Cambridge International AS Level Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Answers to EOC questions

Chapter 6 ball added to the momentum of the snooker
table, and so momentum is conserved. [1]
1 The law of conservation of momentum
applies if the Earth is considered to rise as 5 a
Change in momentum
the ball falls. The momentum of the Earth = mass × change in velocity [1]
upwards equals the momentum of the ball = 1100 × (–24) = –26 400 N s ≈ –26 000 N s[1]
change in momentum
downwards.[1] b Force = time
[1]
The weight of the ball has an equal and = 26 400
upwards force on the Earth due to Newton’s 20 = 1320 N ≈ 1300 N[1]
third law. [1] c Average speed during braking = 12 m s–1[1]
so distance travelled in 20 s = 12 × 20 = 240 m
2 a Momentum of ball before striking wall [1]
= mass × velocity
= 2 × 3.0 = 6.0 kg m s–1 towards the ball [1] 6 a Momentum = mass × velocity [1]
–1
Momentum after striking the wall = 0.10 × 0.40 = 0.040 kg m s [1]
= 6.0 kg m s–1 away from the wall [1] b For each marble, component of momentum
Change in momentum of ball = 12 kg m s –1 in x-direction = half of original momentum
away from the wall. [1] = 0.020 kg m s–1[1]
so momentum of one marble = sin 45° 0.020
b There is no change in kinetic energy as the –1
ball’s speed and mass are unchanged. [1] = 0.0283 kg m s [1]
and velocity = momentum mass = 0.0283
0.10 = 0.283 m s
–1

–1
3 a Linear momentum = mass × velocity [1] ≈ 0.28 m s [1]
b [units of mass] × [units of velocity] = kg m s –1 c k.e. before = 12  mv2 = 12   × 0.10 × 0.402 = 0.0080 J
[1] [1]
c Using v2 = 2as, k.e. after = 2 × 12   × 0.10 × 0.2832 = 0.0080 J[1]
v = (2 × 3.5 × 40) = 280 = 16.7 m s–1[1] 7 a Initial momentum of ball = 0.16 × 25
so momentum = mass × speed = 900 × 16.7 = 4.0 kg m s–1[1]
= 1.5 × 104 kg m s–1[1] Change in momentum = 4.0 – (–4.0)
d Combined momentum to left = 8.0 kg m s–1[1]
= 3.0 × 4.0 – 2.0 × 4.0 = 4.0 kg m s–1[1] b force = change intime
momentum = 8  [1]
0.003
Combined mass = 8.0 kg[1] = 2667 N ≈ 2700 N[1]
So velocity after collision
c The bat slows down. [1]
= 4.0 –1
8.0 = 0.50 m s to the left [1] The law of conservation of momentum
4 a i In an elastic collision, both momentum requires that the change in momentum of the
and kinetic energy are conserved. [1] ball and of the bat are equal but in opposite
directions.[1]
ii In an inelastic collision, momentum is Energy is neither created nor destroyed,
conserved but not kinetic energy. [1] but thermal energy (heat / internal energy)
b Change in momentum and sound are created from the drop in k.e.
= momentum after – momentum before [1] (of the bat). [1]
= 0.35 × 2.5 – 0.35 × (–2.8) The impact is non-elastic. [1]
= 1.855 kg m s–1 ≈ 1.9 kg m s–1[1]
c When the table (plus the Earth) is also 8 a
The total momentum before the collision
considered, then the initial momentum of the is equal to the total momentum after the
ball is equal to the final momentum of the interaction.[1]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics © Cambridge University Press 2014

 Cambridge International AS Level Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions

The system is closed. 11

a
or There are no external forces acting. [1] Change in Initial kinetic Final kinetic
b i final momentum = initial momentum momentum / energy / J energy / J
–1
0.35v = 0.25 × 30 [1] kg m s
v = 21.4 ≈ 21  m s–1[1] Truck X 6.0 × 10
4
2.5 × 10
5
4.0 × 10
4

ii Change in momentum 4 4 5
= 0.25 × 30 – 0.25 × 21.4 [1] Truck Y 6.0 × 10 1.5 × 10 1.35 × 10
change in momentum = 2.14 ≈ 2.1 kg m s–1 One mark for each correct change in
or 2.15 ≈ 2.2 kg m s–1[1] momentum.[2]
iii Change in total kinetic energy One mark for correct kinetic energy values
= 12  × 0.25 × 302 –  12  × 0.35 × 21.42[1] for X.[2]
change in total k.e. = 32.4 ≈ 32 J [1] One mark for correct kinetic energy values
iv The arrow stops and the ball moves off for Y.[2]
–1
with a speed of 30 m s [1] b Total initial k.e. = 2.65 × 105 J
Relative speed remains unaltered in an and total final k.e. = 1.75 × 105 J [1]
–1
elastic collision, 30 m s [1] Collision is not elastic, because the total k.e.
has decreased in the collision. [1]
9 a i The total kinetic energy before the collision Δp 6.0 × 104
is equal to the total kinetic energy after the c Force = Δt = 1.6 [1]
collision.[1] 3.75 × 104 ≈ 3.7 or 3.8 × 104 N[1]
ii In a completely inelastic collision, the
maximum amount of kinetic energy is
lost (subject to the law of conservation of
momentum, which must be obeyed). [1]
b i Momentum is conserved, as there are no
external forces / the system is closed. [1]
Momentum of alpha-particle in one
direction must equal that of uranium
nucleus in the exactly opposite direction
for the change to be zero. [1]
–27 –25
ii 6.65 × 10  × vα + 3.89 × 10  × vx = 0 [1]
vα
iii vx = –58.5 ≈ –58 or –59
[1]

10

a Momentum and kinetic energy [1]
b i Momentum = 0.014 × 640 = 8.96
≈ 9.0 kg m s–1[1]
ii Bullets leave with momentum forwards
and gun has equal momentum backwards.
[1]
To stop motion / momentum of the gun,
the soldier must provide a force. [1]
Δp
iii F = Δt ; 140 = n × 8.96 [1]
Number of bullets per second = 15.6 or
15 or 16. [1]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics © Cambridge University Press 2014