EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE ASIASIASTIC ARCHITECTURE

WEST ASIA
Character: simplicity, massiveness, monumentality
Material: stone and brick BABYLONEAN AND ASSYRIAN
System: columnar and trabaeted Character: simplicity, massiveness, grandeur
Comparative analysis: Material: brick
Plans- irregular and asymmetrical System: arch and vault
Wall- no windows (batter wall) Comparative analysis:
Openings- doors are square headed Plan - palaces are elevated on platforms w/
Roof- flat roof room covered by vaults
Columns- interior only, 6d Walls - are built with sun died bricks,
- bud & bell, palm, foliated, hatthor head, osiris, battlement cresting
polygonal
Mouldings- torus and gorge ASSYRIA finished w/ chiseled alabaster slab
Openings - doors are semicircular headed w/
PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS: sculptured monstrers
Roof - externally appeared flat but covered by
Egyptian Tombs: brick vaults internally
Columns - no columns
Mastaba- stairway, halfshrunk, elaborate structure Mouldings- no mouldings
elements: offering chapel w/ stele (slab) serdab Ornaments- chiseled alabaster slab
(statue chamber) sarcophagus
Principal buildings:
Pyramid- square in plan, oriented in cardinal sides Ziggurat: holy mountains
elements: offering chapel mortuary Archaic ziggurats- rectangular w/ upper temple
chapel Multi level ziggurats- 2 to 5 tiers
elevated causeway (passageway) Assyrian ziggurats- square in plan w/ continous
valley building (embalmment) ramp w/ fire altar
types: step (zoser)
slope Palace: usually built by Assyrian
blunt (seneferu) elements: seraglio- palace proper
Rock-cut- mountain side tombs harem- private family apartments
elements: passages khan- service chamber
sepultural chamber
Egyptian Temples: Palace of Sarbon, Corsabat

CULT TEMPLE- worship of the gods

PERSIAN
MORTUARY TEMPLE- to honor the pharos (architect of light and airy magnificence, open type plan)
elements: pylon (entrance or gateway) Material: stone for columns, brick for wall surface, timber for
hypaethral court (open to the sky court) roof
hypostyle hall (pillard or columnar hall) System: royal palace are built on platforms to achieve
sanctuary monumentality
: columnar and trabaeted
MINOR TEMPLE- mammisi temple (carved along mountain) Comparative analysis:
Plan - open widely spaced columns
OBELISK TEMPLE (monumental pillars, square in plan) Wall - made of bricks covered w/ polychrome
brickwork
Sphinx: (mythical monsters) Openings - windows and doors are square headed
Roof - flatroof made of timber
Mastaba of Thi, Sakkara- Columns - tall & slender w/ flutted shafts, 15d &
Pyramid of Gizeh- Cheops, Chepren, Mykerinos scroll, twin horse capital
Tombs of the Kings, Thebes Mouldings- Greek & Egyptian
The Great Temple of Arnak (greatest example of Egyptian Ornament - polychrome brickwork
temple)
Great Sphinx at Gizeh (god horus) Palace Platform, Persopolis
Propylaea, Xerxes
Egyptian Architects: Palace of Darius
Senusurets- built the earliest known obelisk at Heliopolis Palace of Cerces
Amenemhat I- founded the great temple at Karnak Hypostyle Hall of Cerces
Thothmes I- began the additions to the temple of Amnon Hall of Hundred Columns
Karnak
Amenophis III- built the famous Colossi of Memnon
Rameses I- began the hypostyle hall at Karnak
Seti I- built the temple at Abu- Simber
Ptolemy II- built the pharos of Light House
Ptolemy III- founded the Great Seradeum at Alexandria
GREEK ARCHITECTURE Prostyle, Amphi-prostyle
Character: Peripteral, Pseudo-peropteral
Simplicity & harmony Edipteral, Pseudo-dipteral
Purity of line
Perfection of proportions Comparative analysis:
Refinement of details Wall- solidly constructed of blocks or stones, use of
Material: marble dowels or clamps
System: columnar and trabaeted Openings- doors, windows & colonnade are square
headed
 Early Period/ Minoan or Mycenaean Roof- w/ sloping rafters covered w/ thin marble
Principal buildings: slab to permit light
Megaron: domestic unit - lacunaria (coffer)
elements: enclosed porch Column- principal external feature
megaron
proper Orders Introduced by Greeks:
thalamus- Doric Order
sleeping room Ionic order
Walls: Corinthian Order
1. cyclopean Parts:
2. polygonal Entablature- cornice
3. rectangular frieze
4. inclined blocks architrade
Column- capital
Tombs: shaft
Rock -Cut- rectangular chamber cut base
deep into the mountainside Proportion of Greek Orders
Tholos- is a subterranean vault, circular Doric Order- favored by Greeks
in shape Column- 4-6½ D
- dromos- passageway Tablature- ¼ height of order
Palaces: Ionic Order
Palace King Minos, Knossos Column- 9D
Tablature- 1/5 height of order
 Helenic Period- religious structures Corinthian Order
Comparative Analysis: (Greek Temples) Column- 10D
Simple & balance, symmetrical Tablature- 1/5 height of order
Rectangular Doric Order:
Principal buildings: Abachus
Temples: Echinus
elements: front portico Trachelion
crepidoma- Hypotrachelion
stylobate, steriobate Entasis
pronaos Ionic Order:
naos Abachus
epinaos/ Echinus- volute
posticum w/ or w/o opisthodomos Attic base if 2 torus
peroma- space Torus
bet the naos wall and columns Plinth
Corinthian Order:
Abachus
Cauli-coli
Acanthus leaves

Intercolumnation Spaces:
Hypnostyle- 1 ½ d
Systyle- space bet col 2d
Number of columns: Eustyle- space 2 1/4d
Henostyle Diastyle- 3d
Dinostyle Areostyle- 3 ½ d
Tristyle
Tetrastyle Principal buildings:
Pentastyle Temples:
Hexastyle elements: acroterion
Hectastyle pediment
Octostyle tympanum
Ennastyle entablature
Decastyle metope
Dodestyle triglyph
Arrangement of Columns: raking cornice
Antis, Amphi-antis crepidoma
 - holds
the statue of Athena
- Theater of Dionysius
- Temple of Nike
Apteros- archt
Callicrates

- Ionic
temple

Temple of Zeus, Agrigentum- 2nd largest

- archt Theron

- 3 naos

Entablature spacing: - Atlantes figure

Monotriglyph Temple of Artemis- archt Deinocrates
Ditriglyph - master
Polytriglyph sculptor- Scopas

Mouldings- Greek Theater- hallow out of hillside

parabola - 2/3 of circle
hyperbola elements: cavea
elipse orchestra- complete circle
Basis of Shape of Mouldings- at center
Cyma riversa/ olgee- Waterleaf & tongue skene- proscenia
Cyma recta- Antheneon or honey suckle (oration)
- paracenia- width
of orchestra
Ovolo- Egg & dart or egg & tongue - epicenium-
Atragal/ bead- Bead & reel background
Torus- Guilloche or plait Theater of Dionysus, Athens- prototype
Corona- Fret
Fillet cavetto escocia- Plain - largest for 30,000 people

Sculptured reliefs- free standing statuary- single or Theater of Epidauror- most beautiful &
group figures preserved
Types: bigas- 2 horse chariot - archt
Quadbigas- 4 horse chariot Polycletos

Themenos- sacred enclosure  Helenistic Period- civic structure

Acropolis, Athens Principal buildings:
- Propelea- gateway Agora- town square, center of social & business
- Pinacotheca- life
paintings Stoa- shed, long colonnade
- Glyptotheca- Prytaneion- senate building
sculptures Bouleuterion- council palace
- Statue of Athena Audeion- smaller scale theater, used for musical
Promochos Stadium- foot race course
- Erechtheon- Hipodrome- hose chariot racing, prototype of
unusual because of roman circus
carriage porch Palaestra- resting school
- Old Temple of Gymnasium- place for all types of physical
Athena exercises
- Parthenon- largest Tomb- mosoleum
- elements: pediment
geatest example of greek podium
architecture
-
archt. Ictinus
-
master sculptor-
Callicrates
- Doric
temple
-
naos- made of gold and
ivory
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Column- 9D
Character: Tablature- 21/4d
Vastness & magnificence Corinthian Order
Olstentation & ornateness Column- 10D
Material: pozzolana & lime Tablature- 2 1/2D
System: columnar, trabaeted & arcuated Mouldings- heavily decorated
Comparative analysis: Ornament- mosaic- floor, wall ceiling (Tesserrae)
Plan- assymetrical due to complexity of needs of types: opusteselatum- square for ceilings
romans opusectile- tesserae cut into
Walls- made of stone & concrete shapes for wall
Types:Opus quadratum opuspilatum- inchevron for
Opus incertum floor
Opus reticulatum - mural paintings
Opus testaceum - accantus scroll- most popular
Opus mixtum
- introduction of buttresses Principal buildings:
Types:Niche/ hemicycle- retaining wall, Forum- a central open shape used as a meeting
detached place, market or rendevous for
Spur buttress- attached to wall political demonstration.
Pinnacle- similar to spur but Forum Romanum- oldest & most
more pronounced important
Forum of Trajan- largest forum
Rectangular Temples
Temple of Venus, Rome- Appolodorus of
Damascus
Pantheon Rome ( Sta. Maria Rotunda)-
Agripa (corinthian temple)

elements of arch: keystone

extrados
intrados
string course
impost
abutment
plinth Basilica- hall of justice & commercial exchange
archivault Trajan’s Basilica, Rome- Appolodorus of
voussoir blocks Damascus
stilting Thermae- palatial public bath
rise Balneum- private bath for family
spring line elements:
span 1. main building- tepidarium-
warm lounge
Roof- vaulting system - calidarium-
types: semi circular/ wagon headed vault hot water bath
(made of bricks) -
cross vault sudotorium- hottest room
dome/ cupula -
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Column- o
Composite- Ionic volute w/ Corinthian o
Tuscan- similar to Greek Doric w/ base l
Column- 7D i
Tablature- 1 3/4D n
Doric Order- g
Column- 8D
Tablature- 2D r
Ionic Order o
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unctoria- perfume & oil e
2. xystus- large open space w/ a
landscaping d
,stadium fro
various types Loculi- recess for
of athletic c
sports o
3. outer ring of apartments- r
lecture room, p
exedrae, stores s
4. hypocaust- furnace e

Thermae of Caracalla w
Thermae Of Diocletian /
c
Theaters- orchestra is used by important people
- skene became the stage w
Theater of Marcellus, Rome- concrete e
Theater Orange- partly concrete r
Amphitheatre- gladitoria contests e
Colloseum, Rome- vast ellipse
Archts- s
Vespasian e
a
Domitian l
Circus- for horse & chariot racing e
elements: spina d
carceres
Circus maximus, Rome- largest w
Tombs /
Classes:
1. Coemetera w/ a
Columbaria- a niche
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2. Monumental tombs- similar h
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Trajan’s Column-
i Doric column, arch
n Titus
3. Rostral column- victorius
f campaigns done in sea victories
o Palaces
r Palaces of Emeperors, Rome- by
m emeperor Agustus
Palace of Diocletian, Spalato- largest
& Roman Houses
Villa- country house
p Insula- tenement house for workers
l Domus- private house
a elements:
n 1. prothyrum
Mausoleum of 2. atrium-
Agustus, Rome entrance court
Mausoleum of open to the sky
Hadrian, Rome (Castle of Angelo)
3. Pyramidal tombs impluvium- water
4. Temple shaded tombs cistern
5. Sculptured memorials- 3. tablium- open
minor tombs of varied designs saloon
6. Cenotaphs- memorial 4. peristyle- inner
monum colonnaded
ents to court (open)
person 5. cubicula-
buried bedrooms
elsewh 6. triclina- dining
ere room
Commemorative Monuments 7. oecus-
1. Triumphal arch- 3 openings, for reception room
emperors 8. alae- reception
2. Pilar of victory/ memorial column- for
r conversation
e 9. kitchen &
c pantry
Aqueduct-
o for water supply of towns & cities
r Aquaclaudia- Caligula & Claudius
d Pontgard, Nimes- mos manificent 25
miles long
Pons-
t roman bridges
Fountains
r
 Types: Locus/ Lacus- large basin of
water
Salientes- provide water

 Etruscan Period
Introduced radiating arch
Tuscan column/ similar to Greek Doric w/ base
Atrium in domestic planning
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE Mosaic
Character: Mural paintings
Simplicity in design and treatment Ornaments: symbolism
Coarseness in execution Peacock- symbol of eternal life
Material: savaged from pagan structures Endless knot- eternity
Basilican plan for churches (east oriented) Chirho- Jesus Christ
System: trabaeted & arcuated
Comparative analysis: Sta. Soffia of Constantinople, Hagia Sophia- for
Plan- evolved from roman basilica emperor Justinian
built on site of saints burial places Arch. Arthemus of Tralles
elements: bell tower
atrium- with fountain Isodorus of Miletus
narthex
nave- sude aisles - now a muslim mosque
choir- cancelli (low walls) St. Mark, Venice Italy- most important example
high altar- baldochino, of Byzantine
crypt/ confessio/ cimborium
ambo
apse- for bishops & ROMANESQUE- “roman like art”
cardinals Character: Sober & Dignified
Material: stone & brick for Germany
Materials: Masonry & concrete System: arcuated
Walls- exterior- concrete w/ plain plasters principle of equilibrium through vaulting system
- interior- mosaic made up of rib & panel vaulting
Openings- arcaded, doors & windows are span w/ Comparative analysis:
semicircular arches lintels or Plan- Latin Cross plan (west oriented)
entablature External feature- towers on nave & transept,
Roofs-Nave- timber trusses facades
Side aisles- semicircular arches Walls- supported by pilaster strips
Apse- side dome
Columns- 4 roman columns
Mouldings- roman mouldings are adapted, very
crude
Ornament- linked to Christian religion
2 basic ornaments: mosaic
mural
paintings
Example of Basilican Churches:
Basilican Church of St. Peter, Rome
Church of St. John Lateran

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
Removed the atrium Windows- rose or wheel windows
Narthex became the entrance
Covered by dome roof- external features
Character:
Simplicity in external design Roof: Rib & panel Vaulting
Richness in internal treatment 1. quadripartite
Material: bricks used for walls & concrete for domes
Marble for columns
System: fusion of domical construction
Classic columnar & trabaeted style 2. sexpartite
Comparative analysis:
Plan- Greek cross plan
Walls- bricks Column:
Exterior- brick in various design
Interior- mosaic & marble
Openings- are spanned by semicircular arches
or lintels
Windows- 3” thick translucent marble
Roof- dome Mouldings- are usually in horizontal courses,
Types: Simple- pendentives, dome deviated from roman
Compound- supported by Ornamets- fresco paintings- principal
drum - vegetable & animals forms
Melon shaped- with flutings
Principal buildings:
Columns: dosseret block, soffit, capitals Monastery
Elements: Monastery church
Mouldings: Billet moulding Cloister court
 Inner court Roof- ribbed & paneled vaulting
Common court Column- group column
Mouldings- 45 deg from wall
Ornaments- stained glass & figured sculpture
Countries that adapted Romanesque:
Countries that adapted Gothic:
 ITALY
 FRENCH GOTHIC
Central Italy- ornamental façade- rising one from 1. Primary/ Lancet Period- pointed arches &
another geometric tracery windows
North Italy- rose window 2. Rayonnant Period- circular windows w/ wheel
tracery
Pizza Cathedral 3. Flamboyant Period- flame like or free flowing
Pizza Campanile tracery
Cathedral
Baptistery Principal Buildings:
Cathedrals
Notre Dame, Paris- oldest Gothic
Cathedral
By bishop
Maurice De Sully
Finest &
most characteristic French gothic
Chartres Cathedral- 130 stained galss
windows
 FRENCH ROMANESQUE Profussion
of sculptured figures in west front
Southern France- Muslim influence due to pointed Rheims Cathedral- coronation church of
arch kings of France
Northern Italy- flanking towers 500
carved statues on west facades
Madeleine Vezelay- earliest form of Ameins Cathedral- archt Robert de
cross-pointed vault in France Luzarches
Abbaye-Aux Homes, Caen Order- Typical
prototype of Gothic French cathedral
Carved
 GERMAN ROMANESQUE woodwork on choir stalls
Beauvais Cathedral- tallest in Europe,
East & west apse 157’ to the vault
1 of the
Worms Cathedral- emperor wonders of medieval in France
Charlemagne
Fortified Towns
Carcassone- 50 towers, moat & walls
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
France- style ogivale Castles
- lofty & aspiry quality Chateau de Perrefonds- elongated
- structural honesty location, overlooking town
- economy in use of material Arch.
System: Arcuated w/ Pointed Arches Viollet- le- Duc
Material: stone
Principal building: Cathedral- Latin Cross (west oriented)  ENGLISH GOTHIC
Plan- asymmetrical
Walls- rubble masonry, buttress to support walls English gothic vaulting: formerets
diagonal ribs
ridge ribs
transverse ribs
tierceron
boss- covering of ribs (pendant)

Moulding- nail head

 Double cone

Dog tooth cable

Ball flower

Tablet flower

Embatled sandwich

Classification of English Gothic Mouldings:

1. bowtel- ¾ of a circle
2. pointed bowtel- roll moulding in w/c
2 faces meet in a blunt arris
3. bracket/ brace- double ogee
4. wave moulding- a slight connexity Cantherbury Cathedral- 1st
followed by hallows
5. keel moulding
6. scroll
7. casement
8. hood & label

Types of Trusses:
1. tie beam
2. trusted rafter
3. hammer beam
4. collar beam
5. aisle roof

Winchester Cathedral- longest

Principal Buildings:
Cathedrals
1st div- Cathedral of the Old Foundation-
served by secular clergy
York Cathedral- largest
cathedral among English cathedral
Salisbury Cathedral- English
gothic caharcteristic

2nd div- Cathedral of the Monastic

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3rd div-
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Foundation- served by bishops
b presence of 2 chapels- lady
chapel- Virgin Mary y

- chantry chapel- patrons are

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 Monastery RENAISSANCE- “rebirth of classical”
Westminster Abbey- largest Benedictine Character: Dignity & Formality achieved thru symmetry
Founation System: Trabaeted and Arcuated
Triple Elements: pediment, horizontal cornice, columnar arcade
group of monastery
Baroque- curve lines
Coronation church & burial place for Eng kings 1. twisted column/ solomonica
Royal 2. pediment
Palace- parliament & Big Ben segmented
Westminster Church- highest
scrolled
Castles
Tower of London- builder Bishop open
Gundolf for William I
swan neck
Manor House
Hampton Court Palace- archt Cardinal broken
Wolsey
Rococo
University Comparative analysis:
University of Oxford Plans- symmetrical
Cambridge University Walls- often constructed w/ ashlar masonry, bricks
for Germany
Exterior wall- rustification- dado height
 BELGIUM & DEUTCH GOTHIC 1.20m
-eastern & western apse Doors & windows- semi circula head w/ greek
entablature
Principal Buildings: Roof- semi- circular vaults
Hall Church - dome or drum w/ semi circular windows
St. Elizabeth, Manburg- typical church in Columns- classic orders
Germany Mouldings- roman mouldings
Cologne Cathedral- largest gothic church Ornaments- fresco paintings
in Northern Europe Exterior color effect- sgrafitto (colored
plaster)
 ITALIAN GOTHIC

Milan Cathedral- 2nd largest church in Europe Countries that adapted Rennaisance:
archt Henrich Von Gmunden
Sienna Cathedral- stripped marble found in walls &  ITALY- “ birth place of renaissance”
tiers of church Florence- birthplace, typical form
Santo Corce- Arnolfo de Cambio, 1 of largest in Rome- typical
Europe Venice- receded frontage, contextualization w/
Florence Cathedral- combination of gothic & environment
renaissance
Arnolfo de Cambio Brunelleschi- most famous architect in Italy
Famous group bldg Dome of Florence Cathedral-
in the world gothic & renaissance
Doge’s Palace in Italy- civic example gothic in Italy Palazzo Pitti- largest except
Giovanni & for Vatican
Bartolome Buon Alberti- author of first architecture book after
Ca D’ Oro- one of the famous palatial homes invention of printing
during gothic period “De re Aedificatoria”
Church of Santa Andrea, Mantua-
 SPANISH GOTHIC prototype of later renaissance
- influenced by Muslim art- excessive ornament Bramante- first Roman architect of renaissance
foun in retablo time
- retablo & grilles or rajas- back of altar Pazzo Della Cancellaria
Vatican Palace, Rome
Civic Cathedral- largest Cathedral in Europe Raphael- cousin, pupil of baramnte & one of the
greatest painters
Largest Church: Vatical Loggie
St. Peter’s Cathedral Vignola-
Civic Cathedral Villa of Pope Julius, Rome
William Cathedral Palazzo Farnese, Caprarola- most
Colon Cathedral maginificent of Roman palaces
St. Pauls, London Gesu Church, Rome- prototype of
Jesuit Church in baroque style
Michael Angelo-
Medici Mausoleum- wealthiest family in
Italy
 Capitol, Rome- mos successful civil  GERMAN RENAISSANCE- French style, use of bricks
work Heidelber Castle
Longhena- Salzberg Cathedral
Sta. Maria Della Salute, Venice-
structure in the middle of canal  SPANISH RENAISSANCE- plateresque style
- churrigueresque
St. Peter’s Basilica- most famous in Italy, style (Spanish
Renaissance period baroque)
Bramante- first architect, plan in form of
Greek cross plan Plateresque- fancy design by silver crafts
Givliano da Sangallo- continued, after 2 Churrigueresque- inspired by Jose de
yrs died Churrigueresque
Fra Giacondo- died - high baroque of Spanish
Raphael- changed plan into Latin cross renaissance
Baldazar Peruzzi- went back to Greek
cross plan Palace of Charles V. Granada- Pedro Machuca,
Antonio de Sangallo- younger, extended best example
vestibule Escorial (art works)- Julian de Bautista, Julian de
Herera
Designed the campanile w/ monastery,
collage, church & place
Proposed central dome Granada Cathedral- Diego de Silde
Michael Angelo- change to Greek cross One of the grandest
plan cathedral in Spain
Redesigned Tomb of Ferdinand
surrounding chapels & apses & Isabela & others
Designed the
dome  ENGLISH RENAISSANCE
Giacomo Della Porta w/ Dominico Elizabethan Mansion
Fontona- completed the dome Features:
Vignola- added side dome Towers
Carlo Maderna- change into Latin cross Gable roof
plan & colonnade Parapets
Bernini- designed the entrance piazza Balustrade
containing 284 ionic columns Chimneystacks
Bay & oriel window
Topiary work- landscaping sculpture
Panthenon, Rome- largest dome Elements:
Roman Great hall
Florence Cathedral, Italy- 138’ Grand staircase
Renaissance Long Gallery (upper floor)- most striking
St Peter’s Basilica, Italy- 137 1/2 ‘ feature
Renaissance Solar (withdrawing room)- warmest room
St Paul, London- 112’
Renaissance Architects:
Sta Soffia, Constantinople- 107” Inigo Jones- deciple of Italian
Byzantine Renaissance
characterized by the
use of bricks
 FRENCH RENAISSANCE Banqueting House, White Hall
Chateau de Bury (typical French chateau) Queen,s House, Grenwich
Chateau de Blois (spiral shell staircase)- Leonardo Sir Christopher Wren- deciple of French
da Vinci renaissance
St Paul’s Cathedral- greatest
Principal Buildings: masterpiece, model English
Palaces 53 London churches
Palais de Louvre (historical artifacts)- Grenwich Observatory & hospital
Pierre Lescot Fountain court & garden façade of
Palais de Tuilleries- Philbert de L’arme Hampton Palace

(residence of French rulers till

1879) REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE- 19TH CENTURY
Palais de Versailles (for Louis xiv)- Le ARCHITECTURE
Vau Marked by Battle of Style- conflict between
Churches GOTHIC & CLASSIC
Church of the Sorbonne- Le Mercier
Dome of the Invalides (niche of Arts & Craft Movement- alliance of artists &
Napoleon Boniparte) factories, paved way to …
Art Nouveau- organic & dynamic forms
curving designs
 whiplash line Marcel Breuer

Victorian Architecture- Britain revival architecture German Exponents Of Arts & Crafts:
August Endel
BRITAIN CENTRAL EUROPE Henri Vande Velde
1830-1850 EARLY 1830-1848 JULY Viennese Architects
VICTORIAN MONARCHY Otto Wagner
Greek Revival & Neo Renaissance J.M. Olbrich
Graeco Roman Ex. Vignon, Madeleine Paris Important architects of 1900-1916
Ex. Railway Buildings Chalgrin- Arc de Peter Behrens- Germany
Personalities Triomphe Auguste Perret- France
Awn Pugin Brandenburg Gate Adolf Loos- Austria
S. Joseph Paxton- Foremost architects of Modern Period
Crystal Palace Erich Mendelson- Germany
S. W. Chambers- Ragnar Ostberg- Sweden
Somerset House Ivar Tengbon- Sweden
S. John Soane- Bank Sven Markelious- Sweden
of England Gunnar Asplono- Denmark
1850-1875 HIGH 1848- 1870 SECOND Prominent Art Nouveau Architects
VICTORIAN EMPIRE Mckintosh- Scotland
Gothic Revival High Neo Antonio Gaudi- Spain (undulating lines) Sagrada
Renaissance Revival Renaissance Familia
Personalities Ex. Fernstel- Votive Church, Victor Horta- Belgium
S.G. Scott- Liver Pool Vienna 19th century Precedents of Modern Architecture
Cathedral Crystal palace- Joseph Paxton
S. Charles Barry- Halles Centralles (market)- Baltard
Westminter Palace Bibioteque Nationale (lib)- Henry Labrouste
1875-1901 LATE 1870-1914 THIRD Pioneers of Modern Architecture
VICTORIAN REPUBLIC Otto Wagner- Austria
Romanesque, Neo- Baroque Peter Behrens- Germany
Byzantine Ex. Charles Garnier- Paris August Perret- France
Baroque, Flemish, Opera House Hendrik Berlage- Holland
Renaissance Louis Sullivan- U.S.
19th Century Inventions:
 ENGLAND combination of glass & steel
Queen Anne Style- popularized by Norman Shaw folded slab- introduced by Eugene Freyssinet
applied on domestic flat slab- by Robert Millart
houses laminated timber (plywood)

AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE
EARLY 20TH CENTURY Georgian/ Colonial Architecture

 BRITAIN White House, Washington- Mckim, Mead & White

Art Nouveau- Charles Rennie Mckintosh Independence Hall, California- Andrew Hamilton

Ritz Hotel- first building made of reinforced  NATIONAL PHASE

concrete & glass after war 1. Post Colonial Period- 1790-1815
- Mewes & Davies Departure from English
Schools- Ecole Des Beaux-Arts- Architectural architecture to French influence
Design Revival period in U.S.A.
Ecole de polytechnique- Engineering
Classic Revival example:
Art Nouveau Capitol, Washington D.C.- Thornton,
France- Le Modern Style Hallet & Latrobe
Germany- Jugensdstil, Bandwurmstil, Tapeworm University of Virginia- Thornton, Hallet &
Austria- Sezessione Latrobe
Italy- Stile Liberty, Stile Inglese, English Style Montecillo Virginia- Thornton, Hallet &
Spain- Modernismo Latrobe
Plan of Washington D.C.- Charles Pierre
Architects of Modern Period: L’ Enfant
Britain: Wells Coates Federal Hall, Washington D.C.- Charles
A.D. Connel Pierre L’ Enfant
C.A. Lucas Washington Monument, Washington
Edwin Maxwell Fry D.C.- Robert Mills
B.R. Ward Philadelphia Exchange- William
F.R.S. Yorke Stricklamp
C. Europe: B. Lubetsrin
W. Gropius Revival of Gothic example:
Serge Chermayeff Trinity Church, New York- Richard Upjan
E. Mendelsohn St. Patrick’s Cathedral- James Wrenwick

2. 1st Eclectic Period- 1815-1860
predominant style of Greek
architecture
balloon frame introduction in
building construction
use of cast iron as building
material
3. 2nd Eclectic Period- 1860-1930
most important period in
architecture in U.S.A.
Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia-
1876
Worlds Columbian Exposition,
Philadelphia- 1893
Predominant style:
Gothic Revival- initiated by
Henry Richardson later by
3d
corbels
Examples of Muslim Architecture:
Arabian Saracenic-
Great Mosque Mecca
Assyrian Saracenic-
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem-
holiest place
Spanish Saracenic
Great Mosque Cordova-
capital of Islam religion in West
Giralda, Seville- most beautiful
towers
Alhambra Granada- part of
royal palace, most famous
Turkish Saracenic
Taj Mahal, Agra- most
important, made of marble

Louis Sullivan INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

End of Characterized by Buddhist, Jain, Hindu
Gothic Revival Frank Loyd Wright
Beaux-Arts- more academic in Buddhist-
character Stambha/ Lath- monumental pillars
Stupa/ Tope- domical sacred mound
St. John the Divine Cathedral, NY- Le Chaitya- Indian Buddhist temple
Farge Vihara- Indian Buddhist monastery
Marshal Field Store, Chicago- Henry Hindu temple elements:
Richardson Mandapa- hall for religious dancing &
music
Skyscraper- dominant: innovations Garbhagriha- unlighted shrine
metal frame construction Vimana- sanctuary
non- load bearing curtainwall
elevator Great Stupa Sanchi- characteristic of Indian
architecture
4. 1930- Modern Period in America Golden Temple of Sikhs- holiest temple
Walter Gropius
Erich Mendelsohn CHINESE ARCHITECTURE
Mies Vander Rohe Roof characteristics
Eliel Saarinen 1. steep gable roof w/ spreading
Bauhaus eaves
2. extensive use of roof tiles-
yellow, green, blue- imperial
MUSLIM ARCHITECTURE palace
Principal building: Masjid/ Mosque red- mandarin
3 types: black or gray- citizens
Fami Masjid/ Friday Mosque- biggest 3. scultural works found on roof
Madrasa- colligiate mosque, learning ridges- dragon, fish
Tomb Mosque
Principal buildings:
Characteristics of Friday Mosque: Pai- Lou- Chinese gateway (3 openings)
Minaret- tower Pagoda/ Tais- houses relic of Buddha
Maqsura- screen Temples- contains statue of Buddha
Dikka- reading desk Elements:
Mihrab- niche Temple proper
Mimbar- palpit Dagoba
Liwanit- colonnade Bell tower
Fawara- fountain Pagoda
Sahn- open space Library
Monks dwelling
Characteristics of mosque: House- generally one storey
Dome Emperor- 9 bays
Colonnade- trefoil, ogee, horseshoe, Prince- 7 bays
lancet Mandarin- 5 bays
Ornaments- Mnemonic inscription (text) Ordinary citizens- 3 bays
Superimposed
ornaments- in layers Great Wall of China- built by emperor- Si- Huang-
Stalactite- found in Ti
pendentives (muqarna)
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE
The Gussho System- based on rigidity of the
triangle
Features:
Roof construction:
1. Kiruzuma/ Gabled Roof
2. Hogyo/ Pyramidal Roof
3. Shichu- Hip- Ridge Roof
4. Irimoya- Hip & Gabled
Roof
Incorporation of Buddhist altar in
Japanese mansion
Incorporation of stupas in monastery
Chasitsu or tea house in Japanese
dwellings
Modular planning of house & palaces
thru use of tatami 3’x5’

CAMBODIAN ARCHITECTURE- Stone Carving

Angkor Thom- founder Jayavarman
- center of town Bayon (main
temple 54 towers)
Angor Wat- one of architectural wonders of world
- largest religious structure in the
world, behive shape towers

INDONESIAN ARCHITECTURE- Hindu influenced (stone

carving)
Borubodur- largest budhist temple
Stupa in Java

MIYANMAR ARCHITECTURE (BURMA)

Principal buildings:
Chedi- Burmese stupa
Shwedagon pagoda, pangun
Kya- ung- Burmese monastery
Thein- ordination hall for monks
Pitakat-taik- Buddhist library

NEPALIST ARCHITECTURE- Budhist

Stupa- 13 tiers, symbolizes heaven
Swayambhunath Stupa, Katmandu- square base
w/ eyes of Buddha

TIBETAN ARCHITECTURE
Chorten- stupa
Sakya Monastery- famous for collection
of Tibetan manuscript
Potala Palace, Lhasa- palace for
entertaining important people

THAI ARCHITECTURE
Wat- group of religious buildings
Bot- temple
Phra chedi- stupa w/ a round tower
Phra prang- stupa w/ elliptical tower
Pra sat- royal throne hall
Mondop- library
Sala- pavilion for resting
Kuti- monastery

Phra Pathom Chedi- most important architectural

landmark in Thailand

FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE