2 Best Practices

Master Plan-Ajnala 2015-16
CHAPTER-2
BEST PLANNING PRACTICES
2.1. REGIONAL SETTING
Regional setting is a combination of two words, region and setting.Region meansan area defined by
a set of attributes. In practice a prefix is added to highlight the attributes on which the region has
been defined for example. Agriculture Region, Resource Region, City Region,Planning Region,
Administrative Region.
City Region1: The urban & rural areas located contiguously around a city that are under the
influence of the development impulse emanated by it & compromise the regional core (the city &
its fringe area) & the periphery (rest of the area in the region further divided into sub-regions having
similar structure i.e., sub-regional periphery), also Urban Region.
Planning Region2: An area, declared under town planning act, having well defined boundaries
identified by natural or manmade elements, for which the master plan or development plan shall be
prepared.
2.1.1. Objectives
1. To plan for various activities considering the requirements of L.P.A.
2. Improvement of interactions between the L.P.A. units and other surrounding towns.
3. To reduce the dependency of Ajnala on Amritsar for marketing of goods, employment,
educational facilities etc.
2.1.2 Best Planning Practices-

A. Connectivity-:
1. Efficient connectivity to surrounding areas which depend on the town for goods & services
and the cities and town on which the town depends for the same.
2. Presently Ajnala is accessible though SH 25 & MDR 63
B. Trade & Markets-:
1. Public transportation b/w areas of trade exchange.
2. Smooth roads and shortest paths for quick transportation of perishable goods.
3. Provision of Infrastructure along the roads – Eating joints, drinking water, shade for long
route transportation of goods.
C. Tourism-:
1
S.K. Kulshreshtha, “Dictionary of urban and regional planning”
2
ibid
12
1. Provision of tourism infrastructure to boost tourism in the area & spreading awareness
about these areas.
2. Provision of access through public transportation and marketing of same to make the town
an important part of Regionnal tourist circuit due to presence of two major historical sites –
Kalian wala Khoo & Gurudwara Kalgidhar Sahib.
i. Connectivity & Education-:
1. Connectivity of a small town to the larger town on which it is dependent for higher
education, higher order health facilities etc to obtain a higher rate of education and wellness.
ii. Promotion of agro based industries-:
1. Promotion of such activities for which the town exports raw material to the neighboring
areas.
2. Provision of employment opportunities & reduction of transportation b/w these two cities
3. Example :- Amritsar is dependent on Ajnala for raw products for its agro based industries.
Setting up on agro based industries in Ajnala would open employment opportunities in the
town
iii. Regional constraints-:
1. Disaster Management measures if presence of a river, border etc in or around the town to
avoid loss of life and property.
2.2. LOCAL PLANNING AREA

An area declared under town planning act, having well defined boundaries identified by natural &
manmade elements.Planning area connotes to the territories contiguous to an urban core which are
likely to be urbanized in the future next twenty years or so. According to S.C. Bansal, ‘the
contiguous areas made up of urban and rural administrative units and close mutual socio-economic
links’3 constitute the local planning area.
2.2.1. Need For Planning LPA
1. The town directly or indirectly depends upon the LPA for products like milk, fruits and
vegetables etc
2. LPA is also dependent on the town for its needs like employment, recreation etc
2.2.2. Problems
1. Unplanned Growth
2. Lack of Basic Infrastructure
3. Poor Transport Facilities
3
Bansal S.C, (1987)
13
2.2.3.Best Planning Practices

A. Planning the Core
Core as a destination and a major regional centre. Mixed use development
is encouraged in the core so that its position as an employment, retail Figure 10 Planning the Core
commercial and civic centre will be balanced by residential development,

entertainment, and facilities for tourists.In this the core of the town is
planned then the outskirts are planned. The core is more denser than the
outskirts. The LPA is planned according to the core of the town.
B. Planning the Outer Area

In this the outer area is denser than the core. The most of the population of the town is in outskirts.
There is less stress on the core of the town. Figure 11 Planning the outer area
C. Simultaneously Planning the Core and the Outer Area

In this both the area are planned side by side. Both the areas are equally
planned and none of the area stressed.
Figure 12 Simultaneous Planning
2.3 PHYSIOGRAPHY
This chapter deals with physiography. The science which treats of the earth's exterior physical
features, climate, life, etc., and of the physical movements or changes on the earth's surface, as the
currents of the atmosphere and ocean, the secular variations in heat, moisture, etc.; physical
geography. The relevance of the physical aspects are studied to know the planning of a region as
these become barriers on facilitators for a development of a region that in order to know the
problems and potentials related to physical aspects.
The following aspects have been covered to study the Physiography:
1. Topography
2. Soil Types and its Bearing Capacity
3. Wind direction
4. Temperature
5. Rainfall
6. Ground water
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1. Topography: Ajnala is found to be a plain area but the banks of sakki nala is low-lying areas as
compared to the other areas.
2. Soil: Ajnala is a part of featureless alluvial plain of Punjab. The area has varying fertilities
throughout.Thus consist as the best area for cultivation.The fertile soil is good for crop which are
grown in Ajnala. The bearing capacity should vary from1.00-2.54 kg/cm and the average is
1.18kg/cm.
3. Wind direction: Average wind speed of Amritsar is 6.8Km/hr. wind flows in west direction
more than 140 days an year.
4. Temperature: The temperature is hot for majority of the year, increasing the need for
landscaping. Temperature in Ajnala ranges from 3degree celcius to 44 degree celcius. Humidity is
75% throughout the year, lowest in the month of May June.
5. Rainfall: 75% of the rainfall is received in June to September. 18% of the rainfall occurs during
December to January. A long dry seasonal is experienced.
6. Ground water: The quality of underground water is low due to pollution. Declination is at rate
of 0.27 to 0.75 m per year. Large scale paddy cultivation leads to decrease in the water table.
2.3.1. Objectives
1. To plan according to the physiography of the area.
2. Optimum utilization of the area’s natural features
2.3.2. Best Planning Practices-

A. Physiography and Energy Efficiency-:
1. Planning of sewerage system according to the slope so the requirement of pumping is
minimized.
2. Reservoirs for storm water collection to be constructed at the point of lower slope to allow
easy clearance and reduce accumulation of rainwater on the roads.
B. Orientation & Energy Efficiency-:
1. Orientation of buildings in the N-S direction to reduce requirement of artificial cooling and
lighting.
2. Orientation of buildings according to the prominent wind direction to have efficiently
ventilated buildings & reduction in requirement of artificial cooling.
C. Native Plant Advantages-:
1. Plantation of native plants, which absorb less water, provide shade & fulfill other user
specific requirements to have cost efficient landscaping.
2. Plantation of trees such as neem, jatropha along the STPs for buffer to combat pollution.
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3. Plantation of shrubs & trees simultaneously for a thicket buffer.

4. Avoiding plantation of trees such as Palm which are not native to Punjab and have a low
survival rate.
D. Low Lying Areas-:
1. Efficient drainage system in low lying areas.
2. Rain water harvesting systems in such areas.
3. Water absorbing trees such as Eucalyptus in low lying areas
E. Microclimate-:
1. Creation of Micro climate through plantation of trees.
2. Plantation of soil purifying varities of trees
3. Plantation of deciduous trees to provide shade in the summer & sunlight in the winter.
4. Application of concepts such as aquifer recharge for upgrading the water table and reducing
the pollution content in the ground water.
2.4. DEMOGRAPHY
This chapter deals with demography. The development of a particular city, or a region depend upon
4
the most important factor i.e. population. . The word demography is derived from latinword”
demos” meaning people. Demography is the statistical study of the size, composition and spatial
distribution of human population. It refers to the collection of data and figures about different
aspects of population. This information shall form the basis for the formulation of future strategies
and policies.
Demography is the scientific study of human population, primarily in respect of their size, structure
and development.
Different components of demography are: population distribution, density & growth, birth & death
rate etc.
6.3 Population Growth
This is one of the important parameter of demography. Under this aspect the total population
of town in present and in past is compared. With the out come of this population condition, planner
is able to project the population of the town for future planning. Population growth is defined as the
change in the population with respect to the previous year taking it as a base year. The concept of
growth of population is often used to connote the change in the number of inhabitation of a territory
during a specific period of time, irrespective of the fact whether change is negative or positive. Such
a change can be measured both in terms of absolute number and in terms of percentage. The
4
Fundamentals Of Human Geography
16
phenomenon of population growth has special significance. It values as a vital index of a towns
economic development, social awaking, historical and cultural background. So, population growth
is the pivotal to the regions demographic dynamism. It is this attribute with which all other
characteristics of population are intimately related and from which they derive their significance.
Thus, the understanding of population growth in an area holds the key to the understanding of the
demographic structure of the area.
Table 6.1 : Growth Rate and Population of Ajnala
Sr. No. Year Total Males Females Growth rate
1 2001 18589 10,782 7,807 18.4%
2 2011 21107 11,347 9,760 21.9%

The population of Ajnala is 21107 persons as per 2011 while it was 18589 persons in 2001.
The growth rate in 1991- 2001 is 18.4% and it increase to 21.9% in 2011. As growth rate is not
more increase which shows that people migrate to other places due to lack of facilities.
6.4 Population Density
Population of different wards of the town has been seen under this. With the help of ward wise
population we will able to get the knowledge regarding that concerned ward facilities.
The density of population tell us the population per unit area. In simple words the ratio between the
size of population and the area. With the help of the density of the ward we are able to know how
dense the area is or is there any need to re-densify it. If the density is high then it means that the
area needs to be redensify because of congested situation. If density is low then there is capacity of
accommodating more people.
Near main chowk is having maximum density. So, in comparison to density the basic
amenities are less and not sufficient. Density of population decreases from core or centre of the city
to periphery. This area faces many problems such encroachment on the roads. Pressure on physical
infrastructure. Density of city mainly engaged with activity or use of land. The wards which having
low density are mainly on the periphery of the city because developed area is less than core area and
low intensity of land. Ward 4 and 11 having highest density due to this the land value is high and
transformation of land.
 The core areas act as the magnets for the employers due economic hub because of the
commercial area.
 This leads higher population distribution and density in the core areas as compare to the
peripheral areas.
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6.5 Sex ratio: The numerical measurements of sex composition of a population is often expressed
in terms of sex ratio. This ratio is calculated differently in different countries. In India, however the
sex ratio is calculated in terms of number of female per thousand males.
Sex Ratio
870
860
850
840
830
2001 2011
Figure6.1: Sex Ratio
6.6 Literacy rate: It is the number of literate person in total population. It shows the development
of area.
Literacy
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
2001 2011
Figure 6.1: Literacy
6.7 Workers/ non workers: It is number of people involved in any economic activity it is
important to calculate the unemployed persons of an area.
Workers
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
workers non workers
Figure 6.2: Working Ratio
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6.8 Male/Female Ratio

Under this aspect male/female ratio of town is studied and it is found that male/female ratio of town
is 860:1000. But when it is came to back level it is about 840 female/1000 males which clearly
depict that the ratio of female is less in number.
Total Population
12,000
10,000
8,000
Males Females
Figure6.3: Male/Female Distribution
These are basically border are villages which are lacking in basic facilities and services and also
people are not aware or educated which results into social bad practices like female feoticides.
6.9 Schedule Caste Population

This amount of population depicts that the town is still backward, especially the border area. Also
industries have decreased which led the labour to move in other district so resulted in a very
increase of SC population.
Table 6.2 : SC Population
No. of Wards Total Population Scheduled Castes
Population
1 1098 77
2 1090 154
3 2038 701
4 2995 715
5 1394 349
6 1738 571
7 902 7
8 1152 54
9 1000 72
9 ex. 1197 100
10 1857 178
11 1146 0
12 1807 800
13 1696 153
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Total & SC Population

Total Population SC Population
16%
84%
Figure 6.4: Total and SC Population
6.10 Literacy Rate

In this the status of people with respect to education. In this literacy rate of population is studied in
town. The total rate in 1991 is 42% and in 2001 it is increased to 46% and most town lies in this
range only.
Table 6.3 : Literacy Rate of Three Decades

Year Total Literates Percentage
1991 6824 40
2001 7993 43
2011 10342 49
Source: Statistical Abstract
Literacy
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
year 2001 year 2011
Figure 6.5: Literacy Rate of Two Decades
6.11 Workers/non workers

In this aspect it is study that people are involved in which type of activity. It may be primary
secondary or tertiary. This will give the view that in what type of activity the majority of the town is
going.
Year Workers Non-workers
2001 6784 11805
2011 7868 13239
Source: Census, 2001-2011
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Working Distance
50
40
30
20
10
0
>1 2_5 <5
Figure 6: Working Distance
6.12 Proposals
1. Increase employment
2. Increase literacy rate
3. Decrease migration
For this proposal we will provide following activities:
 Provide new trade and commercial area to increase employment.
 Improve tourist activities to increase employment.
 Provide agro. bases industries to increase employment.
 Provide free educational institutes to increase literacy rate.
 Provide separate schools for girls.
 Provide higher educational institutes like I.T.I, college etc.
 Provide health facilities like hospitals, dispensaries etc.
 Connecting with nearby areas like Amritsar
2.5. HOUSING
While doing master plan, housing is a very important aspect to be studied because it depicts the
existing conditions of housing stock and demand and predict the housing shortage so that proper
provisions can be made in the future according to the increasing population considerations.
Housing is a provision to fulfil the needs and demands of shelter of a particular set of people,
groups and communities. Quality of life depends largely on the kind of housing facilities which are
available. Also it can be defined as:
1. The total physical environment within and outside the house where families and households
live and includes houses and all necessary utilities, community facilities, park, playground,
and roads.5
5
S.K.Kulshrestha (Dictionary Of Urban Regional Planning)
21
2. It is a layout and development of residential unit in which people can live in pleasant,
peaceful and healthy surrounding with socio cultural and recreational facilities.6
3. Environment of locality or a town where people live & perform various types of activities.
A house is basically a single dwelling unit while housing is used for environment of locality or a
town where people perform various types of activities. A household may be defined as a group of
persons, related or otherwise, living in the same dwelling and share meals and expenses related to
housekeeping.
Housing is an integral part of overall improvement of human settlements and economic
development. While undertaking Urban Study for a master plan, housing is an important factor to
be considered so that the problems related to housing such as housing shortage, lack of
infrastructure, haphazard and unplanned growth of housing development can be checked.
2.5.1. Significance
While preparing a master plan, housing is an important factor to be considered so to:
1. To improve the standard of living of the people.
2. Housing is a major source of providing safety and security to the people.
3. It will help in physical and mental development of the people.
4. To check the shortage of housing in the city
5. For the provision of infrastructure.
6. To check the planned and unplanned areas of the city.
2.5.2 Housing Stock In Ajnala
Housing Stock refers to the number of houses that already exists.It helps in predicting the shortage
of housing in an urban area and future trends of its growth, so that housing can be supplied to the
houseless population according to changing population demand.
The total land of Ajnala town under residential use accounts 16.31% of the total town area.
According to 2001 Census, the total number of households in Ajnala are3718 and total number of
houses are 3256. According to 2011 Census, the total number of households in Ajnala are4060 and
total number of houses are 3766.
Table 2.2. Households and Housing Details of Ajnala
Total population 21107
Total no. of households 4060
Total no. of houses 3766
Total houseless population 1470
Total no. of houseless households 294
Source: Census 2011- Housing Tables
6
G.K.Hiraskar (Fundamental Of Town Planning)
22
In Ajnala, 1470 people i.e. 6.96% of the total population is houseless. This shortage of houses
mainly belongs to LIG & EWS population. The following table shows the ward wise data of
number of houses shortage in each ward of Ajnala.
Table 2.3 No. of Houses Shortage
Ward No. Total No. of Houses Shortage of Houses
1 193 26
2 196 22
3 389 19
4 567 32
5 256 23
6 339 9
7 169 11
8 219 11
9 197 3
10 368 3
11 197 32
12 354 7
13 322 17
Source: Computed values
In Ajnala, the percentage of occupied houses is 94.95% which is quietgood.The continued existence
of slums and housing shortage may be explained by the fact that their inhabitants cannot afford good
housing and the private sector will not supply at the price that they can afford. In ward no. 1, 2,3 ,4
5,11 & 13, there is an excess of houses ranging between 15-30.
7.4 Solutions of Housing Problems :
7.4.1 Affordable Housing
 As per Us department of housing and urban development, the generally accepted definition of
housing affordability is ‘for a household to pay no more than 30% of its annual income on
housing. Families who pay more than 30% their income for housing are considered cost
burdened and may have difficulty affording necessities such as food, cloth, transportation and
medical care.
 According to Jones langlasalle’s affordable housing means whilst most of the definition for
affordable housing consider area, price and affordability of the occupation, the key ideas of
making affordable housing work through adequate amenities and appropriate location remain
unanswered. Per our assessment, affordable housing has to be defined on the basis of four
criteria as follows :
7.4.1.1 Minimum volume of habitation
As pressure on urban land increase, architecture of all forms, be it commercial or
residential, are going vertical. Whilst most definitions adopt an area standard, we have an
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additional volume standard. This provides flexibility to architects to work on vertical

planning of a dwelling unit as well.
7.4.1.2 Provision of basic amenities
Whilst most definitions dwell on minimum area and cost considerations, provision of
basic amenities such as sanitation, adequate water supply and power to the dwelling unit is
crucial. Also, provision of community space and healthcare facilities, either within the
projector in the neighbourhood, are desirable depending upon the size and location of the
housing project.
7.4.1.3 Cost of the house
Whilst assessing affectability of the buyer, the cost of the house should consider not
only the purchase costs but also the maintenance cost of the dwelling unit. Lower operational
and maintenance costs using sustainable feature is key to any affordable housing project.
While LIG and EWS are likely to get public and private subsidies at the time of buying a
house, high operational costs might lead them agin to squatter settlements and slums.
7.4.1.4 Location of the house

An affordable housing project should be located within reasonable distance from workplaces
and should be connected adequately through public transport. If housing is developed very
far away from major workplace hubs in a city or entails expensive transport costs to the city,
whilst price of the residential units might be low due to lower land costs, the housing +
transportation (h+t). Affordable is greatly affected in the case of affordable housing, key
industrial nodes can also serve as workplace hubs.
7.4.2 Slum Redevelopment
The main objective of redevelopment to provide shelter along with the basic needs like water, road,
drain, storm, water disposal, solid waste disposal, sewerage, street light etc.are in one package
which provide hygienic and habitable condition to the poor, which will be definitely up lift the
standard of living. In India redevelopment is done at Virar, Thane, Maharashtra where they provide
houses, community center, temple and also done rainwater harvesting.
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/sslele456/a-slum-redevelopment-project
7.5 Objective
 Producing small and inexpensive housing for middle and low income groups.
 Health and quality of life.
 Economic and social vitality.
 Work area living relationship.
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7.6 POLICIES & PROPOSALS

POLICIES
 The core focus of NUHHP, 2007 is provision of “Affordable Housing for All” with
special emphasis on vulnerable sections of society such as LIGs, EWS, Minorities & the
urban poor.
 Eradication of slums by rebuilding the same site into high/ density & medium rise
apartments for slum dwellers & provide basic amenities to them.
7.7PROPOSALS
 Suitable buffer will be provided between industry and industrial housing hence no effect of
pollution on housing.
 In housing for industrial areas, the flats will be provided for labour and other class services.
 The neighborhoods proposed should be in bigger size so as to avoid development of

unapproved colonies & in sustainable development by efficient utilization of land.
 Low density of population is to be proposed in periphery areas in open environment &

accordingly the medium density in between them.
 Implementation of RAY projects.
 Provision of affordable housing for LIG and EWS, probably near their work places.
 Provision of formal parks, playgrounds, open spaces with an adequate landscapping with
indigenous planting.
 Vacant land in the city need to be occupied & the spread of layouts need to be minimized
based on the concept of developing a “compact city”.
 Mixed use urban fabrics to be encouraged for live-work relationship particularly in core.
 Mixed use need to be regulated in order to manage & mitigate the adverse impact like
congestion, increased traffic through efficient circulation & parking provisions.
 Urban design & healthy environment is to be maintained through converging skyline

towards the outskirts for the conical shape of the city structure.
 Insitu development & Resettlement of slums located on infrastructure land & vital public
projects & only be done if condition become worst & danger to health.
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2.6. INDUSTRIES
Industry is the production of an economic good or service within an economy. It is segment of the
economy involving the manufacturing and transportation of products. Industries generate
employment, bring infrastructure and in manufacturing.
Definition of industries:
a) The place where processing of raw material and manufacturing of goods takes place.7
b) An industry is a group of manufacturers or businesses that produce particular kinds of goods
or services.8
Best Practices:
a) Location: areas to avoid the negative impact of the pollutants
released from the industries on the community.
b) Buffering:The industries should have a dense buffer with plantation
of trees such as neem ( air purifying) and Jatropha ( soil purifying) Figure: Location
to balance the harm caused to the environment.
c) Mixed Use: Green industries, should be planned within the
commercial areas. Ex:- The ground floors can be utilized by the
retailers and the upper floors by green industries, thus giving them a
local market cutting down their transportation costs. Figure: Buffer
d) Treatment before Disposal:The industrial waste should be treated before it is disposed off,
against the current situation of it being directly thrown into the Sakki Naala.
e) Loading/ Unloading areas: Provision of loading /unloading areas is necessary for industrial
areas to avoid these activities on the roads. Encroaching them, and causing traffic jams,
congestion on roads etc.
2.7. TRADE AND COMMERCE
This aspect deals with commercial area. Commercial areas in a city can take up about 5% of a city’s
land. It is used for commercial activities these activities include the buying and selling of goods and
Services in Retail Businesses, Wholesale and informal activities. We need a commercial area for it
generates income or fiscal resources for town and to satisfy the basic requirements of the people.
The relevance and importance of commercial area is firstly the economy of the city is depending on
commercial area. It provides jobs and opportunities and serves day to day needs of people.
Commercial area serves the entire income group like HIG, MIG, LIG and EWS.
2.7.1. Problems and Potentials
7
http://en.wikiepedia .org/wiki/industry
8
www.vocabulary.com/dictonary/industry
26
There are various types of markets available in Ajnala; main markets are near Bus Stand. The
informal sector around Bus Stand causes encroachment, load on existing infrastructure and
unhygienic condition. Disposal of garbage in front of shops creates problems related to environment
and creates bad impression. The commercial area is present on main roads with shop in front and
residence at the back leading to loading/unloading and parking along the roads causing
encroachment and reduction in effective road width. The daily need shops are present at regular
distances which serve the whole town. The developing commercial area is acting as a boon to the
economy of the town.
2.7.2. Policies
A. National Urban Street vendor’s policy, 2009
This policy recommends for providing planned space for the informal sector, under which
temporary structures are first provided and then they are transformed into permanent structures.
Policy aims to develop a legal framework through a model law on street vending which can be
adopted by States/Union Territories with suitable modifications to take into account their
geographical/local conditions. The specific objectives of this Policy are elaborated as follows:
a) Legal Status: To give street vendors a legal status by formulating an appropriate law and thereby
providing for legitimate vending/hawking zones in city/town master or development plans including
zonal, local and layout plans and ensuring their enforcement;
b) Civic Facilities: To provide civic facilities for appropriate use of identified spaces as
vending/hawking zones, vendors’ markets or vending areas in accordance with city/town master
plans including zonal, local and layout plans;
c) Organization of Vendors: To promote, where necessary, organizations of street vendors e.g.
unions / co-operatives / associations and other forms of organizations to facilitate their collective
empowerment;
d) Participative Processes: To set up participatory processes that involve firstly, local authority,
planning authority and police; secondly, associations of street vendors; thirdly, resident welfare
associations and fourthly, other civil society organizations such as NGOs, representatives of
professional groups (such as lawyers, doctors, town planners, architects etc.), representatives of
trade and commerce, representatives of scheduled banks and eminent citizens;
B. Street Vendors Act, 2014
Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014 is an Act of
the Parliament of India enacted to regulate street vendors in public areas and protect their rights. It
was introduced in the Lok Sabha on September 6, 2012 by then Union Minister of Housing and
Urban Poverty Alleviation. The bill aimed at providing social security and livelihood rights to street
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vendors, has its origins in the 'The Street Vendors Policy' introduced in 2004, which was later
revised as 'National Policy on Urban Street Vendors, 2009.
4.7.3. Best Planning Practices

1. Provision of community centre in the town
2. Proper placement of dustbins at regular intervals
3. Provisions of Pedestrian pathways to reduce vehicular traffic
4. Provision of informal markets Figure 13 Community Centre
Figure 14 Proper placing of Dustbins Figure 16 Informal market
Figure 15 Pedestrian Pathway
2.8 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCYURE

2.8 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
2.8.1 Major Problems
1. Dumping of untreated solid waste on open ground near the SakkiNala
2. Lack of pipeline maintainence , thus loss of water due to leakages.
3. Degrading quality of ground water, due to bad agricultural practices
4. Improper disposal of sewage into SakkiNala, without treatment
5. Inefficient system ex :- Dead ends in water supply and lack of pipelines in all areas.
4.8.2 Government Policies and Acts governing water supply and Sewerage
A. National Urban Sanitation Policy
National Urban and Sanitation Policy (NUSP) aims at totally sanitized, healthy and liveable cities.
The policy aims at provision of clean and hygienic public toilets. Management of municipal sewage
and storm water has been highlighted in the policy. The policy underlines the directions for the
same disposal of municipal solid waste. The policy suggests various measures for efficient water
management and waste water management such as recycling and reuse of treated sewage and grey
water.
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B. AMRUT
AMRUT stands for Atal Mission for Stands for Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban
Transformation. The policy aims at provision of tap water and sewerage facilities to all individuals
among other basic services.
C. JNNURM
JNNURM stands for Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission. Its sub-mission includes focus on
water supply, sanitation, solid waste management [road network & Transportation] to redevelop and
revitalize old city areas
D. UIDSSMT
UIDSSMT stands for Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns. It
deals with provision of basic infrastructure such as water supply and sewerage in all areas.
AUWSP was one of the schemes under the policy. AUWSP stands for Accelerated Urban Water
Supply Programme which aimes at planned urban infrastructural improvement in small towns and
cities.
E. Punjab state Rural water supply and Sanitation Policy [2014]
Punjab state Rural water supply and Sanitation Policy is a state a level policy which deals with
provision of water supply and sanitation in the rural areas of Punjab.
2.8.3. Best Planning Practices for water supply and drainage9

A. Leak Reduction
Leak reduction can be reactive, i.e. reduction measures which are
undertaken after the leaks have been detected. Reactive leak
management deals with with repair of leakages.Leak Reduction can
also be active, where preinstalled measures and methods for leak
Figure 17 DMAs
management are involved. Ex:- DMAs is an effective method for
leak detection and repair. DMA stands for district meter areas, where the area is divided into
various zones, each zone called the DMA. It involves a flow based
method for identifying areas with leakage. Leaks can also be
reduced by laying of pipelines in a loop system.
B. Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Aquifer storage and recovery involves injecting surplus supply into
existing aquifers during high water flows for later recovery and use.
9 Figure 18 Aquifer Storage and recovery

Sustainable Water Resources Management, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research
29
It is also a flood control measure, as water from diver can be diverted into the aquifer for later use.
Underground water is replenished and wastage of water is prevented by this process. ASR wells are
created which artificially pump water into these wells, and when the water level is low, the water is
pumped out of these wells for various uses.
C. Soil Aquifer Treatment
Soil aquifer treatment is an artificial groundwater recharge option.
Water undergoes natural filtration during percolation through soil
and gets filtered in the process. The clean water reaches the soil and
remains stored there, thus increasing the level of ground water.
Grey water is converted to cleaner, fresher water by filtration
through soil. Losses of water through evaporation are reduced as
Figure 19 Soil aquifer treatment
the water is stored under the ground.
D. Natural Recharge
Natural Recharge of water table can be done through plantation on
vacant lands and reduction of concretization by provision of semi
paved surfaces reduces surface runoffs and ground water recharge.
E. Sand Damns / Subsurface Dams Figure 20 Natural Recharge
The sand damns maybe on surface or sub surface. The subsurface

dam obstructs the groundwater flow of an aquifer and stores water
below ground level.The on surface damn is also called a Sand Dam.
Sand dams store water within the sand . (40%) of the volume is that
of water. A concrete wall is built which fills up with sand along Figure 21 On surface Dam
with the water . 1 to 3 percent of the water flowing downstream is

retained behind the wall.
F. Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting

Figure 22 Sub surface Dam
Rooftop rain water harvesting involves the collection and storage of
rainwater before it is lost as run off. This system is often
collaborated with green roofs which further minimize the run off of
water. Pipelines collect water from the rooftops and collect them in
a reservoir which maybe subsurface or onsurface. This method can
be used for the recharge of ground water or other uses such as
Figure 23 Rooftop Rainwater
gardening or car washing etc. This process is undertaken at a Harvesting
building level for individual purposes while, can also be
30
undertaken at a macro level to create reservoirs which also serve as recreational sports and storage
tanks.
G. Storm Water Drains
Storm water drains should be laid according to the slope of the area.
The drains, instead of ending in sewers end in reservoirs where the
lesser contaminated and comparatively cleaner rainwater can be
stored for later uses. These drains reduce surface runoffs from roads
Figure 24 Storm water drains
which are concretized. This prevents the choking of sewers and
drains as additional water does not go into them.
H. Green Roofs/ Brown Roofs
This forms a system of decentralized water supply system, where
each house collects water for its own use through rainwater
harvesting and other measures, not depending entirely on the
centralized system. Figure 25 Green Roofs
I. Recharge Pits
Recharge pits are used for the storage of rain water. It is a cheap
method which involves minimal skill. Recharge pits store water for
a longer duration and penetration of water into the ground. This
helps in recharge of water table.
Figure 26 Recharge Pits
2.8.4. Best Planning Practices - Sewerage10

A. Reuse of waste water through Lagoons/ Wetlands
In wetland treatment, waste water flows through a planted soil filter
where the biological and physical treatment takes place, purifying
the water. A series of shallow ponds are created & planted with
hyacinth or duckweed which accumulated heavy metals. Microbial
action [ bacteria, plankton algae] further purify the water. Water
seeps in through the wetlands and reaches the underground water
after being purified by plants. Figure 27 Wetland Treatment
B. Decentralized Waste Water Management
Decentralized waste water management system is a system of collection, treatment and disposal/
reuse of waste water from individual homes or other institutional facilities near the point of waste
generation. Solid and Liquid fractions of waste water are utilized near the point of its origin, except
10
Sustainable and cost-effective wastewater systems, Guidance paper,Claudia Wendland ,Andrea Albold
31
in some cases where the waste may be transported to a centralized

location for further treatment
C. Eco toilets
Eco toilets are also known as composting toilets. The waste from Figure 28 Decentralised waste
water system
these toilets is recycled and broken down into useful nutrients or
manure. They are low flush toilets and reduce the pressure on the
sewerage system as the waste does not flow into the sewers rather gets
decomposed at an individual level. The waste in converted into
manure.
2.8.5. Best Planning Practices – Solid Waste11 Figure 29 Eco toilets

A. Segregation of waste
Segregation of waste can be carried out at individual level, at homes
or at a community level. Waste is put into differently bins. The bins
are usually green, blue, red and yellow coloured. Green coloured
bins are used foe biodegradable and wet waste. Blue bins are used
for non biodegradeable, dry waste. Red waste is used for plastics ,
CFLs while yellow coloured bin is used for metals. Figure 30 Segregation of waste
B. Sanitary Landfill
Sanitary Landfill is used for the disposal of inert waste, which
cannot be composed or recycled. Sanitary landfill sites usually
become degraded in due course of time, thus these sites are
provided with leachate collection systems to reduce the
contamination of soil and underground water. Waste is brought to
Figure 31 Sanitary Landfill
the landfill site through bulldozers, and the landfill is divided into
cells. After each cell is filled, it is covered by soil.
C. Composting
Composting is carried out for organic and wet waste. Anaerobic
bacteria degrade organic materials in the absence of oxygen and
produce methane and carbon dioxide.Methane can be reused as
Figure 32 Composting
fuel, soil remediation process. Composting can be undertaken at
11
Zero Waste, Robin Murray
 Integrating the environment in urban planning, David Dodman, Gordon McGranahan and Barry Dalal-Clayton,
International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)
 Towards Zero Waste: Eco-towns Waste Management Worksheet, November 2008
32
decentralized level at home such as vermicomposting. Composting at a centralized level such as

windrow composting
D. Waste to Energy - Plasma Gasification Technology.
Plasma Gasification Technology treats municipal solid waste as
well as bio medical waste. It Yields valuable by products such
as syn gas and hydrogen.It can be used for electricity
production. The major problem in the application of this
technology is that waste that is used for this technology is often
os a low calorific value due to segregation of waste at early
Figure 33 Waste to Energy
stages. This technology leads to reduction of landfill
requirement by 70 percent. Ex:- ABiogas plant has been set up in BhadurpurRopar .The waste
generated in the village is used to generate methane.Free gas supply to all villagers from the gas
generated from the biogas plant. The project was started by a farm owner DilbarSingh , providing
employment as well as energy to the villagers.Example of Waste to energy at a lower level. It is a
cost effective method.
E. Zero Waste Zero Landfill
This concepts involves the reduction os waste to be put into
landfill and treats waste like a resource. W-T-E plants are used
to produce energy from waste. Achieved by using a green
waste-management hierarchy which prevents environmental
damage – prevention reuse, recycling alternatives (energy
recovery through WTE plants), and lastly, disposal (landfill)
which has to be minimizes to the maximum possible extent.
Figure 34 Zero waste zero landfill
Sweden has undergone a recycling revolution, reducing to the
wastes in its landfills to a mere 1%.
2.9. ELECTRICITY
Electricity has invaded our lives and has become vital in almost all aspects of society today.
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electric
charge. Electricity gives a wide variety of well-known effects, such as lightning, static
electricity, electromagnetic induction and the flow of electrical current. In addition, electricity
permits the creation and reception of electromagnetic radiation such as radio waves. Electricity is
conducted through some things better than others do. Its resistance measures how well something
33
conducts electricity. It is a general term that comprises a variety of phenomenon resulting from the
presence and flow of electric charge.
The role of power supply within the whole electricity sector is purely service-oriented; i.e.
that the demand for electricity has to be supplied in time. In time means immediately because
electricity cannot be stored on major amounts. A second decisive attitude of supply of electricity is
the necessity of technologies transferring energy contained in primary resources as solar heat, wind
flow, fossil fuels or fissile materials and distributing the energy to the consumers. The key purpose
of the supply block is to give an overlook of the major existing technologies based on different
primary resources as well as an outlook on the future development. In this exercise, electricity is
stressed so as to examine the existing condition of the town’s electricity supply and the condition of
wires.
2.9.1. Problems and Potentials
City faces problems related to electricity due to its inadequate supply and power cut is the major
problem of the town. The problem also lies when some street lights do not function well and the
complaint is not registered on time by the citizens to the concerned authorities due to lack of
awareness. The problem related to electricity is the condition of wires which are not too good in the
commercial area and the electric poles are also in bad condition. The wires overhanging at few
places and joints were also found in between various wires. The problem related to communication
towers was also highlighted as these towers emit non-ionisable radiations which are harmful for
human health. Even many birds have died in last year’s and extinct seeing the growth of decadal the
birds may extinct in near future, sparrows may be hardly seen anywhere.
100% electricity is supplied to the town. There is a power cut of 12-14 hours in summers and 8-10
hours in winters. The potential related to electricity is that the whole of the town is covered by
electric supply. The Shahpur kandi Dam in Gurdaspur via Fatehgarh Churian road is the important
source of power supply to the town.
2.9.2. Policies and Acts

1. National Electricity Act, 2003
The Electricity Act, 2003 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to transform the power sector
in India. The generation, distribution and transmission were carried out mainly by the State
Electricity Boards in various States. The act covers major issues involving generation, distribution,
transmission and trading in power. It provides an enabling frame work for accelerated and more
34
efficient development of the power sector. The act seeks to encourage competition with appropriate
regulatory intervention.
An act to consolidate the laws relating to generation, transmission, distribution, trading and use of
electricity for taking measures conducive to development of electricity industry, promoting
competition therein, protecting interest of consumers and supply of electricity to all areas,
rationalization of electricity tariff, ensuring transparent policies regarding subsidies, promotion of
efficient and environmentally benign policies, constitution of Central Electricity Authority
Regulatory Commissions and establishments of Appellate Tribunal for matters therewith or incident
thereto.
2. Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission is a major initiative of the Government of India and

State Governments to promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing India’s energy
security challenges. The Mission targets 20,000 MW grid solar power, 2000 MW off grid solar
applications and 20 million sq meters of solar thermal collectors by the year 2022.The objective of
the National Solar Mission is to establish India as a global leader in solar energy, by creating the
policy conditions for its diffusion across the country as quickly as possible. The immediate aim of
the Mission is to focus on setting up an enabling environment for solar technology penetration in
the country both at a centralized and decentralized level.
3. New and Renewable Sources of Energy Policy (NRSE) 2012
Punjab has considerable potential in NRSE sector which is being harnessed. With a view to
maximize the utilization of these resources; this policy aims to achieve the following objectives:
 To maximize and improve the share of new and renewable sources of energy to 10% of the
total installed power capacity in the state by 2022. NRSE sector wise details are mentioned
separately.
 To promote renewable energy initiatives for meeting energy / lighting needs in rural areas
and supplementing energy needs in urban, industrial and commercial sectors.
Further, in order to achieve the aforesaid objectives, the following shall be the major strategic
initiatives:-
 To create conducive conditions for attracting private sector investment in NRSE projects
along with broader participation by public community/civil society.
35
 To provide decentralized renewable energy for agriculture, industry, commercial and

household sector particularly in rural areas thereby improving the quality of power and
reducing transmission & distribution losses.
 To give support to specific NRSE projects and schemes for generating energy and
conserving energy through energy efficiency.
 To support research and development, demonstration and commercialization of new and
emerging technologies in renewable energy sector such as fuel cell, hydrogen and chemical
energy, alternate fuels for transportation etc.
29.3. Best Planning Practices

A. Concept of smart grid
A smart grid is an electrical grid which includes a
variety of operational and energy measures including
smart meters, smart appliances, renewable energy
resources, and energy efficiency resources. Electronic
power conditioning and control of the production and
distribution of electricity are important aspects of the
smart grid.
Figure 35 Smart Grid
A smart grid is an electricity network that uses digital
and other advanced technologies to monitor and manages
the transport of electricity from all generation sources to meet the varying electricity demands of
end-users.
Characteristics of Smart grid:
a) Enables Informed participation by customers: Consumers help balance supply and
demand, and ensure reliability by modifying the way they use and purchase electricity.
These modifications come as a result of consumers having choices that motivate different
purchasing patterns and behaviour. These choices involve new technologies, new
information about their electricity use, and new forms of electricity pricing and incentives.
b) Accommodates all generation and storage options: A smart grid accommodates not only
large, centralised power plants, but also the growing array of customers-sited distribuited
energy resources. Integration of these resources-including renewables, small-scale combined
heat and power, and energy storage-will increase rapidly all along the value chain, from
suppliers to marketers to customers.
36
c) Enables new products, services and market: Correct designed and operated markets
efficiently create an opportunity for consumers to choose among competing services. Some
of the independent grid variables that must be explicity manage are energy, capacity,
location, time, rate of change and quality.
d) Provides the power quality for the range of needs: Not all commercial enterprises, and
certainly not all residential customers, need the same quality of power. A smart grid supplies
varying grades of power.
e) Optimises asset utilisation and operating efficiency: A smart grid applies the latest
technologies to optimise the use of its assets. eg: optimised capacity can be attainable with
dynamic ratings their capacities. Maintenance efficiency can be optimised with condition-
based maintenance at precisely the right time.
f) Provides resiliency to disturbances, attack and disasters: Resiliency refers to the ability
of a system to react to unexpected events by isolating problematic elements while the rest of
the system is restored to normal operation. These self-heating actions result in reduced
interruption of service to consumers and help service providers better manage the delivery
infrastructure.12
B. Rooftop Solar Power Generation
A rooftop photovoltaic power station, or rooftop PV

system, is a photovoltaic system that has its electricity-
generating solar panels mounted on the rooftop of a
residential or commercial building or structure. The
various components of such a system
include photovoltaic modules, mounting
systems, cables, solar inverters and other electrical Figure 36 Net metering solar power system
accessories
Individual Benefits:-
1. Consumer becomes generator for his own electricity requirements.
2. Reduction in electricity Bills.
3. Continuous supply of power in the building during power cuts.
4. Elimination of minimum monthly charges.
5. Generation is during the day time when demand is high
Environmental Benefits:-
12
electrical-engineering-portal.com/smart grid concept and characteristics; accessed on2/9/2016, 9:58 pm
37
1. Solar power is Green Power.

2. No pollution, Healthy Environment.
3. Reduces Global Warming.
4. Saving of fossil fuels like coal and other Petroleum products.
2.10. URBAN DESIGN

Urban design is the deliberate effort of guiding and affecting physical form, space and built
characteristics of an urban place in order to create places for people. Urban design is concerned
with both the function and aesthetics of spaces and buildings. It addresses the connections among
people and places, movement, city form, the natural environment and the built fabric. This Plan
seeks to provide guidance to ensure that the core Area continues to develop and provides a balance
between economic viability and successful placemaking.
Urban design is the art of creating and shaping cities. It involves arrangement and design of
building, public spaces, transport system, services and amenities. It enhances the visual image and
architecture of public space. Urban design involves different disciplines including planning,
architecture, landscape architecture, engineering and finance.
2.10.1. Problems
1. View Restriction
2. Hanging Wire Mesh
3. Unmanaged Skyline
4. No Control on Ad.Boards
5. No Control on Ad.Boards
6. Encroachments on Roads
7. Narrow streets, no sunlight
8. Lack of street furniture

A. Green Streets
1. Walkability: Promote walkable streets by providing
effective dimensions, conveniences, street level activities
and environment comfort.
38
2. Storm Water: Includes the collecting, treating and reusing of storm water. Eg: it can used
in landscaping.
Figure 37 Walkable streets
3. Traffic: Includes the balance of pedestrian with the traffic
flow. And also increase the carrying capacity of road.
4. Street Trees: Paved areas of roads are the heat islands so
trees should be planted along them to reduce its effect ,
maintain micro climate, to absorb the pollution from the
road and also for aesthetics.
5. Parking: To provide separate spaces for parking and also
separate provision for on street parking to reduce Figure 38 Street trees
encroachment on road.
6. Public Transport: Planning should be done in such a way
that it increases the use of public transport
7. Green Facades / Structures: To maintain micro climate
and provide shade.
Figure 39 Green Facades
B. Green Blocks
1. Block types: Provide different block types in terms of their dimensions, FAR, set-backs,
density, height limits and orientation relative to solar access (passive solar and daylight),
and natural ventilation
2. Dimensions: The length and width of blocks should be in
such a way that it increases the walkability and access to
public transit
3. Internal Courtyard: Internal courtyards be put to use in
improving overall ecological and social sustainability in
terms of recreation or urban agriculture or other benefits Figure 40 Access to solar Power
4. Solar Access: Using the solar energy as an alternative source
of energy
5. Density: Provide public transport according to the density of the blocks
C. Urban Green Space

1. Ecological Function: Recycling of rain water, provision of
water treatment plant and its water should be used in
39
Figure 41 Green spaces

landscaping of the town, providing landscaping around the treatment plant to reduce its
effect.
2. Value: The economic, ecological and health benefits of urban green space to be empirically
valued
3. Access: Provide access to urban green open space in terms of health, wellbeing, air quality
and recreation (for all ages)
2.11. TOURISM
Tourism denotes the temporary, short term movement of people to destinations outside the places
where they normally live and work and their activities during their stay at these destinations. The
world tourist organization has estimated that tourism is the world’s largest industry. Tourism is a
complex human activity, leading to the consumption of transportation, accommodation meal,
entertainment, and other goods and services and the planning for tourism has emerged as a distinct
activity requiring a particular knowledge and a systematic technical approach of development
planning.
2.11.1. Problems
(a)Present Problems
1. Poor accessibility to the Tourist Spots
2. Lack of Accommodation Facilities
3. Weak Public Transport Facilities
4. Lack of Parking Spaces
5. No Tourist Information Centre
(b) Future Problems

1. Rising greenhouse gas emissions
2. Water consumption
3. Waste management
4. Traffic Problems
5. Conflicts with local communities
6. Threats to cultural integrity
2.11.2. Tourism Related Policies

A. Eco Tourism Policy Punjab, 2012
40
The main points of this policy are- Identification and promotion of ecotourism potential sites,
development of permissible and ecologically sound ecotourism infrastructure and development and
enforcement of norms and standards for eco tourism activities.
B. Tourism Policy Punjab, 2003
The main points of this policy are-Improvement of the quality of tourism products, development of
places of tourist interest, provision of necessary facilities for all type of tourists an pilgrims and to
market tourist products nationally
A. Mass Tourism
It includes conventional tourism involving large number of tourists in staged settings. The mass
tourism which can be applicable in our town is Religious Tourism, the reason being- There are two
gurdwaras Kalgidhar Sahib and kalean wala khu in ajnala where every year melas are held which
can attract mass tourism twice a year .It can help generating economy to the town.
Requirements to promote religious tourism:-
1. Development of integrated infrastructure
2. Pricing of religious tourism products
3. Improving connectivity of specific religious tourism circuits to promote them.
4. Minimizing the impact on environment.
5. Adequate tourism related infrastructure like hotels, free accommodation facilities, langar
facility, eateries, restaurants etc
B. Niche Tourism
It is referred as the special interests, culture and/or activity based tourism involving small number of
tourists in authentic settings. The types niche tourism which can be applicable in our town are-
(a) Eco Tourism
The tourist are attracted to the- Natural scenic beauty, Flora and fauna and Cultural heritage of the
place. It includes minimizing the negative impacts of conventional tourism on the environment and
promotion of recycling, energy efficiency and water conservation. To protect the bio- diversity and
conserve the environment.
(b) Photography Tourism
The tourists are attracted to the scenic beauty of the place to take their photographs with the natural
and the cultural attractions. Ajanala has agricultural farms and forest (Not so dense) where people
can be attracted if the related infrastructure is provided like beautiful sitting places, public toilets,
small eateries and some species of flowering trees .
41
(c) Battlefield Tourism

The tourists are attracted to the war places, battlefields and the war museums. Kaleyan Wala Khu is
related to Revolt of 1857 where the martyrs were killed brutally and buried. It is the memorial of
the sacrifice of the Martyrs during the Revolt of 1857. A Historical Museum should be made
depicting the history of the place and the revolt can attract national tourist as well.
C. Sustainable Tourism
Tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental
impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities.13
2.12. Figure 42 Sustainable Tourism
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Disasters like flood whether natural or man-induced are creating a great loss to all sort of life-
human beings, animals, plants and resources- buildings, and infrastructure and above all cause
psychological problems. Floods are increasing with the move to material civilization, urbanization
and industrialization. With this new cult, even natural disasters are occurring because of the
disturbances in natural equilibrium caused by the greed and lust of human beings to exploit natural
resources to get rich quickly.
2.12.1. Disaster Management Basic Concepts
A. Hazard: A potentially damaging physical event, natural phenomenon or human activity that
may adversely affect human life, property or social and economic disruption or environmental
damage.
B. Vulnerability: The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental
factors which increase the damageability or proneness of an individual or community/ society to
impact of hazards.
C. Risk: Expected or anticipated losses from impact of a hazard at a given element over a specific
period of time.
13
UN Definition
42
D. Capacity: The ability of stakeholders to cope with/resist/respond to the effects of hazard or a

catastrophic event.
2.12.2. Disaster Management Cycle And Sustainable
Development
The main goals of disaster management, and one of its
strongest links with development, is the promotion of
sustainable livelihoods and their protection and
recovery during disasters and emergencies. Where this
goal is achieved, people have a greater capacity to deal
with disasters and their recovery is more rapid and long
Figure 43 Disaster Management Cycle
lasting. The objectives are to reduce hazards, prevent
disasters, and prepare for emergencies.
2.12.3. Mitigation
Mitigation activities actually eliminate or reduce the probability of disaster occurrence, or reduce
the effects of unavoidable disasters. Mitigation measures include building codes; vulnerability
analyses updates; zoning and land use management; building regulations and safety codes;
preventive health care and public education.The mitigation phase, and indeed the whole disaster
management cycle, includes the shaping of public policies and plans that either modify the causes
of disasters or mitigate their effects on people, property, and infrastructure.
2.12.4. Preparedness
During the preparedness phase, governments, organizations, and individuals develop plans to save
lives, minimize disaster damage, and enhance disaster response operations. Preparedness measures
include preparedness plans, emergency exercises/training, warning systems; emergency
communications systems; evacuations plans and training; resource inventories, emergency
personnel/contact lists mutual aid agreements, and public information/education. In addition, their
effectiveness depends on the availability of information on hazards, emergency risks and the
countermeasures to be taken, and on the degree to which government agencies, non-governmental
organizations and the general public are able to make use of this information.
2.12.5. Response
The aim of emergency response is to provide immediate assistance to maintain life, improve health
and support the morale of the affected population. The focus in the response phase is on meeting the
basic needs of the people until more permanent and sustainable solutions can be found.
2.12.6. Recovery
43
As the emergency is brought under control, the affected population is capable of undertaking a
growing number of activities aimed at restoring their lives and the infrastructure that supports them.
Recovery activities continue until all systems return to normal or better. Recovery measures, both
short and long term, include returning vital life-support systems to minimum operating standards,
temporary housing, public information, health and safety education, reconstruction, counselling
programs, and economic impact studies.
2.12.7. Policies And Acts Related To Disaster Management
A. National Disaster Management policy 2009
The objectives of the National Policy on Disaster Management are:
• Promoting a culture of prevention, preparedness and resilience at all levels through knowledge,
innovation and education.
• Encouraging mitigation measures based on technology, traditional wisdom and environmental
sustainability.
• Mainstreaming disaster management into the developmental planning process.
• Establishing institutional and technolegal frameworks to create an enabling regulatory
environment and a compliance regime.
• Ensuring efficient mechanism f o r identification, assessment and monitoring of disaster risks.
• Developing contemporary forecasting and early warning systems backed by responsive and fail-
safe communication with information technology support.
• Ensuring efficient response and relief with a caring approach towards the needs of the vulnerable
sections of the society.
• Undertaking reconstruction as an opportunity to build disaster resilient structures and habitat for
ensuring safer living.
• Promoting a productive and proactive partnership with the media for disaster management.
B. Disaster Manegement Act 2005
The Act lays down institutional, legal, financial and coordination mechanisms at the National, State,
District and Local levels.It was enacted under the Concurrent List of the Constitution of India. The
Act comprises 79 sections and 11 chapters. The Act defines Disaster and disaster management in
its new concept. It provides for the pre-requisite institutional mechanism for monitoring and
implementation of plans. Ensures measures by various wings of the Government for the prevention
and mitigation of disasters. In tune with the paradigm shift, the State Governments have been
advised to amend their Relief Codes. The Act provides for a National Disaster Management
Authority (NDMA). The State governments shall create State Disaster Management Authorities and
44
District Disaster Management Authorities. There shall be a Disaster Response Fund and Disaster
Mitigation Fund at national, state and district levels.
Best Practicies:
a) Residential area is proposed away from the core area .
b) To make earthquake resistance building mass-space relationship is
proposed.
c) A rotary is proposed in the main chownk to divert the flow of traffic
and to reduce the chances of accidents on the main chownk.
d) Redevelopment of slums is done to reduce breeding places which
causes various diseases.
e) A petrol pump is proposed away from the core area to reduce the
chances of fire accidents.
2.13. ENVIRONMENT
2.13.1. Problems
1. Vacant barren Lands, which are currently not under any use.
2. Lack of Parks & Open spaces
3. Lack of Solid waste planning which is a major cause of deterioration of environment.
4. Lack of Pedestrianization and public transportation
5. Industrial pollution – lack of buffering of industries and landfill site.
6. Lack of plantation along roads
7. Increased Ecological footprint- It refers to the rate of consumption of resources and generation
of waste.It is the measure of consumption of resources against the capability of nature to absorb
the wastes and produce new resources.
8. Currently the resources are being utilized 1.6 times faster than their replenishment
9. Carbon footprint –It refers to the total greenhouse emissions by an organization, event or
product, having global warming potential.Paved roads, glass, concrete and other building
materials have higher carbon footprints.Carbon auditis the measure of carbon footprint.
2.13.2. Government Policies and Acts

A. National Environment Policy [N.E.P.] 2006
This policy involves undertaking of Environmental impact assessment [EIA] for any major project
that has to come up in an area to assess the level of harm it will cause to the environment. It
underlines Enhancement and Conservation of natural resources, use of alternative renewable
45
resources and reducing vehicular emissions. The policy stresses on the reduction of ecological
footprint and reclamation of wastelands by afforestation.
B. Environment Protection Act ( 1986)

Environment Protection Act deals with noise Pollution Control through Location of industries
away from residential areas, buffer provisions and routing of heavy vehicles to minimize noise. The
act highlights the handling of Municipal Solid Waste through provision of waste treatment, landfill
sites & Plantation and Buffering of these sites. The problem of ozone Depletion and its prevention
has been suggested through efficient public Transportation System to reduce vehicular emissions
and reduction of requirement of vehicular travel by planning of compact mix used settlements and
enhancement of pedestrianization
C. Strategic Plan for New and Renewable energy sector [2011-17] Ministry of N & R E
This is a central level policy which highlights the power crises in the country. The policy promoted
use of renewable energy such as solar powered street lights and solar paneled building facedes , rain
water harvesting and creation of energy from waste.
D. Punjab State Action Plan on climate change
This is a state level policy to combat pollution. The policy includes Solar Mission, Energy
Efficiency, Sustainable Habitats and Sustainable Agriculture Practices
2.13.2. Best Practices for Environment Planning14

A. Green City
1. Effective land use – Green cities include compact mixed used
developments which also optimum utilization of land. Green cities
incorporate green buildings which minimize the effect of
construction on the environment.
2. Higher densities – Development of high density zone which Figure 44 Non-motorized transport
provide greater areas for the provision of parks and open spaces
which act as lung spaces in the city.
3. Plantation – Green cities include parking on vacant lands and along roads to absorb noise
pollution. The trees with canopies are planted to absorb noise pollution and minimize the effect
of vehicular exhaust.
14
Sustainable Development – An introduction , 2007, Centre for Environment Education
46
4. Transportation Management –Promotion of non-motorized modes and an efficient public

transportation system to reduce the requirement of people to travel by their personal vehicles
everyday which relieves congestion on roads and reduces the pollution due to vehicular exhaust.
5. Effective use of resources – Green cities use renewable sources of energy like solar power or
wind power to meet its energy requirements. Reduction of use of nonrenewable – pollution
causing resources such as petroleum and diesel. The use of resources is reduced and recycling in
optimized.
6. Waste to energy concept - Garbage is treated as a resource [ plasma gasification technology]
and energy is created from garbage.
7. Proximity of public to train station, bus stop and other public transportation modes to reduce the
need for travel by motorized modes.
8. Rain water , solar power harvesting and reuse of greywater to conserve water.
9. Brownfield Development to reclaim wastelands.
10. Ex :-Vancouver, greenest city in north America. 93% of energy generation from renewable
resources, NMT transportation prominent, Smallest per capita carbon footprint in the world.
B. Transit Oriented Development
Transit oriented development is compact planning along nodes,
thus reducing vehicular emissions and increasing accessibility. The
traffic generating zones are located along the main roads which
makes them accessible by public transportation. The routing of
buses becomes easy and the need to travel by personalized modes Figure 45 T.O.D.
reduces.
C Integrated development
Integrated development is the development of small independent self sustainable neighborhoods,
connected by a public transportation system; reducing the need to travel; thus making the cities
greener and reducing vehicular emissions.
d. Sustainable Development
Sustainable development refers to obtaining a balance between
social and economic development with the protection of
environment and provision of basic facilities to all. It includes high
density development, redevelopment of existing urban land,
Figure 46 Sustainable Development
47
provision of open spaces and green belts, energy efficiency and reduction of fuel consumption per
passenger.
2.13.3. Ecological Footprint

It refers to the rate of consumption of resources and generation of waste.It is the measure of
consumption of resources against the capability of nature to absorb the wastes and produce new
resources. The causes of increased ecological footprint are :-
1. Exploitation and use of nonrenewable energy resources
2. Unmanaged solid waste, untreated sewerage, industrial wastes etc
3. Lack of use of public transport, carpooling, cycling
The reduction measures for ecological footprint are:-
A. Travel Green
1. Use of electrically operated public transportation systems.
2. Use of zero emission modes of transport such as walking Figure 47 Hybrid bus
and cycling, thus planning for non-motorized transport,

provision of cycle tracks, pedestrian pathways.
3. Mixed use development to minimize the need to travel, thus
minimizing the use of petroleum and natural resources.
4. Planning for terminals – Presence of parking at bus stops Figure 48 N.M.Ts
where one can park his vehicle and board a mass transit mode.
B.Waste Wise
1. Adoption of 3 R’s of waste management i.e. :- Reduce,
Reuse, Recycle
2. Effective waste management systems :- Landfills ,
incerination, plasma gasification technologies
3. Treatment and segregation of waste before disposal.
4. Reuse of sewage after treatment.

5. Provision of Sewage Treatment Plants for an efficient
sewerage system and maintenance of public health and
buffering of disposal sites.
6. Plantation of trees such asneem (air purifying) and
jatropha (soil purifying) to nullify the negative impact.
7. Reclamation of barren waste lands by afforestation.
48
C. Emerging Energy
1. Use of renewable Energy such as solar power and wind power
to meet the energy requirements.
2. Orientation and planning of buildings to reduce use of artificial
lighting, heating and cooling. [N-S] Figure 49 Renewable energy
3. Plantation of trees to create a microclimate in the area, reducing

the need for artificial cooling .
2.13.4. Carbon Footprint
Carbon footprint refers to the total greenhouse emissions by an
organization, event or product, having global warming potential.
The various causes of increased carbon footprint are:-
1. Expanding Urban Areas and reduction in green areas.
2. Clearance of Forests to provide addition land for urban Figure 50 Breakdown of Carbon Footprint
activities.
3. Creation of large lawns instead of plantations, requiring greater water & maintenance
4. Vehicular Exhaust – Increasing number of vehicles , Dynamic age
5. Industrial Pollution and dumping of untreated effluents into the water bodies.
6. Wildfires and other natural disasters.
The reduction measures for carbon footprint are :-
1. Green Roof :-A layer of plants is present on the top of
buildings. It reduces the carbon emissions by buildings and
energy consumption.
2. Vertical Gardens :- Buildings have plantation throughout their

Figure 51 Green Roof
height. It reduces need for artificial cooling and reduces carbon
emissions by buildings.
3. Water Bodies:- Water bodies, natural or artificial should be

incorporated in plans as they lower the temperature of the
surroundings [latent heat of vaporization] caused due to
increase of GHGs Figure 52 Green Building
49
4. Trees: - Trees are a man’s best friends. Plantation of trees not only reduces carbon emissions
and reduces the effect of global warming but are also aesthetic.
5. Pedestrianization: - Reduction of use of fuels, vehicular

exhaust, promotion of public transportation for longer travel,
cycles and pedestrianisation is necessary to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions.
Figure 53 Semi Paved Pathways
6. Semi paved pathways: - Trees in parking areas, semi paved
parking area, semi paved paring sufaces to increase area under
green cover , reduce surface runoff.
7. Energy Resources:- Use of electrically operated transportation

instead of fuel run , solar or wind energy use for production of
electricity and other uses. Figure 54 Renewable energy
resources
2.13.5. Trees and Their Environmental Benefits

A. AzadirachtaIndica
AzadirachtaIndica is also known as neem. It is an air purifier. It
absorbs Sulphur dioxide, nitrous dioxide, preventing acid rains. With
an extensive and deep root system, the hardy Neem can grow and
flourish even in marginal and leached soils. It is a shady tree and can
Figure 55 AzadirachtaIndica
grow in drought prone areas.
B. Holopteleaintegrifolia planch
Holopteleaintegrifolia planchis a fast growing tree with canopy. It is
Resistant to gaseous pollutants. It has a rough leaf surface and traps
dust and SPM. It is good for road sides and greenbelts
Figure 56 Holopteleaintegrifolia planch
C. Ficusreligiosa Linn
Ficusreligiosa Linn is good for roadside plantation. Its leaves emit a
lot of oxygen into the environment. It mitigates pollution coming
out of vehicular exhaust.
D. DalbergiasissooRoxb
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DalbergiasissooRoxbis also known as Indian Rosewood. Higher Figure 57 Ficusreligiosa Linn
cholophyll contentfavour resistance to pollution. It monitors lead

concentration in the air. The tree has presence of ascorbic acid due to
which it acts as a soil purifier.
E. Nyctanthesarbortristis
Nyctanthesarbortristishas rough leaves due to which it retains dust Figure 58 Nyctanthesarbortristis
particles and SPM
F. Anthocephaluscadamba
It is resistant to gaseous pollutants and improves soil
quality.Anthocephaluscadambaproduces soil organic carbon
G. Tamarindusindica
It has an intermediate pollution tolerance index. It is especially Figure 59 Anthocephaluscadamba
useful for removal of chromium ions in the air.

Pithecolobiumdulce 24
Ficusbenghalensis 19
Polyalthialongifolia 18
Terminaliaarjuna 16
Leucanaleucocephala 19
Eucalyptus citriodora 12
Mangiferaindica 12
Table 2.4 Species of trees and their ATPI
Species APTI
Albizzialebbec 32
Cassia fistula 28
Zizyphusjujuuba 25
Azadirachtaindica 22
Ficusreligiosa 20
Psidiumguajava 18
Phyllanthusemblica 14
Tamaridusindica 14
Moringaolifera 12
Bougainvillea spectabilia 30
Calotropisgigantea 27
Poinsettia sp 24
Ricinuscommunis 21
Rosa indica 12
2.14. LEGAL SETUP

For the enforcement of any development related task there is need to have a legal backing as one of
the pre- requisite for shaping the towns and cities also for management, improvement of quality of
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life as well as maintaining law and peace in the towns and cities. Thus all urban planning,
development and management related issues of any city, state or country have their set of laws
.Planning legislation has profound implications for urban development because it defines the system
of urban government, establishes the systems of urban planning and regulations for land
development. In addition it lays down certain procedures which have to be followed in plan
preparation and plan approval before these plans are made operational. Accordingly different states
have enacted their planning laws in different forms thereby defining the planning practices for
planned development.
Legal backing is very important for the implementation of plan and for maintaining order and
controlled development. So the Legal set up plays an important role. The legal set up helps in
understanding that what procedure is to be followed for development. Every state has to follow
some rules. Every state is competent to make laws and the whole state has to follow those laws for
development that is why the law is statutory in nature i.e. applicable to entire state.
The key elements of this legal framework for controlling development are:
1. Government’s sanction to the Regional Plan or Development Plan;
2. Requirement of obtaining Development Permission;
3. Enforcement and penal provisions against carrying out development in contravention of Draft or
Sanctioned Plans.
Policy & legal framework for preparation of Master plans
Master plan is one of the most important planning approaches as provided by the British culture. Its
origin lies in the British town & country planning act, 1947. While it has long been discarded in the
United Kingdom and replaced by structure planning approach, the master plan approach is still
being followed in many developing countries including India.
Master plan is an important instrument for guiding and regulating development of towns and cities
over a period of time, and contributes to planned development both conceptually & operationally.
The primary objective of this approach is to promote growth, guide & regulate present and future
development of urban centres. It provides a tool for authorities to take decisions with regard to
current and future related issues.
Master plans in Punjab
Punjab is one of the richest state as per the urbanization is concerned. The strength to this fact can
be gathered from the census data of 2011 that urbanization level of state is 37.49% which is higher
than the national average i.e. 31.16%.
The distance between towns and cities has decreased at rapid pace due to growth of new towns and
expansion of urban area limits. To arrest the ugliness and chaotic development of Punjab, the state
52
legislative assembly enacted one comprehensive law i.e. the Punjab regional and town planning and
development act, 1995 (amended in 2006). The basic purpose for its enactment is as follows:-
 To make provision of better planning and regulating the development and use of land in
planning areas,
 Preparation of Regional Plans, Master Plans, Zonal Plans, Zonal Plans, Town
Development Schemes,
 Constitution of State & Regional & Town Planning & Development Board for guiding
and directing the development processes in the state,
 Constitution of a State Urban Planning & Development Authority & Special Urban
Planning & Development Authorities.
Procedure for making Master plan in Punjab
The preparation of master plan in the whole state is has become one of the key objectives of
this legislative framework. The Punjab state legislative assembly perhaps is the last one to
enact the comprehensive law on the subject of urban and regional planning. The procedure for
the formulation of Master Plan is as following:-
• Existing Scenario of Town: it includes the study of town’s existing conditions which help
to identify the critical issues of development. Surveys are conducted to collect data
regarding various aspects like Landuse, housing, trade, transportation, heritage, environment
etc. various surveys and studies have been conducted from different sources to analyze
existing health of towns and cities.
• Vision: after analysis the vision of city has been identified for 20-25 years. Objectives &
strategies have been formulated in lieu with social, physical growth to promote faster
development & to define future pattern of city.
• Projections & Requirement: Assessment of the existing conditions and project the future
population is the primary objective. It is very vital stage which helps in proposals for
different aspects like Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Parks & Open Spaces etc.
• Demarcation of Local Planning Area: Under PRTPDA, 1995 (Amendment in 2006)state

government can declare any area in the state as LPA on the basis of certain parameters.
These parameters are as follows:-
1. Administrative Boundary Limits
2. Geographical Features
53
3. Means of Communication & Transportation
4. Distribution of Population that is Present & Future
5. Industrial Location & Growth Trend
6. Economic Base & Commercial Activities
7. Preservation of Historical & Cultural Heritage
8. Urban Expansion & Periphery Management
9. Ecological & Environmental Balance
10. Balance Regional Development of the State
11. Dispersal of Economic Activities to alleviate pressure on large cities
• Preparation of Draft Plan: After demarcation of LPA, on the foot of vision, projections
and objectives, draft plan of the city is prepared including proposals.
• Public notice for modifications: after the preparation of Draft Master Plan of the city, the
state government invites any objections from any person in written within 30 days of the
publication & it is necessary for the competent authority.
• Final Master Plan: State government after considering the objections & consultation of
competent authority modify master plan or approve without modification. It is than
published in official gazette after 30 days from the date of approval from state government.
2.14.1Need And Significance Of Planning Law

Town and country Planning and Development involves restrictions on the use of individual's
property or private property in a manner conducive to the general welfare of the community. It is
for undertaking planned development. In other words, planning infringes on the individuals right to
property which has to be taken care of legally whereby reasonable regulations are essential in the
public interest.
Planning Laws are required basically for;
(i) Dealing with the highly economic commodity i.e. land, which is in limited supply;
(ii) Prevention, control and abatement of urban and regional problems, viz. slums, inadequacy and
the environmental problems; and
(iii) Ensuring proper exercise of power vested in different authorities under different laws.
To be precise, planning laws are needed for;
a) Designation of a planning agency or authority,
54
b) Designation of planning area,

c) Preparation of plans, such as Development plan, Zonal Development Plan, Action Areas
Plans, Improvement and clearance of slums, Town Planning schemes, Street Schemes,
Redevelopment Schemes etc.,
d) Approval of the plans and schemes.
e) Enforcement of different plans and schemes,
f) Acquisition of land,
g) Development controls in terms of zoning, subdivision regulations and building by-laws.
h) Planning permission by local authorities,
i) Flexibility in plan formulation and enforcement procedures,
j) Defining financial powers of the authority
k) Levy of charges and taxes,
l) Providing default powers and
m) Making appeals against the injurious effects of plans or decisions.
All developments are under take under certain acts. Therefore various acts are formulated:
1. The Punjab Regional and Town Planning and Development Act,1995
2. The Punjab Municipal Corporation act, 1911
3. The Punjab Improvement act, 1922
4. Water (Prevention and Control pollution) act, 1974
5. Air (Prevention and Control pollution) act, 1981
6. Environment protection act, 1986
7. Land Acquisition act, 1894
8. The Punjab Apartment and Property Regulation act,1995
9. The Slum Area (clearance and improvement) act
10. The Punjab urban development of damage area act, 1951
2.14.1. POLICIES
A. The Punjab Regional And Town Planning And Development Act, 1995
To avoid haphazard and unregulated developments in the state, the Punjab Regional and Town
Planning and Development Act, 1995 was enacted, but the Board established under the Act has not
served much purpose. Due to time consuming process of the Act, even after 11 years of its
enactment, only 3 Master Plans for three towns out of a total 157 towns are finalized. However, the
Government of Punjab in order to accomplish the task of preparing master plans and regional plans
of all towns and regions so as to prevent haphazard growth and also to prevent slums and for
55
meeting challenges of urban growth has shortened the lengthy and time consuming procedures and
accordingly amended a part of Act dealing with the preparation of Master Plans and Regional Plans.
Objectives
To make provisions for better planning and regulating the development and use of land in Planning
areas delineated for that purpose, for preparation of Regional Plans and Master Plans and
implementation thereof; for constitution of State Regional and Town Planning and Development
Board; for guiding and directing the planning and development processes; for the constitution of
State Urban Planning and Development Authority; Special Urban Planning and Development
Authorities for planning areas; and for undertaking urban development and housing programs and
schemes; for establishing new towns and for matters connected therewith or incidental to.
Provisions
The Punjab Regional and Town Planning and Development Act, 1995 is a comprehensive act which
underlines the following objectives:
1. To make provisions for better planning and regulating the development and use of land in
planning areas delineated for the purpose.
2. Preparation of Regional Plans and Master Plans and implementation.
3. Constitution of State Regional and Town Planning and Development Board; for guiding and
directing the planning and development processes; The objects of these authorities shall be
to provide and secure better planning and development of any area of the state.
4. Constitution of State Urban Planning and Development Authority; Special Urban Planning
and Development Authorities for planning areas; and for undertaking urban development
and housing programs and schemes; for establishing new towns and for matters connected
therewith Act.
5. To maintain urban areas and urban estate
6. To construct houses and for houses programs and scheme.
7. Transport and Communication network in the colonies.
8. Demarcation of areas for agriculture, forestry, industries, urban and rural settlements and
other activities.
9. Restrictions on development up to 150 m on either side of the road reservation of by-pass
and up to 50 m of road reservation of schedule roads
10. To provide Legal, Administration and Financial framework for the preparation and
execution of T.P schemes.
B. Environment Protection Act, 1986
Any development having significant impact on environment requires clearance under the Act.
56
Objective: For the protection and improvement of the environment.

Authority: State govt. /any other authority
Provisions:
1. Programs for planning protecting and improve the quality of environment and preventing
and control the environment pollution.
2. Laying down standards for the quality of environment in its various aspects or laying down
standards for emission and discharge of environment pollutants from various sources
3. Restriction of areas in which any industries, operations or processes or class of industries,
operations or processes shall not be carried out or shall be carried out subject to certain
safeguards
4. Laying down procedures and safeguards for the prevention of accidents which may cause
environmental pollution and remedial measures for such accidents
C. Water (Prevention And Control Of Pollution) Act, 1974

Objective: For the prevention and control of pollution and maintaining wholesome of water.
Authority: State board for prevention and control of water pollution
Provisions:
1. Programs for prevention of water pollution
2. Laying down standards for the quality of environment in its various aspects.
3. Control the discharge of waste water into streams.
D. AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974

Objective: For the prevention of natural resources of earth and among other things include the
quality of air and control air pollution
Authority: State board for prevention and control of air pollution
Provisions:
1. Provisions for improve the quality of air.
2. Programs for the prevention and control of pollution.
3. Declare a new air pollution control area or nay charges of registration of motor vehicles.
4. Laying down standards for the quality of air in its various aspects.
E. LAND ACQUISITION ACT, 1894
Objective: The land can be acquire for public purpose after giving fair compensation to land
owners.
Authority: State govt./any authority established by state govt.
Provisions:
57
1. Land acquire for public purpose such as roads, parks, canals or any other purpose.
2. Provision of land for town and rural planning, education, health, housing for poor and
landless persons, slum clearance for any development scheme sponsored by state govt.
or local authority
3. Compensation is given of market rate.
Table no: 2.5 Problems and potentials
Act Potential Problems

The Punjab regional Housing schemes are implemented Restrictions on development up to
and town planning in the town. 150 m on either side of the road
and development reservation of by-pass and up to 50 m
act, 1995 of road reservation of schedule roads
is not implemented
Environment Provisions were made to improve The quality of environment is not
prevention act, the quality of environment good because of congestion and
1986 organic growth.
Water (prevention It helps to improve the quality of The quality of water is not good.
and control water
pollution) act, 1974
Air (prevention and Helps in improve the quality of The quality of the air is no good due
control pollution) air to the congestion and vehicular
act, 1981 pollution
Land acquisition Many problems are there while
act, 1894 -- acquiring the land for the
development. So land is privately
acquired by authorities.
2.15. ADMINISTRATIVE SETUP
Any scheme or a project which is planned has to be developed and maintained. There are various
departments which are involved to plan, develop and maintain a scheme. They can be either
government or semi-government. These departments have their organizational setup and generally
the head or chairman of that department takes every decision. Sometimes, they have to sanction
their scheme from central government or state government.
These all departments work under some acts. They have some rules and regulations which are made
under the act. The amendments can be done upon the act. These acts have to be strictly followed by
the departments otherwise; they have to pay penalty or imprisonment.
58
Tehsildar
Figure 60 Administrative Setup of town
2.15.1. Funtions Performed By Various Offices:

A. S.D.M:
1. He is in charge of various development activities on going and is responsible for
coordinating the work of various departments.
2. For that he has to tour the area to keep watch on development activities.
3. He has to look after the complaints of public and to problems arising from natural
calamities.
B. Magistrate:
1. Refers to Lawyers who hear cases in tribunals.
2. Is one of the highest government officer, possessed by both judicial and executive
powers.
3. In civil systems, a magistrate might be a judge in a superior court.
C. Mandi Office:
1. Its main function is to see the commodities which came from surrounding region to
mandi.
2. It has all the record about that how much goods come in mandi for purchasing and how
much is export.
D. Nagar Panchayat:
1. Nagar Panchayat is a form of an urban political unit in India comparable to municipality.
2. An urban center with more than 11,000 and fewer than 25,000 inhabitants.
E. Block Development Officer:

1. Is the official in charge of block.
2. BDO monitor the implementation of all the programmes related to planning and the
development of the blocks.
3. BDO office is the main operation wing of the government for the development
administration as well as regulatory administration.
59
F. Tehsildar:
1. Tehsildars are appointed by Financial Commissioners.
2. There duties within Tehsil/ sub-Tehsil are almost similar.
3. He is in charge of Tehsil Revenue Agency and is responsible for proper preparation
and maintenance of Tehsil Revenue records and accounts.
4. responsible for government dues under various acts.
G. Patwaris:
1. The Patwari has three chief duties:
 The Maintenance of record of crop grown at every harvest.
 The keeping of the record of rights up to date by the punctual record of mutations.
 The account of preparation of statistical returns embodying the information derived from
the harvest inspections, register of mutations and record of rights.
2. Responsibility of Patwari is report all serious calamities affecting the Land or the and
crops.
2.15.2. TOWN PLANNING DEPARTMENT

The office functions in accordance with various acts and laws applicable in Punjab, the main being:
1. The Punjab Regional and Town Planning and Development Act (1995).
2. The Punjab Apartment and Property Regulation Act (1995).
3. The Punjab Development of Damaged Area Act, 1951
4. If any unauthorized development is continuously developing after getting the notice, the
offencer have to pay penalty of 1000/- or imprisonment.
2.15.3. Administrative set up of Town planning Department
Secretary (Housing and urban

development
Chief town
Senior town
planner
60 A.T. AE/J Superintendent

P.O Patwar Senior assistant
S.P.O Area in charge Junior assistant
P.D
Tracer Field workers Cler
Figure 61 Administrative setup of Town planning Department
There are two technical branches and one non-technical branch. The town planning department
have sufficient staff as they have maintained the ratio of 1.5.
A. Major Functions of the Department

The following are the major functions of the department:
1. Preparation of the master plan of various cities, towns and villages for ensuring growth
and development in the permissible land use zones in the existing settlements and
planning of new cities and town in Punjab.
2. Surveying and mapping of human settlements
3. Rendering technical advice to the department of Local Government, Municipal
Corporation and Improvement Thrusts of preparation of development schemes.
4. Rendering technical advice to the Department of Industries, Housing and Urban
Development, Punjab Pollution Control Broad.
5. Traffic planning and its improvement within the urban area and outside.
6. Landscaping and tree plantation in cities and towns in Punjab.
B. Powers of the Department

1. To issue the license to L.P.G. godowns, stone crushers, marriage palaces and regarding
the setting up of petrol pumps.
2. To issue the license to the private colonizers and builders regarding the development of
colonies.
61
2.16. Traffic and Transportation

All moving or stationary objects on roads constitute traffic. Automobile has become an inseparable
part of modern life. The growth of vehicles and rapid uncontrolled urbanization of people migrating
from villages have resulted in deterioration of quality of life. Road traffic noise is continuous sound
that fluctuates from hour to hour. It causes annoyance, hearing impairment, rise in blood pressure
etc. Process of moving the objects from one place to another is known as transportation. Transport
may be land, air or water. Land transport is divisible into road and rail. Due to the explosion of
vehicular traffic in recent times various techniques and methods are to be found out to make the
movement of traffic smoother and easier. The term traffic management is used to express means
and methods adopted to utilize the road systems of a town to the maximum possible extent. Road of
the existing town should be properly re-laid so as to solve some of the acute traffic problems. It is
therefore, necessary for a town planner to have the basic knowledge of traffic engineering also.
Traffic management is a science. It includes study of regulations for traffic, guiding measure for
traffic, flow of traffic at junctions, parking areas, traffic surveys and engineering elements of roads.
Studying of existing traffic and transportation conditions is important to have safe, convenient,
rapid and economical movement transport of persons and goods, as well as to make the streets safe
for the movements of both, pedestrians and vehicles.
Parameters of Traffic and Transportation

The four components of traffic and transportation are network, mode, terminal and control and
regulation devices. These are to be studied carefully while preparing a master plan.
Roads
Roads are the skeleton of any town plan. They have a dual function: as traffic routes, and as access
to buildings. It is also important to study the hierarchy of the roads and to see if the road widths are
sufficient to carry the traffic.
Road Geometry
Road geometry helps to determine the carrying capacity and efficiency of the existing network and
to the extent to which they need be improved in future. Geometric design deals with the visible
elements of a road. Geometric design is influenced by a number of factors among which nature of
terrain, type, composition and volume of traffic, operating speed, land use characteristics and
aesthetics are important. Geometry of roads include cross sectional and longitudinal sections of the
road. Cross sectional elements include right of way, roadway width, pavement width or carriageway
width, central verge or median, shoulder or berm, kerb, camber, side ditches, road reservation,
62
footpath, cycle track, service lane. Longitudinal sections of the road include horizontal alignment,
vertical alignments and sight distance.
Terminology of Roads
 Circulation: It defines through arteries, freeway, pathways and their intersection and
interchanges.
 Right of way: The right of way width is the width of land secured and preserved for future road
purposes.
 Carriage way: Carriage way width is total metalled portion on which traffic flows. It is
represented as number of lanes.
 Central verge or median: A central reservation or a median is the longitudinal space separating
dual carriageways. It separates the opposing streams of traffic.
 Intersections: It is defined as a general area where two or more roads join or cross within which
are included the roadways and roadside facilities for the traffic movements in that area.
 Road side infrastructure: These is the support system. It means creating the utility as well as
decorating the road. It includes streets, benches, trees, dustbins, taps, bus-stops, Control and
regulation devices (road signs and road markings) are also the part of road side infrastructure.
Road Hierarchy: For the purpose of geometric design, urban roads other than expressways are
classified into four main categories. These are arterial, sub-arterial, collector and local roads.
Arterial: a general term denoting a street primarily for through traffic, usually on a continuous
route. The arterial streets are generally divided highways with full or partial controlled access.
Parking, loading and unloading activities are usually restricted and regulated. Pedestrians are
allowed to cross only at intersections.
Sub-arterial: A general term denoting a street primarily for through traffic usually on a continuous
route but offering somewhat lower level of traffic mobility than the arterial.These roads are also
known as major roads .They are contained within city limits and they connect important town
centers. Parking, loading and unloading are usually restricted and regulated. Pedestrians are allowed
to cross only at intersections.
Collector Street: A street for collecting and distributing traffic from and to local streets and also
for providing access to arterial streets. These roads are also known as minor roads. Full access is
allowed on these streets from abutting properties. There are few parking restrictions except during
peak hours.
63
Local Street: A street primarily for access to residence, business or other abutting property.Such a
street does not carry large volume of traffic. Unrestricted parking and pedestrian movements are
allowed on the street.
Type of Juctions
Road Intersections : An intersection is defined as the general area where two or more highways
join or cross, within which are included the roadway and road side facilities for traffic movements
in that area. The importance of design of the intersection is from the fact that efficiency of
operation, safety, speed, cost of the operation and capacity are directly governed by the design.
Since an intersection involves conflicts between traffic in different direction its scientific design can
control accidents and delay and can led to orderly movement of traffic. It is believed that over half
the fatal and serious road accidents in built-up areas occurs at junctions. Hence proper precautions
are to be taken in their design and layout.
Parking
Parking facilities of vehicles to stand is to be properly and adequately designed. Parking is the act of
stopping a vehicle and leaving it unoccupied. Parking can be on street or off street. Parking spaces
are usually obtained by 12-20mm wide yellow or white painted lines. When parking is facing a wall
these lines are often painted at a height of up to 1 m for better visibility.
Types of parking
Parking can be on street as well as off street. Different types of parking include surface parking,
multistory car parking, roof parking, and underground car parking.
64
Accident Study
Accident gives an indication of the inadequacy of the network as a whole, or a particular section of
it. If complete statistics are available, then it is used to correct the faulty design. The information or
data is to be collected from traffic police department. All the information about the serious
accidents, fatal accidents, number of persons injured and number of persons killed is required. The
details of the dead persons whether male or female is also needed. Most important the roads.
Intersections or spots at which accident occurred are required.
Vehicular growth
The vehicular growth needs to be studied so as to design for the future by keeping in mind the
growth trends. So the statistical data of the registered vehicles in the last ten years is required.
Traffic Volume
The road should be design to accommodate the traffic volumes computed for the end of design life.
For high volume streets and busy intersections, peak hour volumes should be used to determine the
widths. For rough estimate, the peak hour flows may be taken as 10-12 per cent of the daily flow.
The number of vehicles passing through a particular intersection is required. It is calculated through
primary survey.
Volume-Capacity Ratio: To better appreciate traffic conditions at different cordon points volume-
capacity ratio (V/C ratio) is calculated. The V/C ratio is the measure of the congestion and presents
the desired level of services. It is calculated as under
Total Traffic Volume
Capacity of Lane
Standards regarding tentative capacities of Urban Roads

The design of main traffic routes in build-up areas should be based on peak hour demands and not
as in rural areas on the average daily traffic. Tentative practical capacities for both uni-direction and
two-direction flows of urban roads between junctions.
Median
Width of median is dictated by a variety of conditions. Width will depend on the Available right-of
way, terrain, turn lanes, drainage and other determinants. Wide medians are preferred where space
and cost considerations permit.As far as possible, the median should be a uniform width in a
particular section. Minimum widths of median at intersections to accomplish various purposes
should be as follows:
65
Verge
Where possible, a minimum verge of 1 m width should be kept.
Parking
Parking lane width for parallel parking should be 3 m which may be reduced to 2.5 m
ROADSIDE INFRASTRUCTURE
Street Lights
Main-roads: Central- light pattern on the median (heights of the poles is3mt.) at interval of
30mt.Opposite light pattern on the footpath along the road (heights of the poles is 12mt at interval
of 30mt.Collector roads: Staggered lights pattern, heights of the poles is 10m
Trees
The Trees along the main road avoid the glare of the sun lights. To maintain the healthy
environment in the city and to avoid the pollution.
Traffic signs
Traffic signs help in regulating traffic by imparting messages to the drivers about the need to stop,
give way and limit their speeds. It also gives information to routes, directions and point of intersect.
These are of different types
Informatory signs
These signs are used to provide information and to guide for road user along routes, the information
could include name of the places etc.
Mandatory signs
These signs are used to inform road users of certain rules and regulations to improve safety and free
flow of traffic like no-entry etc.
Warning signs
These signs are used to certain in the road users of the existence of certain hazardous conditions,
either on road adjacent to the road way, so the motorize can became cautions and take the desired
action like narrow bridges etc.
Road markings
Road markings are used as a means of controlling and guiding traffic, they are highly important on
road and intersections, as they promote road safety and bring about smooth and harmonious flow of
traffic, along guided put as of travel, they also serve to supplement the messages, conveyed by road
signals and signs
Sustainable Transportation
Sustainable Transportation Case Study; Qatar
66
SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION: Sustainable transportation can define as The use of

renewable resources, minimizes consumption of non-renewable resources, reuses and recycles its
components, reduce carbon emissions on all transport modes and minimizes the use of land and the
production of noise. A sustainable transport system must meet the mobility and accessibility needs
of the people by providing safe and environmentally friendly modes of transportation.
SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
1. Bicycles: Bicycles are the most sustainable form of transport, are the least expensive to use, are
pollution-free, take up the smallest amount of space for riding and parking, and provide daily
exercise for riders. Bicycling creates safer streets, reduces the causes of global climate change,
promotes a healthy environment, and limits the effects and health care costs related to inactivity.
2. Scooters: Scooters electric and push types are heavily used in urban areas as daily transportation;
they can reduce air pollution also.
3. Walking: Walk able communities allow residents to walk to services, shopping, schools, and
jobs and can reduce traffic congestion, air pollution, and improve public health.
New Vehicle Technology
Governments regularly subsidize research into technologies to improve automobile fuel efficiency.
Efforts to improve the fuel-efficiency of trucks help reduce the cost of transportation, contribute to
greater use of transport
There are many types of environmentally friendly public transportation, such as;
Hybrid Vehicle: It harnesses a significant amount of the braking energy and use 30% less fuel.
Electric Vehicle: It can be powered largely by electricity generated from renewable sources of
energy.
Hydrogen vehicle: A vehicle that uses hydrogen as its onboard fuel for motive power.
Solar Cars: They are powered by solar panels an can reduce air and noise pollution.
Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure: Many cities design for a livable sustainable future by
applying sustainable transportation infrastructure, it represents many forms,
Such as “greenways and foreshore ways, bikeways, bus ways and railways.
THE CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION
Future transportation must be “smart”. Smart transportation should address four main challenges, as
follow:
A. Eco-Efficiency
“The smarter system must respect the environment, limiting or inhibiting adverse impacts on it,
while also using natural resources efficiently.
B. Mitigating Congestion and Planning Capacity
67
The smarter system must be able to meet a growing and dynamic demand for transportation and
provide for efficiency and consistency.
C. Ensuring Safety and Security
The smarter system must be safe for all users and must minimize exposures to risks.
D. Empowering Transportation System Users
The smarter system must be able to deliver choices to its users, with an array of options that cater to
different user segments, reflecting the needs of the segments
68

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Master Plan-Ajnala 2015-16

2.1.2 Best Planning Practices-

2.2. LOCAL PLANNING AREA

2.2.3.Best Planning Practices

commercial and civic centre will be balanced by residential development,

B. Planning the Outer Area

C. Simultaneously Planning the Core and the Outer Area

The following aspects have been covered to study the Physiography:

2.3.2. Best Planning Practices-

3. Plantation of shrubs & trees simultaneously for a thicket buffer.

Sr. No. Year Total Males Females Growth rate

1 2001 18589 10,782 7,807 18.4%

2 2011 21107 11,347 9,760 21.9%

6.8 Male/Female Ratio

6.9 Schedule Caste Population

Total & SC Population

Figure 6.4: Total and SC Population

6.10 Literacy Rate

Table 6.3 : Literacy Rate of Three Decades

6.11 Workers/non workers

Figure 6: Working Distance

additional volume standard. This provides flexibility to architects to work on vertical

7.4.1.4 Location of the house

7.6 POLICIES & PROPOSALS

 The neighborhoods proposed should be in bigger size so as to avoid development of

 Low density of population is to be proposed in periphery areas in open environment &

 Implementation of RAY projects.

 Urban design & healthy environment is to be maintained through converging skyline

2.7. TRADE AND COMMERCE

4.7.3. Best Planning Practices

Figure 14 Proper placing of Dustbins Figure 16 Informal market

Figure 15 Pedestrian Pathway

2.8 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCYURE

2.8.3. Best Planning Practices for water supply and drainage9

9 Figure 18 Aquifer Storage and recovery

The sand damns maybe on surface or sub surface. The subsurface

with the water . 1 to 3 percent of the water flowing downstream is

F. Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting

2.8.4. Best Planning Practices - Sewerage10

in some cases where the waste may be transported to a centralized

2.8.5. Best Planning Practices – Solid Waste11 Figure 29 Eco toilets

decentralized level at home such as vermicomposting. Composting at a centralized level such as

2.9.1. Problems and Potentials

2.9.2. Policies and Acts

2. Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission

The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission is a major initiative of the Government of India and

3. New and Renewable Sources of Energy Policy (NRSE) 2012

 To provide decentralized renewable energy for agriculture, industry, commercial and

29.3. Best Planning Practices

B. Rooftop Solar Power Generation

A rooftop photovoltaic power station, or rooftop PV

1. Solar power is Green Power.

2.10. URBAN DESIGN

2.10.2. Best Planning Practices

C. Urban Green Space

Figure 41 Green spaces

(b) Future Problems

2.11.2. Tourism Related Policies

(c) Battlefield Tourism

2.12. Figure 42 Sustainable Tourism

D. Capacity: The ability of stakeholders to cope with/resist/respond to the effects of hazard or a

2.13.2. Government Policies and Acts

B. Environment Protection Act ( 1986)

2.13.2. Best Practices for Environment Planning14