Educational Administration

The basic concept of educational administration

According to his origin, the administration comes from Latin

ad+ministrare which means to serve, help, and fulfill. From that word formed the
noun administration and the adjective administrativus which then entered into the
English administration.

A. Administration in a narrow sense

In this sense, the administration is taken from the Dutch term administratie
which means any systematic preparation of descriptions and their recording in
writing with the intention of obtaining an overview of the details in its entirety
and in relation to each other.

B. Administration in a broad sense

Ø Administration is a whole process of cooperation between two or more people

based on a specific principle to achieve a fore fined goal.

Ø Administration is the whole process of organizing in every effort of cooperation

of a group of people to achieve a certain goal.

Ø Administration is an activity carried out to control a business (government) in

order for the goal to be achieved.

By understanding the understanding of the administration broadly, there is

expected to be a broad insight into the terms of administration. Administration is
not just a writing job behind the counter, but includes human and non-human
arrangements (time, place, means, and infrastructure).

Charles A. Beard, a well-known political historicism in one of his works

curated by Albert Lepawsky in the Administration's book stated that: “There is
not one thing for the modern century today that is more important than
administration”. The survival of civilized government and even the survival of
civilization itself will depend heavily on our ability to nurture and develop an
administrative philosophy capable of solving modern problems.

The above opinions emphasize the importance of administration in this

modern century. In fact, the collapse of a State, the rewind of human civilization
and the sinking of the nations of the world are not due to nuclear war or
catastrophe, but depending on the good of the administration.

The rational consideration taken is that there is a cooperation to achieve

certain objectives but it is done irregularly, there is no administration yet.
Similarly, regular cooperation efforts without any purpose cannot be said there is
an administration. So the terms or principles of administration are: (1) the
cooperation activities carried out by a group of people, (2) the arrangement or
arrangement in cooperation, (3) the purpose that will be achieved from the
cooperation activities.

The purpose of the administration is to use all energy, means, and funds
optimally, regularly, relevantly, effectively, and efficiently to achieve certain
goals.

The administration of education by experts is defined in two senses,

namely as science and as a process. The understanding of education
administration as a science contains the understanding that the Administration of
education is a science that learns the arrangement of resources namely human,
curriculum or learning resources and facilities to achieve the objectives of
education optimally and the creation of a good atmosphere for agreed human
beings.

Education administration is basically a medium to achieve productive

educational goals that are effective and efficient. Effectively, the effectiveness of
administrative activities can be seen in (1) even inputs, (2) large and high-quality
outputs, (3) science and output that are in line with the needs of the building
society, and (4) adequate output or foreign income. While efficiency can be seen
in (1) high excitement or learning motivation, (2) great work spirit, (3) the trust of
various parties, and (4) financing, time and energy as small as possible but a great
result.

The purpose of education administration is essentially a tool to achieve the

optimal goal of education. Because schools are a sub system of the national
education system, the objectives of education administration implemented in
schools have three kinds of reach, namely: short-term goals, medium-term goals,
and long-term goals.

A. Short Term Goals

In fact, the short-term purpose of education administration in schools is to

be organized and implemented a system of management of instrumental
components of the educational process, consisting of components of students,
employees, teachers, infrastructure, facilities, organizations, financing,
curriculum, implementation and public relations to ensure the implementation of
the educational process in the relevant, effective and efficient schools that support
the achievement of educational objectives in the school concerned.

B. Medium Term Goals

In order for the short-term goal to be carried out it is not misguided, it

needs to be oriented towards the medium-term goal, which is the institutional
objective of each type and level of education program in the school. So, short-
term goals should be tailored to institutional goals. Institutional educational
objectives for all levels and types of schools have been backed by the government.

C. Long-Term Goals

All medium-term goals that will be achieved must support the

achievement of the broader educational goals, namely national goals. Therefore,
the activities of education administration in schools in the long term should
support the achievement of national educational goals.

When associated with the understanding of education administration, the

purpose of education administration is that all efforts of cooperation in utilizing
various resources (human and non-human) can run regularly, effectively,
efficiently, and productively in achieving educational goals.

Understanding what is developing in the world of education administration

is critical to broadening insights and solidifying existing and necessary visions.
The concepts that need to be known are:

A. Education administration as a process of behavioral system

This concept means that in the implementation of education there is a

process of human interaction in a system that is directed and coordinated
in achieving the goal.

B. Learning is a key goal

This concept means that other factors are only targets between helping
students to improve their learning process.

C. Emergency is a systemic and coordinated cooperation effort targeted

and integrated

This concept means that the success of supervision lies not in effective
supervision in carrying out its duties, such as belief in the concept of
traditional supervision, but lies in the extent of cooperation between the
various elements involved.

D. Open communication between the various elements involved

Communication is the vein of educational administration activities. If this

line of communication is closed or something is impeded, there will be no
smooth administrative activity.

E. Use of the right leadership style

That leadership will be effective when using the right style. This style is
based on various leadership theories that have long been developed.
 F. There is organizational flexibility that allows adjustments that can be
made so that there is an opportunity to grow and develop.

G. Appreciation of business and creative activities in accordance with the

human nature expressed in the implementation of educational programs.

Hari R. Douglas suggests several other principles about administration,

namely:

1) Priority of objectives over machinery and personal consideration.

2) Coordination of authority and responsibility.

3) Adaptation of responsibility to the character of the personal.

4) Recognition of the human psychological factors.

5) Relativity of values. In the implementation of administrative activities,

the values that exist on a principle depend or have to do with the values
that exist on other principles. Therefore, it is not permissible for a decision
to have the result of a conflict between one principle and another. In
addition, to compromise between one principle and another should put the
general purpose first.
Educational Administration Function/Process

A. Education Administration Functions

Basically, the administration serves to determine the purpose of the

organization and formulate general wisdom. While management serves to carry
out activities that need to be carried out in order to achieve the goals within the
limits of general wisdom that have been formulated.

In the process of implementation, administration and management have

certain tasks to carry out. These tasks are referred to as administrative and
management functions.

Below will be expressed the opinion of experts about administrative

functions:

George R Terry presented four functions known by the acronym POAC,

namely: Planning, Organizing, Actuating, and Controlling. Henry Fayol attended
five functions: Planning, Organizing, Commanding, Coordinating, and
Controlling. Luther M. Gullick pointed out the functions known by the acronym
POSDCORB, namely: Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating,
Reporting, and Budgeting. Harold Koontz and O’Donnell reviewed five functions:
Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, and Controlling. According to John F.
Mee, there are four functions namely Planning, Organizing, Motivating, and
Controlling. Meanwhile, S.P. Siagian divides into five functions, namely:
Planning, Organizing, Motivational Giving, Supervision, and Assessment.

In line with the above description, education administration has an integral

function in the education process, especially in the management of the
implementation of the teaching and learning process in schools. Thus, the
functions of education administration in schools include:
1) Planning functions that include various activities such as determining needs,
followed by determining the achievement of goals and then the determination of
programs to implement the strategy of achieving those goals.

2) Organizational functions that include personnel management, infrastructure

facilities, distribution of tasks, structures, intangibles as an integral body.

3) Motivational function that mainly improves process efficiency and

effectiveness of work results. The function arises in part because the
determination and distribution of tasks, responsibilities, and authority actually
boils down to the relevance, effectiveness, and efficiency of the work to be
achieved.
The scope of educational administration

Education administration is not only about structuring formal education

(schools and colleges) but also non-formal education or out-of-school education
such as courses, skills training, and so on. This is when reviewed in terms of
institutional organizers.

In general, the scope of education administration includes:

A. Organization Administration

This is an administrative activity related to the parts that exist in the

educational organization as well as possible relationships that can occur between
one part and the other both vertically and horizontally, organizational structure,
task sharing, and others.

B. Curriculum Administration

This relates to educational administration activities that include curriculum

planning, methods/methods of delivery, systems used, academic calendar
preparation, to evaluation of curriculum implementation in the field.

C. Staffing Administration

These activities include administration related to planning, procurement,

construction to the utilization of employees, both educational (such as teachers)
and non-educational employees (administrative officers, library employees, etc.).

D. Student Administration
 Student administration is all educational administration activities that are
conducted in connection with prospective students, students, and alumni, such as
arranging admissions of new students, grouping by major, mentoring and
counseling programs, attendance issues, academic progress, extra-curricular
activities, and others.

E. Facilities and Infrastructure Administration

Education administration activities carried out in connection with all

facilities and infrastructure that directly or indirectly support the educational
process in order to achieve educational objectives, such as: setting the layout of
buildings, school tools, and others.

F. Administrative Administration

Administrative administration is an educational administration activity that

manages the recording, collection, and storage of data and documents that can be
used to assist leaders in decision making, correspondence affairs and reports on
school activities.

G. Financing Administration

Financing administration is an education administration related to the

management of education financing ranging from the level of planning to the
measurement of cost efficiency in the educational process. This relates to the
administration of SPP money, DPP, other financial resources, allocation of
financing and liability for its use.

1) National Level

At the national level, education administration activities are carried out by

the department and its work unit (central level). The activities of education
administration at the national level are mainly in the formulation of general
wisdom in the field of implementation and technical, the provision of guidance
and supervision of such wisdom. This is in accordance with the Decree of the
President of the Republic of Indonesia No. 44 of 1974 on the Fundamentals of the
Organization of Departments. Departments that take care of education at various
institutional levels, namely the Ministry of National Education and the Ministry of
Religion.

2) Regional Level

Education administration activities at the regional level are carried out at

the Provincial National Education Office, the Office of the National Education
Office of the District/City, the Office of the National Education Office of the
District, and the Coordinator of Private Higher Education. Similarly, the Ministry
of Religion is carried out at the Provincial Department of Religious Affairs level,
the Office of the Department of Religious Affairs of the District/ City, the Office
of Religious Affairs of the District, and the Coordinator of the Private Islamic
Religious College.

3) Local Level

The implementation of education administration at the local level is an

educational administration activity carried out in educational institutions that
directly conduct the education process for students, such as Ibtidaiyah
Elementary/Madrasah School, First Level Secondary School/Madrasah
Tsanawiyah, Aliyah Public High School/ Madrasah, PTN/PTS and
PTAIN/PTAIS, and so on.
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