EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Character: simplicity, massiveness, monumentality

Material: stone and brick
System: columnar and trabaeted
Comparative analysis:
Plans- irregular and asymmetrical
Wall- no windows (batter wall)
Openings- doors are square headed
Roof- flat roof
Columns- interior only, 6d
- bud & bell, palm, foliated, hatthor head, osiris, polygonal
Mouldings- torus and gorge
Principal buildings:
Egyptian Tombs:
Mastaba- stairway, halfshrunk, elaborate structure
elements: offering chapel w/ stele (slab)
serdab (statue chamber)
sarcophagus
Pyramid- square in plan, oriented in cardinal sides
elements: offering chapel
mortuary chapel
elevated causeway (passageway))
valley building (embalmment)
types: step (zoser)
slope
blunt (seneferu)
Rock-cut- mountain side tombs
elements: passages
sepultural chamber

Egyptian Temples:
Cult temple- worship of the gods
Mortuary Temple- to honor the pharos
elements: pylon (entrance or gateway)
hypaethral court (open to the sky court)
hypostyle hall (pillard or columnar hall)
sanctuary
Minor temple- mammisi temple (carved along mountain)
obelisk temple (monumental pillars, square in plan)

Sphinx: (mythical monsters)

Mastaba of Thi, Sakkara-
Pyramid of Gizeh- Cheops, Chepren, Mykerinos
Tombs of the Kings, Thebes
The Great Temple of Arnak (greatest example of Egyptian temple)
Great Sphinx at Gizeh (god horus)
Egyptian Architects:
Senusurets- built the earliest known obelisk at Heliopolis
Amenemhat I- founded the great temple at Karnak
Thothmes I- began the additions to the temple of Amnon Karnak
Amenophis III- built the famous Colossi of Memnon
Rameses I- began the hypostyle hall at Karnak
Seti I- built the temple at Abu- Simber
Ptolemy II- built the pharos of Light House
Ptolemy III- founded the Great Seradeum at Alexandria

ASIASIASTIC ARCHITECTURE- WEST ASIA

BABYLONEAN AND ASSYRIAN

Character: simplicity, massiveness, grandeur
Material: brick
System: arch and vault
Comparative analysis:
Plan- palaces are elevated on platforms w/ room covered by vaults
Walls- are built with sun died bricks, battlement cresting
- ASSYRIA finished w/ chiseled alabaster slab
Openings- doors are semicircular headed w/ sculptured monstrers
Roof- externally appeared flat but covered by brick vaults internally
Columns- no columns
Mouldings- no mouldings
Ornaments- chiseled alabaster slab
Principal buildings:
Ziggurat: holy mountains
Archaic ziggurats- rectangular w/ upper temple
Multi level ziggurats- 2 to 5 tiers
Assyrian ziggurats- square in plan w/ continous ramp
- w/ fire altar

Palace: usually built by Assyrian

elements: seraglio- palace proper
harem- private family apartments
khan- service chamber

Palace of Sarbon, Corsabat

PERSIAN (architect of light and airy magnificence, open type plan)
Material: stone for columns, brick for wall surface, timber for roof
System: royal palace are built on platforms to achieve monumentality
: columnar and trabaeted
Comparative analysis:
Plan- open widely spaced columns
Wall- made of bricks covered w/ polychrome brickwork
Openings- windows and doors are square headed
Roof- flatroof made of timber
Columns- tall & slender w/ flutted shafts, 15d & scroll, twin horse capital
Mouldings- Greek & Egyptian
Ornament- polychrome brickwork

Palace Platform, Persopolis

Propylaea, Xerxes
Palace of Darius
Palace of Cerces
Hypostyle Hall of Cerces
Hall of Hundred Columns

GREEK ARCHITECTURE
Character:
Simplicity & harmony
Purity of line
Perfection of proportions
Refinement of details
Material: marble
System: columnar and trabaeted

 Early Period/ Minoan or Mycenaean

Principal buildings:
Megaron: domestic unit
elements: enclosed porch
megaron proper
thalamus- sleeping room
Walls:
1. cyclopean
2. polygonal
3. rectangular
4. inclined blocks
 Tombs:
Rock -Cut- rectangular chamber cut deep into the mountainside
Tholos- is a subterranean vault, circular in shape
- dromos- passageway
Palaces:
Palace King Minos, Knossos

 Helenic Period- religious structures

Comparative Analysis: (Greek Temples)
Simple & balance, symmetrical
Rectangular
Principal buildings:
Temples:
elements: front portico
crepidoma- stylobate, steriobate
pronaos
naos
epinaos/ posticum w/ or w/o opisthodomos
peroma- space bet the naos wall and columns

Number of columns:
Henostyle
Dinostyle
Tristyle
Tetrastyle
Pentastyle
Hexastyle
Hectastyle
Octostyle
Ennastyle
Decastyle
Dodestyle
Arrangement of Columns:
Antis, Amphi-antis
Prostyle, Amphi-prostyle
Peripteral, Pseudo-peropteral
Edipteral, Pseudo-dipteral
Comparative analysis:
Wall- solidly constructed of blocks or stones, use of dowels or clamps
Openings- doors, windows & colonnade are square headed
Roof- w/ sloping rafters covered w/ thin marble slab to permit light
- lacunaria (coffer)
Column- principal external feature

Orders Introduced by Greeks:

Doric Order
Ionic order
Corinthian Order
Parts:
Entablature- cornice
frieze
architrade
Column- capital
shaft
base
Proportion of Greek Orders
Doric Order- favored by Greeks
Column- 4-6½ D
Tablature- ¼ height of order
Ionic Order
Column- 9D
Tablature- 1/5 height of order
Corinthian Order
Column- 10D
Tablature- 1/5 height of order
Doric Order:
Abachus
Echinus
Trachelion
Hypotrachelion
Entasis
Ionic Order:
Abachus
Echinus- volute
Attic base if 2 torus
Torus
Plinth
Corinthian Order:
Abachus
Cauli-coli
Acanthus leaves
 Intercolumnation Spaces:
Hypnostyle- 1 ½ d
Systyle- space bet col 2d
Eustyle- space 2 1/4d
Diastyle- 3d
Areostyle- 3 ½ d

Principal buildings:
Temples:
elements: acroterion
pediment
tympanum
entablature
metope
triglyph
raking cornice
crepidoma

Entablature spacing:
Monotriglyph
Ditriglyph
Polytriglyph

Mouldings-
parabola
hyperbola
elipse
Basis of Shape of Mouldings-
Cyma riversa/ olgee- Waterleaf & tongue
Cyma recta- Antheneon or honey suckle
 Ovolo- Egg & dart or egg & tongue
Atragal/ bead- Bead & reel
Torus- Guilloche or plait
Corona- Fret
Fillet cavetto escocia- Plain

Sculptured reliefs- free standing statuary- single or group figures

Types: bigas- 2 horse chariot
Quadbigas- 4 horse chariot

Themenos- sacred enclosure

Acropolis, Athens
- Propelea- gateway
- Pinacotheca- paintings
- Glyptotheca- sculptures
- Statue of Athena Promochos
- Erechtheon- unusual because of carriage porch
- Old Temple of Athena
- Parthenon- largest
- geatest example of greek architecture
- archt. Ictinus
- master sculptor- Callicrates
- Doric temple
- naos- made of gold and ivory
- holds the statue of Athena
- Theater of Dionysius
- Temple of Nike Apteros- archt Callicrates
- Ionic temple

Temple of Zeus, Agrigentum- 2nd largest

- archt Theron
- 3 naos
- Atlantes figure
Temple of Artemis- archt Deinocrates
- master sculptor- Scopas

Greek Theater- hallow out of hillside

- 2/3 of circle
elements: cavea
orchestra- complete circle at center
skene- proscenia (oration)
- paracenia- width of orchestra
- epicenium- background
 Theater of Dionysus, Athens- prototype
- largest for 30,000 people

Theater of Epidauror- most beautiful & preserved

- archt Polycletos

 Helenistic Period- civic structure

Principal buildings:
Agora- town square, center of social & business life
Stoa- shed, long colonnade
Prytaneion- senate building
Bouleuterion- council palace
Audeion- smaller scale theater, used for musical
Stadium- foot race course
Hipodrome- hose chariot racing, prototype of roman circus
Palaestra- resting school
Gymnasium- place for all types of physical exercises
Tomb- mosoleum
elements: pediment
podium

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Character:
Vastness & magnificence
Olstentation & ornateness
Material: pozzolana & lime
System: columnar, trabaeted & arcuated
Comparative analysis:
Plan- assymetrical due to complexity of needs of romans
Walls- made of stone & concrete
Types:Opus quadratum
Opus incertum
Opus reticulatum
Opus testaceum
Opus mixtum
- introduction of buttresses
Types:Niche/ hemicycle- retaining wall, detached
Spur buttress- attached to wall
Pinnacle- similar to spur but more pronounced
 elements of arch: keystone
extrados
intrados
string course
impost
abutment
plinth
archivault
voussoir blocks
stilting
rise
spring line
span

Roof- vaulting system

types: semi circular/ wagon headed vault (made of bricks)
cross vault
dome/ cupula

Column-
Composite- Ionic volute w/ Corinthian
Tuscan- similar to Greek Doric w/ base
Column- 7D
Tablature- 1 3/4D
Doric Order-
Column- 8D
Tablature- 2D
Ionic Order
Column- 9D
Tablature- 21/4d
Corinthian Order
Column- 10D
Tablature- 2 1/2D
 Mouldings- heavily decorated
Ornament- mosaic- floor, wall ceiling (Tesserrae)
types: opusteselatum- square for ceilings
opusectile- tesserae cut into shapes for wall
opuspilatum- inchevron for floor
- mural paintings
- accantus scroll- most popular

Principal buildings:
Forum- a central open shape used as a meeting place, market or
rendevous for political demonstration.
Forum Romanum- oldest & most important
Forum of Trajan- largest forum
Rectangular Temples
Temple of Venus, Rome- Appolodorus of Damascus
Pantheon Rome ( Sta. Maria Rotunda)- Agripa (corinthian temple)

Basilica- hall of justice & commercial exchange

Trajan’s Basilica, Rome- Appolodorus of Damascus
Thermae- palatial public bath
Balneum- private bath for family
elements:
1. main building- tepidarium- warm lounge
- calidarium- hot water bath
- sudotorium- hottest room
- frigidarium- cooling room w/ piscana or
swimming bath
- unctoria- perfume & oil
2. xystus- large open space w/ landscaping ,stadium fro
various types of athletic sports
3. outer ring of apartments- lecture room, exedrae, stores
4. hypocaust- furnace

Thermae of Caracalla
Thermae Of Diocletian

Theaters- orchestra is used by important people

- skene became the stage
Theater of Marcellus, Rome- concrete
Theater Orange- partly concrete
Amphitheatre- gladitoria contests
Colloseum, Rome- vast ellipse
Archts- Vespasian
Domitian
Circus- for horse & chariot racing
elements: spina
carceres
Circus maximus, Rome- largest
Tombs
Classes:
1. Coemetera w/
Columbaria- a niche in the rock containing ashes of
the dead
Loculi- recess for corpse w/c were sealed w/ a front
slab
2. Monumental tombs- similar to the Greek mousoleum in
form & plan
Mausoleum of Agustus, Rome
Mausoleum of Hadrian, Rome (Castle of Angelo)
3. Pyramidal tombs
4. Temple shaded tombs
5. Sculptured memorials- minor tombs of varied designs
6. Cenotaphs- memorial monuments to person buried
elsewhere
Commemorative Monuments
1. Triumphal arch- 3 openings, for emperors
2. Pilar of victory/ memorial column- record triumph of victorius
generals
Trajan’s Column- Doric column, arch Titus
3. Rostral column- victorius campaigns done in sea victories
Palaces
Palaces of Emeperors, Rome- by emeperor Agustus
Palace of Diocletian, Spalato- largest
Roman Houses
Villa- country house
Insula- tenement house for workers
Domus- private house
elements:
1. prothyrum
2. atrium- entrance court open to the sky
impluvium- water cistern
3. tablium- open saloon
4. peristyle- inner colonnaded court (open)
5. cubicula- bedrooms
6. triclina- dining room
7. oecus- reception room
 8. alae- reception for conversation
9. kitchen & pantry
Aqueduct- for water supply of towns & cities
Aquaclaudia- Caligula & Claudius
Pontgard, Nimes- mos manificent 25 miles long
Pons- roman bridges
Fountains
Types: Locus/ Lacus- large basin of water
Salientes- provide water

 Etruscan Period
Introduced radiating arch
Tuscan column/ similar to Greek Doric w/ base
Atrium in domestic planning

EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Character:
Simplicity in design and treatment
Coarseness in execution
Material: savaged from pagan structures
Basilican plan for churches (east oriented)
System: trabaeted & arcuated
Comparative analysis:
Plan- evolved from roman basilica
built on site of saints burial places
elements: bell tower
atrium- with fountain
narthex
nave- sude aisles
choir- cancelli (low walls)
high altar- baldochino, crypt/ confessio/ cimborium
ambo
apse- for bishops & cardinals
 Materials: Masonry & concrete
Walls- exterior- concrete w/ plain plasters
- interior- mosaic
Openings- arcaded, doors & windows are span w/ semicircular arches
lintels or entablature
Roofs-Nave- timber trusses
Side aisles- semicircular arches
Apse- side dome
Columns- 4 roman columns
Mouldings- roman mouldings are adapted, very crude
Ornament- linked to Christian religion
2 basic ornaments: mosaic
mural paintings
Example of Basilican Churches:
Basilican Church of St. Peter, Rome
Church of St. John Lateran

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
Removed the atrium
Narthex became the entrance
Covered by dome roof- external feauture
Character:
Simplicity in external design
Richness in internal treatment
Material: bricks used for walls & concrete for domes
Marble for columns
System: fusion of domical construction
Classic columnar & trabaeted style
Comparative analysis:
Plan- Greek cross plan
Walls- bricks
Exterior- brick in various design
Interior- mosaic & marble
Openings- are spanned by semicircular arches or lintels
Windows- 3” thick translucent marble
Roof- dome
Types: Simple- pendentives, dome
Compound- supported by drum
Melon shaped- with flutings
 Columns: dosseret block, soffit, capitals

Mouldings: Billet moulding

Mosaic
Mural paintings
Ornaments: symbolism
Peacock- symbol of eternal life
Endless knot- eternity
Chirho- Jesus Christ

Sta. Soffia of Constantinople, Hagia Sophia- for emperor Justinian

Arch. Arthemus of Tralles
Isodorus of Miletus
- now a muslim mosque
St. Mark, Venice Italy- most important example of Byzantine

ROMANESQUE- “roman like art”

Character: Sober & Dignified
Material: stone & brick for Germany
System: arcuated
principle of equilibrium through vaulting system made up of rib & panel
vaulting
Comparative analysis:
Plan- Latin Cross plan (west oriented)
External feature- towers on nave & transept, facades
Walls- supported by pilaster strips

Windows- rose or wheel windows

 Roof: Rib & panel Vaulting
1. quadripartite

2. sexpartite

Column:

Mouldings- are usually in horizontal courses, deviated from roman

Ornamets- fresco paintings- principal
- vegetable & animals forms

Principal buildings:
Monastery
Elements: Monastery church
Cloister court
Inner court
Common court

Countries that adapted Romanesque:

 ITALY

Central Italy- ornamental façade- rising one from another

North Italy- rose window

Pizza Cathedral
Pizza Campanile
Cathedral
Baptistery
 FRENCH ROMANESQUE

Southern France- Muslim influence due to pointed arch

Northern Italy- flanking towers

Madeleine Vezelay- earliest form of cross-pointed vault in France

Abbaye-Aux Homes, Caen Order- prototype of Gothic

 GERMAN ROMANESQUE

East & west apse

Worms Cathedral- emperor Charlemagne

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
France- style ogivale
- lofty & aspiry quality
- structural honesty
- economy in use of material
System: Arcuated w/ Pointed Arches
Material: stone
Principal building: Cathedral- Latin Cross (west oriented)
Plan- asymmetrical
Walls- rubble masonry, buttress to support walls

Roof- ribbed & paneled vaulting

Column- group column
Mouldings- 45 deg from wall
Ornaments- stained glass & figured sculpture
Countries that adapted Gothic:

 FRENCH GOTHIC
1. Primary/ Lancet Period- pointed arches & geometric tracery windows
2. Rayonnant Period- circular windows w/ wheel tracery
3. Flamboyant Period- flame like or free flowing tracery

Principal Buildings:
Cathedrals
Notre Dame, Paris- oldest Gothic Cathedral
By bishop Maurice De Sully
Finest & most characteristic French gothic
Chartres Cathedral- 130 stained galss windows
Profussion of sculptured figures in west front
Rheims Cathedral- coronation church of kings of France
500 carved statues on west facades
Ameins Cathedral- archt Robert de Luzarches
Typical French cathedral
Carved woodwork on choir stalls
Beauvais Cathedral- tallest in Europe, 157’ to the vault
1 of the wonders of medieval in France

Fortified Towns
Carcassone- 50 towers, moat & walls

Castles
Chateau de Perrefonds- elongated location, overlooking town
Arch. Viollet- le- Duc

 ENGLISH GOTHIC

English gothic vaulting: formerets

diagonal ribs
ridge ribs
transverse ribs
tierceron
boss- covering of ribs (pendant)
 Moulding- nail head

Double cone

Dog tooth cable

Ball flower

Tablet flower

Embatled sandwich

Classification of English Gothic Mouldings:

1. bowtel- ¾ of a circle
2. pointed bowtel- roll moulding in w/c 2 faces meet in a blunt arris
3. bracket/ brace- double ogee
4. wave moulding- a slight connexity followed by hallows
5. keel moulding
6. scroll
7. casement
8. hood & label

Types of Trusses:
1. tie beam
2. trusted rafter
3. hammer beam
4. collar beam
5. aisle roof

Principal Buildings:
Cathedrals
1st div- Cathedral of the Old Foundation- served by secular clergy
York Cathedral- largest cathedral among English cathedral
Salisbury Cathedral- English gothic caharcteristic

2nd div- Cathedral of the Monastic Foundation- served by monks or

regular clergy
Cantherbury Cathedral- 1st Norman church
Winchester Cathedral- longest gothic cathedral in Europe
 3rd div- Cathedrals of the New Foundation- served by bishops
presence of 2 chapels- lady chapel- Virgin Mary
- chantry chapel- patrons are burried

Monastery
Westminster Abbey- largest Benedictine Founation
Triple group of monastery
Coronation church & burial place for Eng kings
Royal Palace- parliament & Big Ben
Westminster Church- highest

Castles
Tower of London- builder Bishop Gundolf for William I

Manor House
Hampton Court Palace- archt Cardinal Wolsey

University
University of Oxford
Cambridge University

 BELGIUM & DEUTCH GOTHIC

-eastern & western apse

Principal Buildings:
Hall Church
St. Elizabeth, Manburg- typical church in Germany
Cologne Cathedral- largest gothic church in Northern Europe

 ITALIAN GOTHIC

Milan Cathedral- 2nd largest church in Europe

archt Henrich Von Gmunden
Sienna Cathedral- stripped marble found in walls & tiers of church
Santo Corce- Arnolfo de Cambio, 1 of largest in Europe
Florence Cathedral- combination of gothic & renaissance
Arnolfo de Cambio
Famous group bldg in the world
Doge’s Palace in Italy- civic example gothic in Italy
Giovanni & Bartolome Buon
Ca D’ Oro- one of the famous palatial homes during gothic period

 SPANISH GOTHIC
 - influenced by Muslim art- excessive ornament foun in retablo
- retablo & grilles or rajas- back of altar

Civic Cathedral- largest Cathedral in Europe

Largest Church:
St. Peter’s Cathedral
Civic Cathedral
William Cathedral
Colon Cathedral
St. Pauls, London

RENAISSANCE- “rebirth of classical”

Character: Dignity & Formality achieved thru symmetry
System: Trabaeted and Arcuated
Elements: pediment, horizontal cornice, columnar arcade

Baroque- curve lines

1. twisted column/ solomonica
2. pediment
segmented

scrolled

open

swan neck

broken

Rococo
Comparative analysis:
Plans- symmetrical
Walls- often constructed w/ ashlar masonry, bricks for Germany
Exterior wall- rustification- dado height 1.20m
Doors & windows- semi circula head w/ greek entablature
Roof- semi- circular vaults
- dome or drum w/ semi circular windows
Columns- classic orders
Mouldings- roman mouldings
Ornaments- fresco paintings
Exterior color effect- sgrafitto (colored plaster)
Countries that adapted Rennaisance:

 ITALY- “ birth place of renaissance”

Florence- birthplace, typical form
Rome- typical
Venice- receded frontage, contextualization w/ environment

Brunelleschi- most famous architect in Italy

Dome of Florence Cathedral- gothic & renaissance
Palazzo Pitti- largest except for Vatican
Alberti- author of first architecture book after invention of printing
“De re Aedificatoria”
Church of Santa Andrea, Mantua- prototype of later renaissance
Bramante- first Roman architect of renaissance time
Pazzo Della Cancellaria
Vatican Palace, Rome
Raphael- cousin, pupil of baramnte & one of the greatest painters
Vatical Loggie
Vignola-
Villa of Pope Julius, Rome
Palazzo Farnese, Caprarola- most maginificent of Roman palaces
Gesu Church, Rome- prototype of Jesuit Church in baroque style
Michael Angelo-
Medici Mausoleum- wealthiest family in Italy
Capitol, Rome- mos successful civil work
Longhena-
Sta. Maria Della Salute, Venice- structure in the middle of canal

St. Peter’s Basilica- most famous in Italy, Renaissance period

Bramante- first architect, plan in form of Greek cross plan
Givliano da Sangallo- continued, after 2 yrs died
Fra Giacondo- died
Raphael- changed plan into Latin cross
Baldazar Peruzzi- went back to Greek cross plan
Antonio de Sangallo- younger, extended vestibule
Designed the campanile
Proposed central dome
Michael Angelo- change to Greek cross plan
Redesigned surrounding chapels & apses
Designed the dome
Giacomo Della Porta w/ Dominico Fontona- completed the dome
Vignola- added side dome
Carlo Maderna- change into Latin cross plan & colonnade
Bernini- designed the entrance piazza containing 284 ionic columns
 Panthenon, Rome- largest dome Roman
Florence Cathedral, Italy- 138’ Renaissance
St Peter’s Basilica, Italy- 137 1/2 ‘ Renaissance
St Paul, London- 112’ Renaissance
Sta Soffia, Constantinople- 107” Byzantine

 FRENCH RENAISSANCE
Chateau de Bury (typical French chateau)
Chateau de Blois (spiral shell staircase)- Leonardo da Vinci

Principal Buildings:
Palaces
Palais de Louvre (historical artifacts)- Pierre Lescot
Palais de Tuilleries- Philbert de L’arme

(residence of French rulers till 1879)

Palais de Versailles (for Louis xiv)- Le Vau
Churches
Church of the Sorbonne- Le Mercier
Dome of the Invalides (niche of Napoleon Boniparte)

 GERMAN RENAISSANCE- French style, use of bricks

Heidelber Castle
Salzberg Cathedral

 SPANISH RENAISSANCE- plateresque style

- churrigueresque style (Spanish baroque)

Plateresque- fancy design by silver crafts

Churrigueresque- inspired by Jose de Churrigueresque
- high baroque of Spanish renaissance

Palace of Charles V. Granada- Pedro Machuca, best example

Escorial (art works)- Julian de Bautista, Julian de Herera
w/ monastery, collage, church & place
Granada Cathedral- Diego de Silde
One of the grandest cathedral in Spain
Tomb of Ferdinand & Isabela & others

 ENGLISH RENAISSANCE
Elizabethan Mansion
Features:
Towers
 Gable roof
Parapets
Balustrade
Chimneystacks
Bay & oriel window
Topiary work- landscaping sculpture
Elements:
Great hall
Grand staircase
Long Gallery (upper floor)- most striking feature
Solar (withdrawing room)- warmest room

Architects:
Inigo Jones- deciple of Italian Renaissance
characterized by the use of bricks
Banqueting House, White Hall
Queen,s House, Grenwich
Sir Christopher Wren- deciple of French renaissance
St Paul’s Cathedral- greatest masterpiece, model English
53 London churches
Grenwich Observatory & hospital
Fountain court & garden façade of Hampton Palace

REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE- 19TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURE

Marked by Battle of Style- conflict between GOTHIC & CLASSIC

Arts & Craft Movement- alliance of artists & factories, paved way to …
Art Nouveau- organic & dynamic forms
curving designs
whiplash line

Victorian Architecture- Britain revival architecture

BRITAIN CENTRAL EUROPE

1830-1850 EARLY VICTORIAN
Greek Revival & Graeco Roman
Ex. Railway Buildings
Personalities
Awn Pugin
S. Joseph Paxton- Crystal Palace
S. W. Chambers- Somerset House
S. John Soane- Bank of England
1850-1875 HIGH VICTORIAN
Gothic Revival
Renaissance Revival
Personalities
S.G. Scott- Liver Pool Cathedral
S. Charles Barry- Westminter Palace
1875-1901 LATE VICTORIAN
Romanesque, Byzantine
1830-1848 JULY MONARCHY
Neo Renaissance
Ex. Vignon, Madeleine Paris
Chalgrin- Arc de Triomphe
Brandenburg Gate
1848- 1870 SECOND EMPIRE
High Neo Renaissance
Ex. Fernstel- Votive Church, Vienna
1870-1914 THIRD REPUBLIC
Neo- Baroque
 Baroque, Flemish, Renaissance Ex. Charles Garnier- Paris Opera House

 ENGLAND
Queen Anne Style- popularized by Norman Shaw
applied on domestic houses

EARLY 20TH CENTURY

 BRITAIN
Art Nouveau- Charles Rennie Mckintosh

Ritz Hotel- first building made of reinforced concrete & glass after war
- Mewes & Davies
Schools- Ecole Des Beaux-Arts- Architectural Design
Ecole de polytechnique- Engineering

Art Nouveau
France- Le Modern Style
Germany- Jugensdstil, Bandwurmstil, Tapeworm
Austria- Sezessione
Italy- Stile Liberty, Stile Inglese, English Style
Spain- Modernismo

Architects of Modern Period:

Britain: Wells Coates
A.D. Connel
C.A. Lucas
Edwin Maxwell Fry
B.R. Ward
F.R.S. Yorke
C. Europe: B. Lubetsrin
W. Gropius
Serge Chermayeff
E. Mendelsohn
Marcel Breuer

German Exponents Of Arts & Crafts:

August Endel
Henri Vande Velde
Viennese Architects
Otto Wagner
J.M. Olbrich
Important architects of 1900-1916
Peter Behrens- Germany
Auguste Perret- France
Adolf Loos- Austria
Foremost architects of Modern Period
Erich Mendelson- Germany
Ragnar Ostberg- Sweden
Ivar Tengbon- Sweden
Sven Markelious- Sweden
Gunnar Asplono- Denmark
Prominent Art Nouveau Architects
Mckintosh- Scotland
Antonio Gaudi- Spain (undulating lines) Sagrada Familia
Victor Horta- Belgium
th
19 century Precedents of Modern Architecture
Crystal palace- Joseph Paxton
Halles Centralles (market)- Baltard
Bibioteque Nationale (lib)- Henry Labrouste
Pioneers of Modern Architecture
Otto Wagner- Austria
Peter Behrens- Germany
August Perret- France
Hendrik Berlage- Holland
Louis Sullivan- U.S.
19th Century Inventions:
combination of glass & steel
folded slab- introduced by Eugene Freyssinet
flat slab- by Robert Millart
laminated timber (plywood)

AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE
Georgian/ Colonial Architecture

White House, Washington- Mckim, Mead & White

Independence Hall, California- Andrew Hamilton

 NATIONAL PHASE
1. Post Colonial Period- 1790-1815
Departure from English architecture to French influence
Revival period in U.S.A.

Classic Revival example:

Capitol, Washington D.C.- Thornton, Hallet & Latrobe
University of Virginia- Thornton, Hallet & Latrobe
Montecillo Virginia- Thornton, Hallet & Latrobe
Plan of Washington D.C.- Charles Pierre L’ Enfant
Federal Hall, Washington D.C.- Charles Pierre L’ Enfant
Washington Monument, Washington D.C.- Robert Mills
Philadelphia Exchange- William Stricklamp
 Revival of Gothic example:
Trinity Church, New York- Richard Upjan
St. Patrick’s Cathedral- James Wrenwick

2. 1st Eclectic Period- 1815-1860

predominant style of Greek architecture
balloon frame introduction in building construction
use of cast iron as building material

3. 2nd Eclectic Period- 1860-1930

most important period in architecture in U.S.A.
Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia- 1876
Worlds Columbian Exposition, Philadelphia- 1893
Predominant style:
Gothic Revival- initiated by Henry Richardson later by
Louis Sullivan
End of Gothic Revival Frank Loyd Wright
Beaux-Arts- more academic in character

St. John the Divine Cathedral, NY- Le Farge

Marshal Field Store, Chicago- Henry Richardson

Skyscraper- dominant: innovations

metal frame construction
non- load bearing curtainwall
elevator

4. 1930- Modern Period in America

Walter Gropius
Erich Mendelsohn
Mies Vander Rohe
Eliel Saarinen
Bauhaus

MUSLIM ARCHITECTURE
Principal building: Masjid/ Mosque
3 types:
Fami Masjid/ Friday Mosque- biggest
Madrasa- colligiate mosque, learning
Tomb Mosque

Characteristics of Friday Mosque:

Minaret- tower
Maqsura- screen
Dikka- reading desk
 Mihrab- niche
Mimbar- palpit
Liwanit- colonnade
Fawara- fountain
Sahn- open space

Characteristics of mosque:
Dome
Colonnade- trefoil, ogee, horseshoe, lancet
Ornaments- Mnemonic inscription (text)
Superimposed ornaments- in layers
Stalactite- found in pendentives (muqarna)
3d corbels
Examples of Muslim Architecture:
Arabian Saracenic-
Great Mosque Mecca
Assyrian Saracenic-
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem- holiest place
Spanish Saracenic
Great Mosque Cordova- capital of Islam religion in West
Giralda, Seville- most beautiful towers
Alhambra Granada- part of royal palace, most famous
Turkish Saracenic
Taj Mahal, Agra- most important, made of marble

INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
Characterized by Buddhist, Jain, Hindu

Buddhist-
Stambha/ Lath- monumental pillars
Stupa/ Tope- domical sacred mound
Chaitya- Indian Buddhist temple
Vihara- Indian Buddhist monastery
Hindu temple elements:
Mandapa- hall for religious dancing & music
Garbhagriha- unlighted shrine
Vimana- sanctuary

Great Stupa Sanchi- characteristic of Indian architecture

Golden Temple of Sikhs- holiest temple

CHINESE ARCHITECTURE
Roof characteristics
1. steep gable roof w/ spreading eaves
2. extensive use of roof tiles-
 yellow, green, blue- imperial palace
red- mandarin
black or gray- citizens
3. scultural works found on roof ridges- dragon, fish

Principal buildings:
Pai- Lou- Chinese gateway (3 openings)
Pagoda/ Tais- houses relic of Buddha
Temples- contains statue of Buddha
Elements:
Temple proper
Dagoba
Bell tower
Pagoda
Library
Monks dwelling
House- generally one storey
Emperor- 9 bays
Prince- 7 bays
Mandarin- 5 bays
Ordinary citizens- 3 bays

Great Wall of China- built by emperor- Si- Huang- Ti

JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE
The Gussho System- based on rigidity of the triangle
Features:
Roof construction:
1. Kiruzuma/ Gabled Roof
2. Hogyo/ Pyramidal Roof
3. Shichu- Hip- Ridge Roof
4. Irimoya- Hip & Gabled Roof
Incorporation of Buddhist altar in Japanese mansion
Incorporation of stupas in monastery
Chasitsu or tea house in Japanese dwellings
Modular planning of house & palaces thru use of tatami 3’x5’

CAMBODIAN ARCHITECTURE- Stone Carving

Angkor Thom- founder Jayavarman
- center of town Bayon (main temple 54 towers)
Angor Wat- one of architectural wonders of world
- largest religious structure in the world, behive shape towers
INDONESIAN ARCHITECTURE- Hindu influenced (stone carving)
Borubodur- largest budhist temple
Stupa in Java

MIYANMAR ARCHITECTURE (BURMA)

Principal buildings:
Chedi- Burmese stupa
Shwedagon pagoda, pangun
Kya- ung- Burmese monastery
Thein- ordination hall for monks
Pitakat-taik- Buddhist library

NEPALIST ARCHITECTURE- Budhist

Stupa- 13 tiers, symbolizes heaven
Swayambhunath Stupa, Katmandu- square base w/ eyes of Buddha

TIBETAN ARCHITECTURE
Chorten- stupa
Sakya Monastery- famous for collection of Tibetan manuscript
Potala Palace, Lhasa- palace for entertaining important people

THAI ARCHITECTURE
Wat- group of religious buildings
Bot- temple
Phra chedi- stupa w/ a round tower
Phra prang- stupa w/ elliptical tower
Pra sat- royal throne hall
Mondop- library
Sala- pavilion for resting
Kuti- monastery

Phra Pathom Chedi- most important architectural landmark in Thailand

FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE