that we can use in our
daily living while non-renewable energy is limited of use like burning
fossil fuels. One of the most magnificent piece of the creation is that
energy can be transformed from one type to another and can be
transferred from one body to another.

Producing thermal energy by doing work is very easy but getting

work from thermal energy is very strenuous. At present, burning fossil
 fuels is where the most of our energy came, fossil fuel is the worlds’
presiding source of energy. Nevertheless, burning fossil fuel only
produce thermal energy which is called primary energy source and
need to be converted to secondary source. Heat engine is needed to
convert thermal energy to other form of energy.

Heat engine is the engine or instrument used to convert chemical

energy to thermal energy then to mechanical energy or electrical.

 History/Development of Heat Engine

Aeliopile was the earliest known steam engines that was created by a Greek
engineer and mathematician Hero (Heron) of Alexandria (c. 10–70) who lived during
the first century AD. The invention was a small, hollow sphere to which two bent
tubes were attached and the sphere is attached to the boiler which produces steam.
Other Greeks developed different style of steam engine and their playful devices
were a real demonstration of converting steam power into some kind of motion. The
principle of steam engine that was established by the Greeks was ignored for over
1,500 years until the late 1600s in Europe The main source of power on that time is
the human muscle power or draft animals, and later, wind and water power.  

By the mid–sixteenth century, work on air pumps had established the notion
of a piston working in a cylinder, and around 1680, French physicist Denis
Papin (1647– 1712) put some water at the bottom of a tube, heated it, converted it to
steam, and saw that the expanded steam pushed forcibly and moved a piston just
ahead of it. Following Papin’s invention, an english military engineer named  Thomas
Savery (c.1650–1715) built what most regard as the first practical steam engine, and
this system has no piston Knowing that he could use steam to produce a vacuum in
a vessel, he connected such a vessel to a tube leading into the water below.

The most important improvement in steam engine design was brought about
by Scottish engineer James Watt (1736–1819). Watt was asked to repair a New
comen and had arrived at the conclusion that if the steam were condensed
separately from the cylinder, the latter could always be kept hot. Watt’s improved
steam engines offered a powerful, reliable power source that could be located almost
anywhere. Watt’s invention speeded up the Industrial Revolution not only in England
but in the whole world.

Toward the end of the eighteenth century, Evans began work on a high–
pressure steam engine that he could use as a stationary engine for industrial
purposes and for land and water transport. Evans built some 50 steam engines that
were not only used in factories, but also to power an amphibious digger. Despite of
the scientist and engineers work on that era, the works on steam engine still need
improvement and innovation. Throughout the development and improvement of the
steam engine, no one really knew the science behind it until a French
 physicist, Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot (1796–1832) released his book titled “On the
Motive Power of Fire” Carnot founded the science of thermodynamics (or heat
movement) and was the first to consider quantitatively the manner in which heat and
work are related. Carnot proved that there was a maximum theoretical limit to the
efficiency of any engine, and that this depended upon the temperature difference in
the engine. Steam was successfully adapted to power boats in 1802 and railways in
1829. Later, some of the first automobiles were powered by steam, and in the 1880s,
English engineer Charles A. Parsons (1854– 1931) produced the first steam turbine.
In 1900, a highly sophisticated and powerful engine that supplied electricity has
produced.

 Classification of Heat Engine

Heat engines are classified into two main types.

1. Internal Combustion Engines

In this type the combustion of a fuel that takes place within the
system. These types of engines take place where the fuel is burnt in the
engine or where the fossil fuel combustion occurs. In the internal
combustion type of heat engines piston are mostly used. These pistons
move up and down within the cylinders that are present in the heat
engines. When a single motion of a piston move in the upward or
downward direction inside the cylinder is known as the stroke.

2. External Combustion Engines

When the fuel is burnt outside the engine or where the fuel
combustion occurs outside the engine it is called external combustion
engine. It is a heat engine where a working fluid is included internally
and heated by combustion in an external source through the engine wall.

 Parts of Heat Engine and its Function

The parts of heat engine are classified into two; the fixed elements and
the movable elements.

1. Fixed Elements (block, cylinder head, crankcase)

 Engine Block

The element that contains the cylinder is called engine block.

The driving elements like pistons, connecting rod, and crankshaft
 which serve as a support is located inside the engine block. Rest
of the fixed construction element of heat engine is located outside
the block.

 Cylinder and Cylinder Head

Cylinders are the most important part of the block. The piston
moves inside the cylinder. Three types of block was distinguish to
obtain the cylinder which are; integral block, dry liner block and
wet liner block.

The cylinder head is fixed by screws on the upper plane of

the block. Cylinder head serves as a water tight cover for the
cylinder

 Crankcase

The container that contains the lubrication oil from

the heat engine . Partitions to stop the movement of oil
during the movement of the vehicle is located inside of the
crankcase and a screw cap that used to drain the oil is
located at the bottom part.

2. Movable Elements ( piston , connecting rod, crankshaft  and

flywheel)

 Piston
The mobile element that moves inside the cylinder
with an alternative rectilinear movement. The piston is
attached to the connecting rod through the bolt, allowing an
oscillating movement between the two elements.

 Connecting Rod
It transmits the force in which the explosion of gases
pushes the piston. It is also part of the set that transforms
the alternative linear movement into rotation.

 Crankshaft
Crankshaft collects the forces originated during the
explosion and converts, through the connecting rod. It
transmits the movement and the driving force to the
transmission element.

 Fly Wheel
Serves as the storage of kinetic energy to smooth and
 regularize the rotation of the heat engine.

B.External Combustion Engines

The difference between internal and external combustion engines

is as its name suggest. The external combustion engine used their fuel
to heat a gas or a vapor through the walls of an external chamber, and
the heated gas or vapor is then transferred to the power cylinder.
Therefore, a heat exchanger, or boiler to take in heat, is essential in
external combustion engines, and they can in principle use any fuel that
can burn, including agricultural residues. There are two main types of
external engine which depend on expanding steam to undergo a
mechanism, the steam engine and sterling engine .

 Types and uses of External Combustion Engine

1. Steam Engine
A machine that converts heat energy of steam into mechanical
energy by means of moving piston in a cylinder is called steam engine. It
is an external combustion engine because since it burns the fuel outside
the engine. It is considered as one of the major source of power in the
industrial revolution, considered its uses in certain situation and
developing countries. Steam engine was the driver for a number of craft-based
industries since it allowed higher production rates, specialization, and division of
work. In the latter century steam engine was used in the form of transportation, like
steam powered wagon and rail transport.

2. Sterling Engine
A type of external combustion engine which convert thermal
energy into kinetic by means of heating and cooling of working gas
sealed in the cylinder. They can be supplied with heat from a variety of
different sources including combustion fuels, waste heat and from solar
heat energy. Containers, piston, displacer, crankshaft, flywheel, and
external heat source are the six main parts of sterling engine. The
sterling engine which was invented by Robert Stirling on 1816 is
considered as one of the assets of science that help in the innovations
and revolution of the present days. Sterling engine can be used in
biomass, and can help to generate electricity.

 How the Two types of External Combustion Engine Works

1. Steam Engine
 To better understand how does the steam engine works we will take the old
steam locomotive as an example. A boiler, slide valve, cylinder, steam reservoir,
piston, and a drive wheel are the basic parts of the steam engine in a locomotive.

A firebox where the coal would be shoveled into is located in the boiler. The
coal in the firebox would be kept burning at an extreme temperature and used to
heat the boiler to boil water to produce high-pressure steam. The high-pressure of
the steam expands and exit the boiler through the steam pipes going to the steam
reservoir. The steam will be controlled by a slide valve to move into a cylinder to
push the piston. Steam energy will produce by the pressure and pushes the piston
turns the drive wheel in a circle, then the motion for locomotive will be created.

2. Sterling Engine

Sterling cycle is the cycle used in sterling engine which is unlike the cycles
used in internal-combustion engines. The Sterling cycle uses an external heat
source, which could be anything from gasoline to solar energy to the heat produced
by decaying plants. Inside the cylinders of engine there is no combustion takes
place. The important principle of a Sterling engine is that “a fixed amount of a gas is
sealed inside the engine.” Sterlingcycle has four parts;

 Heat is added to the gas inside the heated cylinder located at the left, that
cause to build pressure. This forces the piston to move down. This is the part
of the Sterling cycle that does the work.
 The left piston moves up while the right piston moves down. This pushes the
hot gas into the cooled cylinder, which quickly cools the gas to the
temperature of the cooling source, lowering its pressure. This makes it easier
to compress the gas in the next part of the cycle.

 The piston in the cooled cylinder locate3d at the right starts to compress the
gas. Heat generated by this compression is removed by the cooling source

 The right piston moves up while the left piston moves down. This forces the
gas into the heated cylinder, where it quickly heats up, building pressure, and
the cycle repeats.

IV. CONCLUSION

This activity thought me that different type of energy can be formed into
another type of energy and it produces power. The need for innovation of human led
to the discovery of heat engine, heat engine has two types of the internal and
external engine and their difference is in internal engine the process happens inside
then in external the process happens outside. It also tells that there are two types of
external combustion engine and they are the steam engine which produces energy
in the form of steam and the sterling engine that produces energy by the process of
sterling cycle. This activity concludes that the humans deem in innovation led to new
discovery and knowledge that are very helpful in the present days and in different
 field .

V. RECOMMENDATION/S

The student highly recommend this research to;

The teachers – who needs references and ideas about their topic/lesson

The students – who need information for their studies and/or activities.

The future researcher – who need foundation of knowledge and information in the
said topic.

For the future researcher - This research is open for improvement given that the
information provided is limited. I recommend to do a deep research on what are the
different challenges in using steam engines and their efficiency rates.

VI. REFERENCES

1. Natural energy sources. Retrieved from:

http://www.dnr.louisiana.gov/assets/TAD/education

2. Nuclear Power. (N/A). Heat engine. Retrieved from: http://www.nuclear-

power.net/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/laws-of-thermodynamics/heat-
engines/#:~:text=the%20working%20fluid.

3. Heat Engine ( Nov.23,2016). Part of heat engine and types of heat engine.
Retrieved from: https://byjus.com/physics/heat-engine/

4. Encyclopedia.com( September,2020). Steam engine. Retrieved from:

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-
technology/technology/technology-terms-and-concepts/steam-engine

5. Karim, Nice ( N/A). How stuff Works. How sterling engine works. Retrieved from:
https://auto.howstuffworks.com/stirling-engine.htm

6. Science Direct (N/A). Sterling engine. Retrieved from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/stirling-engine

7. History Resources, University of Rochester. ( October 29, 2006). “The Growth

of the SteamEngine.” Retrived from:
http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/thurston/1878/Chapter1.html>