Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

Available ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
Availableonline
onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com
www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect 
Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 908–915
Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2017) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

The
The 12th
12th International
International Conference
Conference Interdisciplinarity
Interdisciplinarity in
in Engineering
Engineering

Numerical
Numerical simulations
simulations for for autoclaved
autoclaved aerated aerated concrete
concrete (AAC)
(AAC)
masonry modules
Manufacturing reinforced
masonry modules reinforced
Engineering Society with columns of disperse
with columns of disperse reinforced
International Conference 2017, MESIC reinforced
2017, 28-30 June
2017, Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain
concrete
concrete
Costing models for capacity optimization
Razvan a, in Industry a 4.0: Trade-off
Razvan Andrei
Andrei Iernutan
Iernutana, *, *, Florin
Florin Babota
Babotaa
between used capacity and operational efficiency
0F

0F

a
15 Constantin Daicoviciu Street,400020 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
a
15 Constantin Daicoviciu Street,400020 Cluj-Napoca, Romania

A. Santanaa, P. Afonsoa,*, A. Zaninb, R. Wernkeb

Abstract
Abstract a
University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
This research aims at finding some alternative
b
solutions89809-000
Unochapecó, to the conventional reinforcement of the masonry in areas with low
Chapecó, SC, Brazil
This research aims at finding some alternative solutions to the conventional reinforcement of the masonry in areas with low
seismic levels, namely the confination with concrete piles and belts, as provided in the Romanian norms in force, replacing the
seismic levels, namely the confination with concrete piles and belts, as provided in the Romanian norms in force, replacing the
concrete columns with vertical voids in AAC masonry with metal fibre disperse reinforced concrete.For the masonry modules
concrete columns with vertical voids in AAC masonry with metal fibre disperse reinforced concrete.For the masonry modules
that were initially tested experimentally, numerical tests were performed using the finite element method with the Abaqus
that were initially tested experimentally, numerical tests were performed using the finite element method with the Abaqus
Abstract
program.The experimental results, the theoretical ones and the structural analysis confirm the possibility of using autoclaved
program.The experimental results, the theoretical ones and the structural analysis confirm the possibility of using autoclaved
aerated concrete (AAC) confined with disperse reinforced concrete in masonry buildings erected in low seismicity areas
aerated concrete
Under (AAC)ofconfined
the concept with 4.0",
"Industry disperse reinforced concrete
production in masonry
processes will be buildings
pushed erected
to be in low seismicity
increasingly areas
interconnected,
information
© 2018 based on a real time
The Authors.
2019 The basis and, necessarily, much more efficient. In this context, capacity optimization
© 2018 Authors. Published
Published byby Elsevier
Elsevier Ltd.
Ltd.
goes
This isbeyond
an openthe traditional
access aim
article under of
thecapacity maximization,
CC BY-NC-ND contributing also for organization’s profitability and value.
license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Indeed,
Selection lean management
and peer-review underand continuous
responsibility improvement
of the approaches
12th International Conferencesuggest capacity optimization
Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.instead of
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
maximization. The study of capacity optimization and costing models is an important research topic that deserves
Keywords: confined
contributions masonry;
from disperse
both the reinforced;
practical andconcrete pylons;
theoretical reinforcement of
perspectives. the masonry;
This numericaland
paper presents tests.
Keywords: confined masonry; disperse reinforced; concrete pylons; reinforcement of the masonry; numerical tests.discusses a mathematical
model for capacity management based on different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been
developed and it was used to analyze idle capacity and to design strategies towards the maximization of organization’s
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
value. The trade-off capacity maximization vs operational efficiency is highlighted and it is shown that capacity
optimization might hide operational inefficiency.
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a widely used material because of its ease of use in the construction sector
Autoclaved
© 2017 aerated
The Authors. concrete
Published (AAC) is
by Elsevier a widely used material because of its ease of use in the construction sector
B.V.
and also
Peer-reviewfor the excellent mechanical and thermal properties. This material is also environmentally friendly and is
and also forunder responsibility
the excellent of the scientific
mechanical committee
and thermal of the Manufacturing
properties. This materialEngineering Society International
is also environmentally Conference
friendly and is
specifically used in regions with low seismicity levels and efforts are made to extend it to high levels.
2017.
specifically used in regions with low seismicity levels and efforts are made to extend it to high levels.
A thorough review of the AAC properties in terms of physical, chemical, mechanical and functional
A thorough review of the AAC properties in terms of physical, chemical, mechanical and functional
characteristics
Keywords: are described
Cost Models; ABC; TDABC; by Capacity
Narayanan, N., & Idle
Management; Ramamurthy, K [1]. Efficiency
Capacity; Operational Kurama et al [2] studied the use of coal
characteristics are described by Narayanan, N., & Ramamurthy, K [1]. Kurama et al [2] studied the use of coal

1. Introduction
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +40 0722274878; fax: +0-000-000-0000 .
* Corresponding
The cost author.
of idle Tel.: +40
capacity is a0722274878;
fundamental fax:information
+0-000-000-0000
for .companies and their management of extreme importance
E-mail address: razvan.iernutan@ccm.utcluj.ro
E-mail address: razvan.iernutan@ccm.utcluj.ro
in modern production systems. In general, it is defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured
in several©ways:
2351-9789 2018 Thetons of production,
Authors. available
Published by Elsevier Ltd.hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity
2351-9789 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an Afonso.
* Paulo open access
Tel.:article under
+351 253 510the761;
CC BY-NC-ND
+351 253license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open access article under the CC fax:
BY-NC-ND 604 741
license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection
E-mail and peer-review
address: under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
psafonso@dps.uminho.pt
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.

2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review
2351-9789 © under
2019responsibility
The Authors. of the scientificbycommittee
Published Elsevier of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017.
Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.302
 Razvan Andrei Iernutan et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 908–915 909
2 Razvan Iernutan/ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

bottom ash as an aggregate for the aerated concrete recipe. Huang et al [3] examined the influence of copper tailings
and blast furnace slag on the AAC properties. A comprehensive review was done by Tanner et al [4] regarding the
seismic testing of AAC shearwalls. An experimental assessment of the in-plane lateral capacity of AAC masonry
walls with flat-truss bed-joint reinforcement was realized by Penna et al [5].
The aim of this paper is to study to study the numerical simulations results against the experimental ones for
simple AAC masonry modules and modules reinforced with columns of disperse reinforced concrete. The numerical
test were made with the use of the finite element code software Abaqus [6].

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Material laws

For both materials, “C3D8R’’ solid three-dimensional elements with limited integration and 8 nodes were used.
As masonry exhibits a different behaviour during tension than in compression (similar to concrete but with an almost
null tensile strength) the same material law was adopted, namely “Concrete Damaged Plasticity’’ as in figure 1. This
law was successfully used in masonry by other authors to calibrate numerical models. The same coefficients for
concrete plasticity were used both in mortar and masonry. Following the calibration of the numerical model in tests,
it was noticed that their influence is almost minimal.
a) b)

Fig. 1. (a) Tension-specific deformation in one axis tensile loads; (b) Tension-specific deformation in one axis tensile loads.

The decomposition of the specific deformation is made function of its component parts:
𝜀𝜀 = 𝜀𝜀 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝜀𝜀 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (1)

𝜀𝜀 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 - elastic specific deformation;

𝜀𝜀 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 - plastic specific deformation;
𝜀𝜀 - total specific deformation;
The stiffness degradation scalar:” d’’.
𝜎𝜎 = (1 − 𝑑𝑑)𝐸𝐸0 (𝜀𝜀 − 𝜀𝜀 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ) (2)
𝐸𝐸0 – initially not degraded Young’s modulus;
d – the stiffness degradation scalar variation , having values between zero and one;
𝐸𝐸 = (1 − 𝑑𝑑)𝐸𝐸0 (3)
𝐸𝐸 – degraded Young’s modulus;

2.2 Finite elements. Types of elements used

Finite elements can be divided into more categories, function of the following aspects:
910 Razvan Andrei Iernutan et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 908–915
Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 3

• family of elements;
• number of degrees of freedom;
• formulation ;
• type of integration.

2.3 Degrees of freedom

The main variables for a general frame analysis of the state of tensions and displacements are the translation
degrees of freedom, while for the beam or plate elements are the rotation degrees in each node.

2.4 Number of nodes and interpolation order

Dependent upon the type of element and number of nodes, for each node of the elements are calculated the
displacements or other degrees of freedom, relative to the type of element. For intermediate points, an interpolation
is performed in order to compute the displacement/rotation from the point in question. The interpolation order is
equal to the number of nodes of the type of element. Preferable solid type elements are the “brick’’ type, with eight
nodes of integration. The solids also having nodes in the middle of the edge are called quadratic elements,
presenting 20 nodes and using a quadratic interpolation.

2.5 Formulation

There are two types of mathematical formulations: Lagrange and Euler. For the Lagrange formula approach, the
behaviour is determined by the element deformation together with the material, different from Euler approach where
the element is fixed in space and the material flows through it.

2.6 Integration

The finite element Abaqus software uses numerical integration methods that utilise Gaussian quadrature for the
majority of the elements in all element integration nodes.

2.7 Analysis. Types of analysis

The analysis contained two stages: in the first, gravity forces were applied and the analysis was nonlinear and
static; in the second stage, the seismic action was introduced and the analysis was implicit nonlinear dynamic with
direct integration.
The structure was assumed to be in perfect connection with the ground and consequently, the Vrancea
accelerogram was introduced in the structure base. The actual integration maximum step was established as equal to
that of the accelerogram 0.02s to avoid the loss of local or global maximums caused by integration
operators[7][11][12].

3. Evaluation of experimentally tested samples by numerical tests

2.8 Non-reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC)masonry. Materials

 Razvan Andrei Iernutan et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 908–915 911
4 Razvan Iernutan/ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

Table 1. Mortar properties.

Elasticity
Young’s modulus
2500
(MPa)
Poisson's coefficient 0.2
Concrete Damaged Plasticity (Degradarea betonului în domeniul inelastic)
CDP Parameters
Dilation angle Excentricity fb0/fc0 K Viscosity parameter
28° 0.1 1.16 0.67 0.01

Compression Tension
Specific flow tension
Plastic specific
Flow tension (MPa) [MPa] Plastic
deformation
deformation
4 0 0.4 0

Table 2. Masonry properties.

Elasticity 1918
Young’s modulus
0.25
(MPa)
Concrete Damaged Plasticity (Degradarea betonului în domeniul inelastic)
CDP Parameters
Dilation angle Excentricity fb0/fc0 K Viscosity parameter
28° 0.1 1.16 0.67 0.01
Compression Tension
Specific flow tension
Plastic specific
Flow tension (MPa) [MPa] Plastic
deformation
deformation
5 0 0.035 0

2.9 Results for non-reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC)masonry

a) b)

Fig. 2. (a) Displacements [mm]; (b) Compressive plastic specific deformations

 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 5
912 Razvan Andrei Iernutan et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 908–915

a) b)

Fig. 3. (a) Tensile plastic specific deformations; (b) Compressive plastic specific deformations in the mortar

Fig. 4. Tensile plastic specific deformations in the mortar

2.3. Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry with disperse reinforced concrete pil

Fig. 5. (a) (b) Numerical model and discretisation of the autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry with disperse reinforced concrete pil
6 Razvan Iernutan/ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
Razvan Andrei Iernutan et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 908–915 913

Table 3. Concrete properties

Elasticity
Young’s modulus
28000
(MPa)
Poisson's coefficient 0.2

Concrete Damaged Plasticity (Degradarea betonului în domeniul inelastic)

CDP Parameters
Viscosity
Dilation angle Excentricity fb0/fc0 K
parameter
28° 0.1 1.16 0.67 0.01

Compression Tension
Specific flow tension
Plastic specific
Flow tension (MPa) [MPa] Plastic
deformation
deformation
25 0 2 0

Table 4. Mortar properties

Elasticity
Young’s modulus
2500
(MPa)
Poisson's coefficient 0.2
Concrete Damaged Plasticity (Degradarea betonului în domeniul inelastic)
Parametrii CDP
Viscosity
Dilation angle Excentricity fb0/fc0 K
parameter
28° 0.1 1.16 0.67 0.01

Compression Tension
Specific flow tension
Plastic specific
Flow tension (MPa) [MPa] Plastic
deformation
deformation
4 0 0.4 0

Table 5. Masonry properties

Elasticity
Young’s modulus
1918
(MPa)
Poisson's coefficient 0.25
914 Razvan Andrei Iernutan et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 908–915
Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 7

Concrete Damaged Plasticity (Degradarea betonului în domeniul inelastic)

CDP Parameters
Viscosity
Dilation angle Excentricity fb0/fc0 K
parameter
28° 0.1 1.16 0.67 0.01

Compression Tension
Specific flow tension
Plastic specific
Flow tension (MPa) [MPa] Plastic
deformation
deformation
5 0 0.035 0

2.4. Results for autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry with disperse reinforced concrete pile

a) b)

Fig. .6. (a) Experimental vs FEM results for simple AAC masonry (b) Experimental vs FEM results for AAC masonry reinforced with concrete
pile

a) b)

Fig. .7 (a) Tensile plastic specific deformation ; (b) Concrete compressive plastic specific deformations

Fig. .7 (a) Tensile plastic specific deformation ; (b) Concrete compressive plastic specific deformations
 Razvan Andrei Iernutan et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 908–915 915
8 Razvan Iernutan/ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

4. Conclusions

The study concludes that the structure exhibits a good behaviour under the action of gravity forces ranging in the
elasticity limits and it is not affected by the seismic forces [7][8][9].
The interpretation of the tension-specific deformation curves shows the close stiffness between the numerical
model and the experimental model up to the magnitude of about 1.5 -2 MPa[7]. The numerical model continues
linearly up to the failure value, while experimental results indicate changes in stiffness because of the occurrence of
plastic areas in the masonry, concrete or mortar [7][8][9].
The differences between the numerical model and the experimental results can be given by:
- inaccurate support and loading conditions;
- lack of material curves that could fully describe both the tensile and compressive behaviour (both the
linear and non-linear side);
- the use of simplifying hypotheses (materials isotropy) etc.;
The conclusions in this study also indicate that the structure exhibits a good behaviour under the action of gravity
forces ranging in the elasticity limits and it is not affected by the seismic forces[7][9].
The experimental and the theoretical results as well as the structural analysis confirm the possibility of using
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry confirmed with disperse reinforced concrete in masonry buildings
situated in low seismicity areas[7][8][9].

References

[1] Narayanan, N., & Ramamurthy, K. Structure and properties of aerated concrete: a review. Cement and Concrete composites, 22(5), 321-329
(2000).
[2] Kurama, H., I. B. Topcu, and C. Karakurt. "Properties of the autoclaved aerated concrete produced from coal bottom ash." Journal of
materials processing technology 209.2 767-773(2009).
[3] Huang, X. Y., Ni, W., Cui, W. H., Wang, Z. J., & Zhu, L. P. Preparation of autoclaved aerated concrete using copper tailings and blast
furnace slag. Construction and Building Materials, 27(1), 1-5 (2012).
[4] Tanner, J. E., Varela, J. L., Klingner, R. E., Brightman, M. J., & Cancino, U. Seismic testing of autoclaved aerated concrete shearwalls: a
comprehensive review. ACI Structural Journal, 102(3), 374 (2005).
[5] Penna, A., Mandirola, M., Rota, M., & Magenes, G. Experimental assessment of the in-plane lateral capacity of autoclaved aerated concrete
(AAC) masonry walls with flat-truss bed-joint reinforcement. Construction and Building Materials, 82, 155-166 (2015).
[6] Abaqus, https://www.simuleon.com/simulia-abaqus/

[7] Iernutan R. A., Babota F., Autoclaved Cellular Concrete (ACC) Masonry with Vertical Hollows Confined with Disperse Reinforced Concrete,
Procedia Engineering, Volume 181, (2017), 300-307.
[8] Iernuţan R. A., Comparative stress - specific deformation relationship for aac masonry and aac confined masonry with disperse reinforced
concrete pylons, Journal of applied engineering sciences, University of Oradea, Volume 4 (17) Issue 2, (2014).
[9] Iernutan R. A., Roman Pintican N., “Experimental determination of mechanical properties of aac masonry with vertical hollows confined with
disperse rein-forced concrete”, Buletinul Institutului Politehnic din IAŞI, Universitatea Tehnică „Gheorghe Asachi” din Iaşi Tomul LX
(LXIV) (2014), Fasc. 4,.
[10] Roman Pintican M. N., Faur A., Dumitran M., and Iernuțan R. A., “Rehabilitation of masonry buildings using seismic isolation systems in
the base – case study by”, Buletinul Institutului Politehnic din IAŞI, (2014).
[11] *** CR6–2013 Codul de proiectare pentru structuri din zidărie (Code design for masonry structures).
[12] *** P100/1-2013. Cod de proiectare seismică - Partea I: Prevederi de proiectare pentru clădiri (Seismic design code. Part 1).