Chapter 13

LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES

13.1 Overview
13.1.1 Limits of a function
Let f be a function defined in a domain which we take to be an interval, say, I. We shall
study the concept of limit of f at a point ‘a’ in I.
We say lim– f ( x ) is the expected value of f at x = a given the values of f near to the
x→a
left of a. This value is called the left hand limit of f at a.

We say xlim
→ a+
f ( x) is the expected value of f at x = a given the values of f near to the
right of a. This value is called the right hand limit of f at a.
If the right and left hand limits coincide, we call the common value as the limit of f at
x = a and denote it by lim f ( x) .
x→a

Some properties of limits

Let f and g be two functions such that both lim f ( x) and lim g ( x) exist. Then
x→a x →a

(i) lim [ f ( x ) + g ( x )] = lim f ( x ) + lim g ( x)

x→a x→a x→ a

(ii) lim [ f ( x ) − g ( x )] = lim f ( x ) − lim g ( x)

x→a x→a x→ a
(iii) For every real number α
lim (α f ) ( x) = α lim f ( x)
x→a x→ a

(iv) lim [ f ( x) g ( x)] = [lim f ( x ) lim g ( x)]

x→a x→ a x→ a

f ( x ) lim f ( x)
lim = x→ a
x→a g ( x) lim g ( x) , provided g (x) ≠ 0
x→a

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Limits of polynomials and rational functions

If f is a polynomial function, then lim f ( x) exists and is given by
x→a

lim f ( x ) = f ( a)
x→a

An Important limit
An important limit which is very useful and used in the sequel is given below:

xn − an
lim = na n − 1
x→a x−a
Remark The above expression remains valid for any rational number provided ‘a’ is
positive.
Limits of trigonometric functions
To evaluate the limits of trigonometric functions, we shall make use of the following
limits which are given below:
sin x cos x = 1 sin x = 0
(i) lim = 1 (ii) lim
x →0
(iii) lim
x →0
x→ 0 x
13.1.2 Derivatives Suppose f is a real valued function, then
f ( x + h ) − f ( x)
f ′(x) = lim ... (1)
h →0 h
is called the derivative of f at x, provided the limit on the R.H.S. of (1) exists.
Algebra of derivative of functions Since the very definition of derivatives involve
limits in a rather direct fashion, we expect the rules of derivatives to follow closely that
of limits as given below:
Let f and g be two functions such that their derivatives are defined in a common
domain. Then :
(i) Derivative of the sum of two function is the sum of the derivatives of the functions.
d d d
dx
[ f ( x) + g ( x)] =
dx
f ( x) +
dx
g ( x)

(ii) Derivative of the difference of two functions is the difference of the derivatives
of the functions.
d d d
dx
[ f ( x) − g ( x)] = dx f ( x) − dx g ( x)

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(iii) Derivative of the product of two functions is given by the following product
rule.

d d d
dx
[ f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x )] =
dx
f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x) + f ( x ) ⋅
dx
g ( x)

This is referred to as Leibnitz Rule for the product of two functions.

(iv) Derivative of quotient of two functions is given by the following quotient rule
(wherever the denominator is non-zero).

d d
d f ( x) f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ) − f ( x) ⋅ g ( x)
dx dx
=
dx g ( x) ( g ( x )) 2
13.2 Solved Examples
Short Answer Type

1 2(2 x − 3)
Example 1 Evaluate lim − 3
x→2 x − 2 x − 3x2 + 2 x

Solution We have

1 2(2 x − 3) 1 2(2 x − 3)
lim − 3 = lim −
x→2 x − 2 x − 3x2 + 2 x x→2 x − 2 x ( x − 1) ( x − 2

x ( x − 1) − 2 (2 x − 3)
= lim
x→2 x ( x − 1) ( x − 2)

x2 − 5x + 6
= lim
x→2 x ( x − 1) ( x − 2)

( x − 2) ( x − 3)
= lim
x→2 x ( x − 1) ( x − 2) [x – 2 ≠ 0]

x −3 −1
= lim =
x → 2 x ( x − 1) 2

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2+ x − 2
Example 2 Evaluate lim
x →0 x
Solution Put y = 2 + x so that when x → 0, y → 2. Then
1 1
2+ x − 2 y2 − 22
lim = lim
x →0 x y→ 2 y−2

1 1
1 2 −1 1 − 2 1
= (2) = ⋅2 =
2 2 2 2

x n − 3n
Example 3 Find the positive integer n so that lim = 108 .
x →3 x−3
Solution We have

x n − 3n
lim = n(3)n – 1
x →3 x−3
Therefore, n(3)n – 1 = 108 = 4 (27) = 4(3)4 – 1
Comparing, we get n= 4
Example 4 Evaluate lim (sec x − tan x)
π
x→
2

π π
Solution Put y = − x . Then y → 0 as x → . Therefore
2 2
π π
lim (sec x − tan x) = lim [sec( − y ) − tan ( − y)]
π y→ 0 2 2
x→
2

= lim (cosec y − cot y )

y→ 0

1 cos y
= lim −
y→ 0 sin y sin y

1 − cos y
= lim
y→ 0 sin y

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 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 229

y y 1 − cos y
2 sin 2 since , sin 2 =
2 2 2
= lim
y→0 y y y y
2sin cos sin y = 2sin cos
2 2 2 2

y
= lim tan =0
y
→0 2
2

sin (2 + x) − sin(2 − x )
Example 5 Evaluate lim
x →0 x
Solution (i) We have

(2 + x + 2 − x) (2 + x − 2 + x)
2cos sin
sin (2 + x) − sin(2 − x) 2 2
lim = lim
x→ 0 x x→ 0 x

2 cos 2 sin x
= lim
x →0 x

sin x sin x
= 2 cos 2 lim = 2cos 2 as lim =1
x →0 x x→ 0 x
Example 6 Find the derivative of f (x) = ax + b, where a and b are non-zero constants,
by first principle.
Solution By definition,
f ( x + h ) − f ( x)
f ′(x) = lim
h →0 h

a ( x + h) + b − ( ax + b) bh
= lim = lim =b
h →0 h h→ 0 h

Example 7 Find the derivative of f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b and c are none-zero
constant, by first principle.
Solution By definition,
f ( x + h ) − f ( x)
f ′(x) = lim
h →0 h

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a ( x + h ) 2 + b ( x + h ) + c − ax 2 − bx − c
= lim
h→ 0 h

bh + ah 2 + 2axh
= lim = lim
h→0
ah + 2ax + b = b + 2ax
h →0 h
Example 8 Find the derivative of f (x) = x3, by first principle.
Solution By definition,
f ( x + h ) − f ( x)
f ′(x) = lim
h →0 h

( x + h )3 − x 3
= lim
h →0 h

x3 + h3 + 3xh ( x + h) − x3
= lim
h →0 h

= lim
h→0
(h2 + 3x (x + h)) = 3x2

1
Example 9 Find the derivative of f (x) = by first principle.
x
Solution By definition,
f ( x + h ) − f ( x)
f ′(x) = lim
h →0 h

1 1 1
= lim −
h →0 h x+h x

−h −1
= lim = 2.
h →0 h ( x + h) x x
Example 10 Find the derivative of f (x) = sin x, by first principle.
Solution By definition,
f ( x + h ) − f ( x)
f ′(x) = lim
h →0 h

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 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 231

sin ( x + h) − sin x
= lim
h →0 h

2x + h h
2cos sin
2 2
= lim h
h →0
2⋅
2

h
(2 x + h) sin
= lim cos ⋅ lim 2
h →0 2 h →0 h
2
= cos x.1 = cos x
Example 11 Find the derivative of f (x) = xn, where n is positive integer, by first
principle.
Solution By definition,
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ′(x) =
h

( x + h) n − x n
=
h
Using Binomial theorem, we have (x + h)n = nC0 xn + nC1 xn – 1 h + ... + nCn hn

( x + h) n − x n
Thus, f ′(x) = hlim
→0 h

h ( nx n −1 + ... + h n −1 ]
= lim = nxn – 1.
h →0 h
Example 12 Find the derivative of 2x4 + x.
Solution Let y = 2x4 + x
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
dy d d
= (2 x 4 ) + ( x)
dx dx dx
= 2 × 4x4 – 1 + 1x0

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= 8x3 + 1
d
Therefore, (2 x 4 + x ) = 8x3 + 1.
dx
Example 13 Find the derivative of x2 cosx.
Solution Let y = x2 cosx
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
dy d 2
= ( x cos x)
dx dx

d d 2
= x2 (cos x ) + cos x (x )
dx dx
= x2 (– sinx) + cosx (2x)
= 2x cosx – x2 sinx
Long Answer Type

2sin 2 x + sin x − 1
Example 14 Evaluate limπ
x→ 2sin 2 x − 3sin x + 1
6

Solution Note that

2 sin2 x + sin x – 1 = (2 sin x – 1) (sin x + 1)
2 sin2 x – 3 sin x + 1 = (2 sin x – 1) (sin x – 1)

2sin 2 x + sin x − 1 (2sin x − 1) (sin x + 1)

Therefore, lim = lim
x→
π 2sin 2 x − 3sin x + 1 x→
π (2sin x − 1) (sin x − 1)
6 6

sin x + 1
= lim (as 2 sin x – 1 ≠ 0)
x→
π sin x − 1
6

π
1 + sin
= 6 = –3
π
sin − 1
6

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 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 233

tan x − sin x
Example 15 Evaluate lim
x →0 sin 3 x
Solution We have

1
sin x −1
tan x − sin x cos x
lim = lim
x →0 sin 3 x x →0 sin 3 x

1 − cos x
= lim
x →0 cos x sin 2 x

x
2sin 2 1
2
= lim = .
x →0 x x 2
cos x 4sin 2 ⋅ cos 2
2 2

a + 2 x − 3x
Example 16 Evaluate lim
x→a 3a + x − 2 x

a + 2 x − 3x
Solution We have lim
x→a 3a + x − 2 x

a + 2 x − 3x a + 2 x + 3x
= lim ×
x→a 3a + x − 2 x a + 2 x + 3x

a + 2 x − 3x
= lim
x→a
( 3a + x − 2 x )( a + 2 x + 3x )

= lim
( a − x) ( 3a + x + 2 x )
x→a
( a + 2 x + 3x )( 3a + x − 2 x )( 3a + x + 2 x )
(a − x) 3a + x + 2 x
= lim
x→a
( )
a + 2 x + 3x (3a + x − 4 x )

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4 a 2 2 3
= = = .
3 × 2 3a 3 3 9

cos ax − cos bx
Example 17 Evaluate lim
x →0 cos cx − 1

(a + b ) ( a − b) x
2sin x sin
Solution We have lim
2 2
x →0 sin 2 cx
2
2

(a + b ) x (a − b ) x
2sin ⋅ sin
2 2 x2
= lim ⋅
x →0 x2 sin 2
cx
2

2
( a + b) x ( a − b) x cx 4
sin sin × 2
= lim
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 c
x →0 ( a + b ) x 2 ( a − b) x 2 2 cx
⋅ ⋅ sin
2 a+b 2 a−b 2

a+b a −b 4 a 2 − b2
= × × 2 =
2 2 c c2

( a + h) 2 sin ( a + h) − a 2 sin a
Example 18 Evaluate lim
h →0 h

( a + h)2 sin (a + h) − a 2 sin a

Solution We have lim
h →0 h

( a 2 + h 2 + 2ah) [sin a cos h + cos a sin h] − a 2 sin a

= lim
h →0 h

a 2 sin a (cos h − 1) a 2 cos a sin h

= lim [ + + (h + 2a) (sin a cos h + cos a sin h )]
h →0 h h

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 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 235

h
a 2 sin a ( −2sin 2 ) 2
lim 2 ⋅ h + lim a cos a sin h + lim (h + 2a ) sin (a + h)
=
h→ 0 h2 2 h→ 0 h h→ 0

2
= a2 sin a × 0 + a2 cos a (1) + 2a sin a
= a2 cos a + 2a sin a.
Example 19 Find the derivative of f (x) = tan (ax + b), by first principle.
f ( x + h ) − f ( x)
Solution We have f ′(x) = lim
h →0 h

tan ( a ( x + h) + b ) − tan (ax + b)

= lim
h →0 h

sin (ax + ah + b) sin ( ax + b)

−
cos ( ax + ah + b) cos ( ax + b)
= lim
h →0 h

sin ( ax + ah + b) cos (ax + b) − sin ( ax + b) cos ( ax + ah + b)

= lim
h →0 h cos ( ax + b) cos ( ax + ah + b)

a sin ( ah)
= lim
h →0 a ⋅ h cos (ax + b) cos ( ax + ah + b)

a sin ah
= lim lim [as h → 0 ah → 0]
h →0 cos (ax + b) cos ( ax + ah + b) ah →0 ah

a
= 2 = a sec2 (ax + b).
cos (ax + b)

Example 20 Find the derivative of f ( x ) = sin x , by first principle.

Solution By definition,
f ( x + h ) − f ( x)
f ′(x) = lim
h →0 h

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 236 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS – MATHEMATICS

sin ( x + h) − sin x
= lim
h →0 h

( sin ( x + h) − sin x )( sin ( x + h) + sin x )

= lim
h →0 h ( sin ( x + h) + sin x )
sin ( x + h) − sin x
= hlim
→0 h ( sin ( x + h) + sin x )
2x + h h
2 cos sin
2 2
= lim
h
h →0
2⋅
2
( sin ( x + h) + sin x )
cos x 1
= = cot x sin x
2 sin x 2

cos x
Example 21 Find the derivative of .
1 + sin x

cos x
Solution Let y =
1 + sin x
Differentiating both sides with respects to x, we get

dy d cos x
=
dx dx 1 + sin x

d d
(1 + sin x ) (cos x ) − cos x (1 + sin x)
dx dx
=
(1 + sin x ) 2

(1 + sin x ) ( − sin x) − cos x (cos x )

=
(1 + sin x) 2

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 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 237

− sin x − sin 2 x − cos2 x

=
(1 + sin x) 2

− (1 + sin x) −1
= 2 =
(1 + sin x ) 1 + sin x
Objective Type Questions
Choose the correct answer out of the four options given against each Example 22 to 28
(M.C.Q.).
sin x
Example22 lim is equal to
x →0 x (1 + cos x)

1
(A) 0 (B) (C) 1 (D) –1
2
Solution (B) is the correct answer, we have

x x
2sincos
sin x 2 2
lim = lim
x →0 x (1 + cos x) x →0 x
x 2cos 2
2

x
tan
=
1
lim 2 = 1
2 x→0 x 2
2

1 − sin x
Example23 lim is equal to
x→
π cos x
2

(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) does not exit

Solution (A) is the correct answer, since

π
1 − sin −y
1 − sin x 2 π
lim = lim taking −x= y
x→
π cos x y→ 0 π 2
2 cos −y
2

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y
2sin 2
1 − cos y lim 2
= lim = y→ 0 y y
y→ 0 sin y 2sin cos
2 2

y
= lim tan =0
y→ 0 2

| x|
Example 24 lim is equal to
x →0 x
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) does not exists
Solution (D) is the correct answer, since
|x| x
R.H.S = lim+ = =1
x →0 x x

| x | −x
and L.H.S = lim– = = −1
x →0 x x

Example 25 lim [ x − 1] , where [.] is greatest integer function, is equal to

x→1

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) does not exists

Solution (D) is the correct answer, since

R.H.S = lim [ x − 1] = 0
x →1+

and L.H.S = lim [ x − 1] = –1

x →1−

1
Example 26 lim x sin is equals to
x →0 x

1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) (D) does not exist
2
Solution (A) is the correct answer, since

lim x = 0 and –1 ≤ sin

1
x→ 0
≤ 1, by Sandwitch Theorem, we have
x

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 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 239

1
lim x sin = 0
x →0 x

1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n
Example 27 nlim , n ∈ N, is equal to
→∞ n2

1 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) (D)
2 4

1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n
Solution (C) is the correct answer. As xlim
→∞ n2

n ( n + 1) 1 1 1
= nlim = lim 1+ =
→∞ 2n 2 x →∞ 2 n 2

π
Example 28 If f(x) = x sinx, then f ′ is equal to
2

1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D)
2
Solution (B) is the correct answer. As f ′ (x) = x cosx + sinx

π π π π
So, f′ = cos + sin = 1
2 2 2 2

13.3 EXERCISE
Short Answer Type
Evaluate :

x2 − 9 4x2 − 1 x+h − x
lim lim
1. x →3 2. 1 2x − 1 3. lim
x−3 x→
2
h →0 h

1 1 5 5
( x + 2) 3 − 2 3 (1 + x )6 − 1 (2 + x ) 2 − ( a + 2) 2
4. lim 5. lim 6. lim
x →0 x x→1 (1 + x )2 − 1 x→a x−a

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 240 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS – MATHEMATICS

x4 − x x2 − 4
7. lim 8. lim
x→1 x −1 x→2 3x − 2 − x + 2

x4 − 4 x7 − 2 x5 + 1 1 + x3 − 1 − x3
9. xlim 10. lim 11. lim
→ 2 x2 + 3 2x − 8 x→1 x3 − 3 x 2 + 2 x →0 x2

x 3 + 27 8x − 3 4 x2 + 1
12. xlim 13. lim1 −
→−3 x5 + 243 x→ 2x − 1 4 x2 − 1
2

x n − 2n sin 3x
14. Find ‘n’, if lim = 80 , n ∈ N 15. lim
x→2 x−2 x → a sin 7 x

sin 2 2 x 1 − cos 2 x 2sin x − sin 2 x

16. lim 17. lim 18. lim
x →0 sin 2 4 x x →0 x2 x →0 x3

1 − cos mx 1 − cos 6 x sin x − cos x

lim
19. lim
x →0 1 − cos nx
20. limπ π 21. x→
π π
x→
2 −x 4 x−
3
3 4

3 sin x − cos x sin 2 x + 3x sin x − sin a

22. limπ π 23. lim
x →0 2 x + tan 3 x
24. lim
x→ x−
x→a x− a
6
6

cot 2 x − 3 2 − 1 + cos x
25. limπ 26. lim
x→ cosec x − 2 x →0 sin 2 x
6

sin x − 2sin 3x + sin 5 x

27. lim
x →0 x

x4 − 1 x3 − k 3
28. If lim = lim 2 , then find the value of k.
x →1 x − 1 x→k x − k 2
Differentiate each of the functions w. r. to x in Exercises 29 to 42.
3
x 4 + x3 + x 2 + 1 1
29. 30. x+ 31. (3x + 5) (1 + tanx)
x x

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 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 241

3x + 4 x 5 − cos x
32. (sec x – 1) (sec x + 1) 33. 2 34.
5x − 7 x + 9 sin x

π
x 2 cos
35. 4 36. (ax2 + cotx) (p + q cosx)
sin x

a + b sin x
37. 38. (sin x + cosx)2 39. (2x – 7)2 (3x + 5)3
c + d cos x

1
40. x2 sinx + cos2x 41. sin3x cos3x 42. 2
ax + bx + c
Long Answer Type
Differentiate each of the functions with respect to ‘x’ in Exercises 43 to 46 using first
principle.
ax + b 2
43. cos (x2 + 1) 44. cx + d 45. x 3

46. x cosx

Evaluate each of the following limits in Exercises 47 to 53.

( x + y ) sec( x + y ) − x sec x
47. lim
y→ 0 y

(sin(α + β) x + sin(α − β) x + sin 2α x)

48. lim ⋅x
x →0 cos 2βx − cos 2αx

x
1 − sin
3
tan x − tan x lim 2
49. limπ 50. x →π x x x
x→ π cos cos − sin
4 cos x + 2 4 4
4
| x− 4|
51. Show that lim does not exists
x→ 4 x − 4

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 242 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS – MATHEMATICS

k cos x π
when x ≠
π − 2x 2 π
52. Let f (x) = and if lim f ( x ) = f ( ) ,
π x→
π 2
3 x= 2
2
find the value of k.

x+2 x ≤ –1
53. Let f (x) = 2
, find ‘c’ if xlim
→ –1
f ( x ) exists.
cx x > −1

Objective Type Questions

Choose the correct answer out of 4 options given against each Exercise 54 to 76
(M.C.Q).
sin x
54. lim is
x →π x−π
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) –1 (D) –2

x 2 cos x
55. lim is
x → 0 1 − cos x

3 −3
(A) 2 (B) (C) (D) 1
2 2

(1 + x) n − 1
56. lim is
x→ 0 x
(A) n (B) 1 (C) –n (D) 0

xm − 1
57. lim is
x →1 xn − 1

m m m2
(A) 1 (B) (C) − (D) 2
n n n

1 − cos 4θ
58. lim is
x→ 0 1 − cos 6θ

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 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 243

4 1 −1
(A) (B) (C) (D) –1
9 2 2
cosec x − cot x
59. lim is
x →0 x
−1 1
(A) (B) 1 (C) (D) 1
2 2
sin x
60. lim is
x →0 x +1 − 1− x
(A) 2 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) –1
sec 2 x − 2
61. lim is
x→
π tan x − 1
4

(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 2

62. lim
( x − 1) ( 2 x − 3)
is
x →1 2x2 + x − 3

1 −1
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) None of these
10 10

sin[ x]
, [ x] ≠ 0
63. If f (x) = [ x] , where [.] denotes the greatest integer function ,
0 ,[ x ] = 0

then lim
x →0
f ( x ) is equal to

(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) –1 (D) None of these

| sin x |
64. lim is
x →0 x
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) does not exist(D) None of these

x 2 − 1, 0 < x < 2
65. Let f (x) = , the quadratic equation whose roots are xlim
→ 2–
f ( x) and
2 x + 3, 2 ≤ x < 3

lim f ( x ) is
x → 2+

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244 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS – MATHEMATICS

(A) x2 – 6x + 9 = 0 (B) x2 – 7x + 8 = 0
(C) x2 – 14x + 49 = 0 (D) x2 – 10x + 21 = 0
tan 2 x − x
66. lim is
x →0 3x − sin x

1 −1 1
(A) 2 (B) (C) (D)
2 2 4

1
67. Let f (x) = x – [x]; ∈ R, then f ′ is
2

3
(A) (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) –1
2

1 dy
68. If y = x+ , then at x = 1 is
x dx

1 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D) 0
2 2

x−4
69. If f (x) = , then f ′(1) is
2 x

5 4
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) 0
4 5

1
1+
x2 dy
70. If y = , then is
1 dx
1− 2
x

− 4x − 4x 1 − x2 4x
(A) (B) (C) (D) 2
( x 2 − 1) 2 x2 − 1 4x x −1

sin x + cos x dy
71. If y = , then at x = 0 is
sin x − cos x dx

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 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 245

1
(A) –2 (B) 0 (C) (D) does not exist
2
sin( x + 9) dy
72. If y = , then at x = 0 is
cos x dx
(A) cos 9 (B) sin 9 (C) 0 (D) 1

x2 x100
73. If f (x) = 1 + x + + ... + , then f ′(1) is equal to
2 100

1
(A) (B) 100 (C) does not exist (D) 0
100

xn − a n
74. If f ( x) = for some constant ‘a’, then f ′(a) is
x−a

1
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) does not exist (D)
2
75. If f (x) = x100 + x99 + ... + x + 1, then f ′(1) is equal to
(A) 5050 (B) 5049 (C) 5051 (D) 50051
2 3 99 100
76. If f (x) = 1 – x + x – x ... – x + x , then f ′(1) is euqal to
(A) 150 (B) –50 (C) –150 (D) 50
Fill in the blanks in Exercises 77 to 80.
tan x
77. If f (x) = , then lim
x →π
f ( x ) = ______________
x−π

x
78. lim sin mx cot = 2 , then m = ______________
x →0 3

x x 2 x3 dy
79. if y = 1 + + + + ... , then = ______________
1! 2! 3! dx

x
80. lim+ = ______________
x →3 [ x]

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