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Boiling Point of Organic Compound
Boiling Point of Organic Compound
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Boiling Point of an Organic Compound
1. Objective
Our objective is to determine the boiling point of an organic compound.
2. The Theory
What is the importance of knowing the boiling point of organic compounds?
The boiling point of organic compounds can give important information about their physical
properties and structural characteristics. Boiling point helps identify and characterise a
compound. A liquid boils when its vapour pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure. Vapour
pressure is determined by the kinetic energy of a molecule.
Kinetic energy depends on the temperature, mass and velocity of a molecule. When the
temperature increases, the average kinetic energy of particles also increases. When the
temperature reaches the boiling point, the average kinetic energy becomes sufficient to
overcome the force of attraction between the liquid particles. As the force of attraction
decreases, the molecules in the liquid state escape from the surface and turn into gas.
The boiling point of a liquid varies with the surrounding atmospheric pressure. A liquid at a
higher pressure has a higher boiling point than when that liquid is at lower atmospheric
pressure.
The normal boiling point of a compound is an indicator of the volatility of that compound. The
higher the boiling point, the less volatile is the compound. Conversely, the lower the boiling
point, the more highly volatile is the compound. At a given temperature, if a compound’s normal
boiling point is lower, then that compound will generally exist as a gas at atmospheric pressure.
If the boiling point of the compound is higher, it then exists as a liquid or a solid.
What are the general trends that affect the boiling point?
The greatly increased boiling point is due to the fact that butanol contains hydroxyl group, which
is capable of hydrogen bonding. But the boiling point of sodium butoxide is higher than that of
butanol because the attractive force in sodium butoxide is very strong ionic bond. The
intermolecular forces go in the order Ionic > Hydrogen Bonding > Dipole-Dipole > Van der Waals
dispersion force.
D. Polarity
Polarity of the molecule determines the force of attraction between the molecules in the liquid
state. In polar compounds, the positive end of one molecule is attracted by the negative end of
another molecule. That means polar molecules are attracted by opposite charge effect. The
polarity of a molecule is determined by its functional group. The greater the polarity, the higher is
the boiling point.
Boiling point of some common organic compounds
Compound Boiling Point (oC) Compound Boiling Point (oC)
Benzyl Alcohol 205 Ethyl Benzoate 213
Glycerol 290 Methyl Salicylate 223
Ethylene Glycol 197 Nitrobenzene 211
Phenol 182 Aniline 184
o-Cresol 191 o-Toluidine 200
Benzaldehyde 178 Chlorobenzene 132
Acetophenone 202 Bromobenzene 156
Phenyl Acetate 196 Benzoyl Chloride 197
3. Learning Outcomes
Students understand the term boiling point from this experiment.
Students understand the procedure to determine the boiling point in other organic liquids.
Students understand that the boiling point of a liquid is a constant.
4. Materials Required
5. The Procedure
7. Inference
The boiling point of the given organic liquid = ... oC.
8. Precautions
If on placing the sealed capillary tube in the test tube, the liquid is seen rising in the capillary
tube, it indicates that the capillary tube is not properly sealed. Reject this capillary tube and
use a new one.
The seal point of the capillary tube should be well within the liquid.
The acid bath must be heated very slowly and the acid is stirred to ensure uniform heating.
9. Important Words
Characterise (verb), to describe the defining qualities of an object a particular
Characteristic (noun), defining quality
Characterisation (noun): a description of the defining qualities of an object.
Compound: a substance composed of two or more elements.
Conversely: to add the opposite or reverse idea.
something that demonstrates a relationship of similarity to the
Derivative:
original.
the act or manner of spreading something. (root word- Dis- =
Dispersion:
apart. Examples; disappear, disgrace, disappoint).
that which gives an indication, an idea of the relative value or
Indicator:
quality of something.
compounds consisting of ionic bonds where the attraction of
oppositely charged ions forms the bond. In fact, a pure ‘ionic
compound’ is not possible: some covalent bonding is always
Ionic compounds:
present. A bond is termed ‘ionic’ when the electrical attraction is
greater than the covalent attraction. High melting and boiling
points are characteristic of ionic compounds.
compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in
Isomers:
their arrangement and properties.
motion or movement. Kinetic energy is the energy of a molecule
Kinetic: in movement (see potential energy).
Polarity: having two oppositely charged poles.
Properties: the characteristic qualities of a something.
Proportion (noun), the relative size or quantity of the parts.
Proportional
(adjective):
Sufficient: having or being enough.
a Dutch physicist who won the 1910 Nobel Prize for his work on
Van der Waals: the behaviour of gases. His name was given to certain weak
electrostatic bonds between atoms and molecules.
Velocity: the rate of speed or movement.
Volatile (adjective), describes a substance that evaporates at normal temperatures.
Volatility (noun):
10. Resources
Books:
Laboratory Manual Chemistry for class XI - Published by NCERT
Websites:
www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2010/10/25/3-trends-that-affect-boiling-points/
faculty.coloradomtn.edu/jeschofnig/class/class_jeschof/ch1-lb10.htm
www.youtube.com/watch
www.youtube.com/watch
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