PROJECT NAME:

“FIRE ALARM DETECTOR”

GROUP MEMBERS:
 M. BILAL RASOOL
 FARASTULLAH KHAN

Apparatus:
 OP-AMP LM 358

 Transistor BC 548

 Potentiometer 10k

 Resistor 4.7k

 Thermistor

 BUZZER

 Connecting wires

 9V Battery

OP AMP:
It is an integrated circuit that
amplifies input voltage or current
up-to desired value. It has 8 pins.
The input and output pins varies in
each op amp.
 Transistor:
It consists of two back to back P-N
junctions (NPN or PNP) it consists of
base, collector and emitter. It is used
as an amplifier or as a switch.

Thermistor:
It is a temperature dependent
resistor. There are two types of
thermistors NTC and PTC.
NTC stands for negative temperature
coefficient.
PTC stands for positive temperature
coefficient.
Working:
The heart of the circuit is thermistor. The op-amp LM 358 acts as voltage
comparator. NPN transistor used as a switch to turn on and off the buzzer. Before
applying the heat the resistance of the thermistor is very high. It prevents the
current to flow in the circuit. When we increase the temperature of thermistor, its
resistance decreases and the current flows through it due to which the buzzer
becomes on. After sometime the temperature of thermistor comes back to
normal, its resistance increases again which hinders the flow of current in the
circuit and ultimately the buzzer stops.

Applications:
 Heavily used in hospitals, buildings, factories and houses to detect and fire