Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE
HUMAN BODY
Dr. M- Al-Jarrah
Principles of
Human Anatomy
13th Edition
Gerard J. Tortora & Mark T. Nielsen
CHAPTER 1
An Introduction to the Human Body
ANATOMY
3
Subdivisions
a. Embryology
b. Developmental Biology
c. Cell Biology
d. Histology
e. Sectional Anatomy
f. Gross Anatomy
g. Systemic Anatomy
h. Regional Anatomy
i. Surface Anatomy
j. Imaging Anatomy
k. Pathological Anatomy
4
Levels of Organization
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organs
System Level
Organismic
Level
5
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
6
Tissues
cells are organized into tissues
groups of similarly specialized cells and the substances
surrounding them and perform certain special functions.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
7
Organs
structures that are composed of two or more different
tissues and have specific functions.
Systems
related organs that have a common function.
The human organism
a collection of structurally and functionally integrated
systems; any living individual.
Organ
8
Systems
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
9
As living organisms, humans perform several life processes that are essential for
life and that distinguish living organisms from nonliving things:
i. Metabolism is the total of all chemical reactions occurring in the body; it
includes breaking down large, complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones as well as
building the body’s structural and functional components.
ii. Responsiveness is the ability to detect and respond to changes occurring
outside the body and inside the body.
iii. Movement includes motion of the entire body, individual organs, single cells,
or even structures inside cells.
iv. Growth refers to an increase in overall body size due to an increase in the
number and/or size of cells, or the amount of substance surrounding cells.
v. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells develop into
specialized cells; stem cells are the cells which can divide and give rise to progeny
that undergo differentiation.
vi. Reproduction is the process by which new cells are formed for growth,
repair, or replacement or for the production of a new individual.
BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
11
Anatomical position
Next slides
Superior or Inferior
Superior
towards the head
The eyes are superior to the
mouth.
Inferior
away from the head
towards the feet
The stomach is inferior to
the heart.
16
Dorsal or Ventral
Dorsal or Posterior
at the back of the body
The kidneys is posterior (dorsal)
to the stomach.
Ventral or Anterior
at the front of the body
The sternum is anterior to the
heart.
17
Medial or Lateral
Medial
nearer to the midline of the body
The heart lies medial to the lungs.
Lateral
farther from the midline of the body
The thumb is on the lateral side of the
hand.
18
Proximal or Distal
Proximal
nearer to the attachment of the
limb to the trunk
The knee is proximal to the
ankle.
Distal
farther from the attachment of
the limb to the trunk
The wrist is distal to the elbow.
19
Contralateral or ipsilateral
20
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the
body’s midline as another
structure.
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the
body’s midline from another
structure.
Planes
21
transverse (cross-sectional or
horizontal)
oblique
Sagittal Plane
Sagittal plane
divides the body or an organ
into left and right sides
1. Midsagittal plane
produces equal halves
2. Parasagittal plane
produces unequal halves
22
Other Planes
23
Body Cavities
24
25
Ventral Body Cavity
Near ventral surface of body
2 subdivisions
thoracic cavity above
diaphragm
abdominopelvic cavity
below diaphragm
Diaphragm = large, dome-
shaped muscle
Organs called viscera
Organs covered with serous
membrane
26
Ventral Body Cavity
27
Visceral peritoneum
serous membrane that covers the abdominal viscera
Parietal peritoneum
serous membrane that lines the abdominal wall
32
Abdominopelvic Regions and
33
Quadrants
To describe the location of organs or
abdominopelvic abnormalities easily, the
abdominopelvic cavity may be divided into
nine regions by drawing four imaginary lines.
quadrants by passing imaginary horizontal and
vertical lines through the umbilicus.
Nine regions
34
quadrants by passing
imaginary horizontal and
vertical lines through the
umbilicus.
Right and left upper
quadrants
Right and left lower
quadrants
Clinical Application: Autopsy
36