1.soil and RockÝnvestigation Report of Caustic Facility-2

ALIAGA, IZMIR
ORGANIZED INDUSTRIAL ZONE (ALOSBİ)

ÇORAKLAR, ALIAGA
IZMIR
PROJECT
CAUSTIC SODA and CHLORITE
FACILTY
INSULAR NO.115, LAND NO.1
SOIL & ROCK INVESTIGATION WORKS
APRIL, 2020
CLIENT
KOSTIK SODA SANAYI ANONIM SIRKETI TURKEY
CONTRACTER CONTRACTER
KAYABEY MÜHENDİSLİK
İHSANULLAH YILDIZ
GEOPHYSICAL ENGINEER
İLGİLİ İDARE ONAYI

Project: LINEER KOSTIK SAN. A.S., Caustic Soda and Chlorite Facility
Aliağa , İzmir, Çoraklar Neig., Aliağa Organize Sanayi Bölgesi, 115 Insular, 1 Land
INSULAR NO:115 LAND NO:1

SOIL and ROCK INVESTIGATION
GEOLOGICAL DATA REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPENDİX ..................................................................................................................................... 2
TABLE LIST .................................................................................................................................. 2
FIGURE LIST ................................................................................................................................ 3
1. INSTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Purpose and Scope of the Study ..................................................................................... 4
1.2 Introducing the Study Area ............................................................................................ 4
1.2.1 Geomorphological and Environmental Information ............................................ 4
1.2.2 Development Plan Status...................................................................................... 4
1.2.4 Information of Local Climate ............................................................................... 5
1.2.5 Natural Disaster Hazards ...................................................................................... 6
1.2.6 Information About the Buildings ....................................................................... 16
2 GEOLOGY ................................................................................................................................ 17
2.1 Regional Geology ......................................................................................................... 17
2.2 Structural Geology and Active Tectonics ..................................................................... 24
3. LAND SURVEYS ..................................................................................................................... 31
3.1 Geophysical Studies...................................................................................................... 31
3.1.1 Electric Resistivity Method ................................................................................ 31
3.1.2 Soil Resistivity Measurement Studies ................................................................ 33
3.1.3. Siesmic Studies................................................................................................. 35
3.2.1 Seismic Measurements Performed on Site ......................................................... 38
3.2.2 Evaluation of the Data Obtained from the Methods Used ................................. 39
3.1.4 Microtremor Dimensions ................................................................................... 44
3.2 Test Pits ........................................................................................................................ 49
3.3 Drill Works ................................................................................................................... 49
3.4 In-situ Test .................................................................................................................... 50
4 HYDROGEOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 50
5 LABORATORY TESTS ........................................................................................................... 52
5.1 Determination of Index / Physical Properties of Soils ................................................. 52
5.2 Determination of Local Soil Class ............................................................................... 56
6 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE SURVEY ................................................................. 57
6.1 Liquefaction and Lateral Spread Analysis Assessment................................................ 58
6.2 Slope Analysis .............................................................................................................. 58
6.3 Excavation Safety and Necessary Precautions ............................................................. 58
7 GEOLOGICAL PROFILES .................................................................................................... 58
8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................... 59
9 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 64
10 APPENDIX .............................................................................................................................. 65
NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
1
APPENDİX
Appendix – 1 : Land Registry Deed or Zoning Diameter
Appendix – 2 : Research Points on Site Plan
Appendix – 3 : Geological Sections
Appendix – 4 : Boreholes Logs
Appendix – 5 : Engineering Geology Map
Appendix – 6 : Laboratory Experiment Results
Appendix – 7 : Geophysical Measurement Records
Appendix – 8 : Detailed PAD Hazard Analysis Report Based on AFAD
Appendix – 9 : Turkey Earthquake Hazard Map Information
Appendix – 10 : Photographs of the Studies
TABLE LIST
Table – 1 : Methodological information about the region (average of the last 50 years, MGM of
Turkey)
Table – 2 : Earthquakes Occurring Between 1920-2020 and Within Magnitute Value 4.5-7.4 Within
a Radius Circle, 100 km From Ġzmir City Center
Table – 3 : Building number, building height and foundation depth of the buildings within the
facility according to the architectural project
Table – 4 : Results of Vertical Electrical Drilling work
Table – 5 : Table showing elevation and coordinates of soil measurement studies
Table – 6 : Results and corrosive grades of the measurements made
Table – 7 : Relationship between soil resistance and corrosion
Table – 8 : Coordinate information of Masw profiles
Table – 9 : P wave velocity and detachability of soils or rocks
Table – 10 : Project Site Detachable Degree
Table – 11 : Soil classification according to Vs30 velocities of the Project Site
Table – 12 : Strength of soil or rocks by elasticity module values
Table – 13 : Soil strengths according to the elasticity module values of the Project Site
Table – 14 : Strength of soil or rocks by shear modulus values
Table – 15 : Ground strengths according to slip module values of the Project Site
Table – 16 : Resistance of soil or rocks by Bulk module values
Table – 17 : Ground strengths according to the bulk module values of the Project Site
Table – 18 : Poisson classification and speed ratio comparison
Table – 19 : Ground strengths according to the poisson ratio values of the Project Site
0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
2
Table – 20 : Density Classification of Soil Units

Table – 21 : Ground strengths according to the density values of the Project Site
Table – 22 : Level and coordinates of microtremor studies
Table – 23 : Results of Microtremor studies
Table – 24 : Dominant vibration period and ground amplification values of microtremor studies
Table – 25 : Level and coordinates of the research pits
Table – 26 : Coordinate and surface elevations of the drilling points according to ED50 system
Table – 27 : Laboratory results summary point loading and density values of rocks
Table – 28 : Classification of rocks according to Point Loading values
Table – 29 : Determination of rock mass quality according to RQD
Table – 30 : Geomechanical Classification of Rock Foundations Serafim and Pereria
Table – 31 : Turkey Earthquake Building Regulations (2019) that the local soil classes
Table – 32 : Geotechnical parameters of the ground
FIGURE LIST
Figure – 1 : Display of the study area as insular-land
Figure – 2 : Major earthquakes and epicenter between 1920 and 2020
Figure – 3 :% distribution of earthquakes that may occur in Ġzmir province according to Poisson
Probability Distribution
Figure – 4 : General geology map of the region
Figure – 5 : Aliağa - Myrina geological cross section in K-G direction
Figure – 6 : Generalized stratigraphic column section of the region
Figure – 7 : Simplified map of the Western Anatolian graben system
Figure – 8 : View of Güzelhisar fault in 3 km north direction of Aliağa center
Figure – 9 : Schematic representation of the electrical resistivity method
Figure – 10 : Schlumberger Electrode assembly schematic representation
Figure – 11 : Earthing Resistance Measurement Study Image Made in the Study Area
Figure – 12 : Display of Masw, microtromor and DES profile lines made in the study area
Figure – 13 : Estimation of the Geological Resistance Index (GSI) based on geological definitions
according to Hoek (1998)

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3
1. INSTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose and Scope of the Study
This study, was carried out in order to determine the engineering properties and soil
parameters of the ground by conducting the necessary ground studies of the parcel no. 115, parcel
no. This title has been prepared at the request of LĠNEER KOSTĠK SAN A.ġ. It will be presented
to Aliağa Organized Industrial Directorate and other relevant administrative authorities.
Studies conducted within the scope of the subject; May 29, 2009 dated 5902 numbered
prepared in accordance with the law, Disaster and Emergency Management by the Presidency
March 18, 2018 date and 30 364 No. officially published in the newspaper "Turkey Building
Earthquake Regulation" According to Environment and Urbanization Ministry of Construction
General Directorate of March 9, 2019 date and "General Format of Ground and Foundation Study
Application Principles and Report" numbered 30709. All geophysical fieldwork and evaluation of
TSE EN 1998-1 December 2005 (Eurocode8) is made according to standard.
For this purpose, basic drilling wells have been drilled in the study area, and in order to
determine the geotechnical parameters on the rock and / or ground samples taken during this
drilling, 17.10.2003 dated and dated 17.10.2003 issued by the Ministry of Public Works and
Settlement in accordance with the law numbered 4708. Necessary experiments have been carried
out, having the Laboratory Permit Document No. 64, the geological features of the study area
and its immediate surroundings have been determined in the light of the data obtained and this
data report has been prepared.
The studies were carried out in accordance with the British Specification (BS) and the
Turkish Specification (TSE).
1.2 Introducing the Study Area
1.2.1 Geomorphological and Environmental Information
Topographic slope of the study area is less than 5% and its surface covers vegetative soil.
No active landslides are observed in the field and its surroundings, and surface shapes
symbolizing mass movements such as landslides or crypts in terms of geomorphological
appearance are not observed.
1.2.2 Development Plan Status
The construction, which is open to the zoning plan, is located within the borders of Aliağa
District of Izmir Province. There is no forbidden decision on the site in the geological survey

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
4
report based on the zoning plan. There is construction around the study area. There are various
industrial establishments and public service buildings around it. Construction of new industrial
establishments around the parcel continues.1.2.3 Information on Reconstruction Insular
The area of the plot is 49996 m2 and is in the shape of a polygon. There are various
industrial facilities that have been built on the island of Zoning and are still under construction.
The electricity and water infrastructure of the reconstruction island is active. The overall surface
slope of the island where the parcel is located is less than 5% and flood, mass movement etc. risk
of disasters is very low.
Figure-1. Display of the study area as an insular and land
1.2.4 Information of Local Climate

The study area generally shown the climate characteristics of the city of Izmir. In Ġzmir,
which is in the Mediterranean climate zone, summers are hot and dry winters are mild and rainy.
Reaching the mountains perpendicular to the sea and inserting the plains up to the Inner West
Anatolian threshold allows the sea effects to spread to the inner parts. However, physical
geographical differences such as altitude, distance from the west and the coast in the province
0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
5
cause climate differences that can be considered important in terms of precipitation, temperature
and sun. Temperate Mediterranean climate is dominant in the study area. While winters are
usually rainy, summer is dry. Northern winds dominate in winter. In summer, Ġmbat blowing
from the west brings coolness to the district. The average temperature in the summer is between
24-27 degrees. It is seen that during the day this temperature exceeds 35ºC. The average
temperature of the winter months is 7ºC. The coldest month in Aliağa is January.
Table-1. Methodological information about the region (average of the last 50 years, MGM of Turkey)
1.2.5 Natural Disaster Hazards

Earthquake Status
Aliaga (Izmir) and Turkey Earthquake Zones Map for the environment (1996) remains in
first degree earthquake zone boundaries.
Izmir and its close surroundings are one of the regions where the historical period earthquake
records are the most, since it is a region where many civilizations prevailed in the Eastern
Mediterranean. Records Izmir city center and close to the historical period of most settling
around reveals that many affected by the earthquake.
Earthquake Hazard and Risk Analysis
Determination of seismicity in terms of engineering is based on a probability - statistical
calculation. For this purpose, the older and complete engineering information on past earthquakes
1920 - 2020 in the region between the coordinates of N - (27.0648) E within the 100 km radius,
center area 115 island 1 parcel area of Aliağa District of Çoraklar District of Ġzmir Province.
earthquakes with or above were obtained from TÜRKNET catalog data and KRDAE-UDĠM.
Date, latitude, longitude, source, focal depth and magnitude values related to earthquakes used in
calculations are given in the appendix.

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
6
In order to convert the earthquakes given in Mb, Ml and Md in all earthquake data to surface
wave magnitude (Ms); which is just designed for earthquake occurred in Turkey Ms 1.46 * MB-
29.2 and Ms = 0.938 * M + 0181 (Sipahioğlu (1984) and Büyükaşıkoğl (1987)) with correlation
Ms = (0.9455 * Md) +0.4181 (Ulusay et al (2004) correlations were
used.
Figure – 2: Major earthquakes and epicenter between 1920 and 2020
During the final project phase, the principles stated in the “Regulation on Buildings to be
Made in Disaster Areas” will be taken into consideration. Which is located within the project area
are active fault map of Turkey and Earthquake Map it adds.
Seismic risk or earthquake risk is the probability that an earthquake that may cause damage and
loss of life may occur in a certain place and within a certain time frame. This can be considered
as the “average transformation period” obtained by the probability of overcoming an annual
earthquake in a certain magnetus defined as “annual risk” or dividing it by one.
The city of Izmir is located in the 1st degree earthquake zone. This feature and its close proximity
to highly active fault lines puts İzmir City at risk in terms of earthquakes. According to Figure-2,
the frequent occurrence of earthquakes with magnet values greater than 4.5, which can be

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
7
considered important in a circle with a radius of 100 km from İzmir city center, has shown that
this area is active and important in the earthquake angle.
It is observed that earthquakes with an instrumental magnitude greater than 4.5 are important
around İzmir.
Deprem Olus
No Olus tarihi Enlem Boylam Der(km) xM Yer
Kodu zamani
KUSADASI KORFEZI (EGE
1 2.01908E+13 8.08.2019 08:39:07.64 38.0182 26.8568 12.9 5
DENIZI)
KOCAISKAN-KIRKAGAC
2 2.01905E+13 12.05.2019 22:24:08.58 39.3307 27.9223 7.7 4.5
(MANISA) [South East 1.8 km]
EDREMIT KORFEZI (EGE
3 2.01904E+13 29.04.2019 18:02:43.27 39.3995 26.3192 11.6 4.5
DENIZI)
4 2.01712E+13 25.12.2017 05:13:50.00 38.575 26.7358 17.5 4.8 IZMIR KORFEZI (EGE DENIZI)
5 2.01706E+13 22.06.2017 02:48:52.40 38.8265 26.4687 15 5 EGE DENIZI
6 2.01706E+13 17.06.2017 19:50:04.47 38.8508 26.4465 12.7 5.6 EGE DENIZI
7 2.01706E+13 17.06.2017 03:40:36.85 38.9183 26.2433 12.7 4.8 EGE DENIZI
8 2.01706E+13 12.06.2017 12:28:37.53 38.8468 26.3252 14.4 6.3 EGE DENIZI
LUTFIYE-SARUHANLI (MANISA)
9 2.01705E+13 28.05.2017 11:04:58.57 38.7272 27.7738 8.7 4.9
[South East 4.5 km]
KUMKUYUCAK-SARUHANLI
10 2.01705E+13 28.05.2017 04:38:19.48 38.7375 27.7935 10.6 4.5
(MANISA) [South West 2.9 km]
11 2.01705E+13 28.05.2017 02:52:55.50 38.7425 27.793 10.9 4.9
12 2.01705E+13 28.05.2017 02:50:25.59 38.72 27.7845 9.4 4.8
TIYENLI-GOLMARMARA
13 2.01705E+13 27.05.2017 15:53:23.18 38.739 27.8297 11.8 5.3
(MANISA) [West 0.5 km]
KOLDERE-SARUHANLI
14 2.01704E+13 21.04.2017 14:12:20.96 38.6513 27.6008 13.1 5.1
KAPAKLI-AKHISAR (MANISA) [
15 2.01609E+13 12.09.2016 09:29:37.31 38.8942 27.7323 13.1 4.6
2.94 km]
KAYALIOGLU-AKHISAR
16 2.01609E+13 12.09.2016 08:26:04.27 38.8977 27.7433 14 5
(MANISA) [ 2.6 km]
17 2.01509E+13 10.09.2015 08:12:45.67 38.8395 26.2778 15.4 4.9 EGE DENIZI
18 2.01412E+13 29.12.2014 08:06:22.86 38.8912 26.2825 11.6 4.6 EGE DENIZI
19 2.01412E+13 6.12.2014 06:20:53.82 38.8912 26.2602 15.2 5 EGE DENIZI
20 2.01412E+13 6.12.2014 01:45:06.58 38.8917 26.2603 13.7 5.2 EGE DENIZI
AYANLAR-GOLMARMARA
21 2.01208E+13 3.08.2012 10:18:20.15 38.6977 28.026 7.4 4.6
(MANiSA) [West 1.4 km]
22 2.01205E+13 2.05.2012 06:40:01.45 38.6592 26.673 11.7 4.5 IZMIR KﾖRFEZI (EGE DENIZI)
23 2.01205E+13 1.05.2012 14:48:28.56 38.6603 26.6788 11.8 5 iZMiR KﾖRFEZi (EGE DENiZi)
24 2.01112E+13 5.12.2011 08:17:27.27 38.8522 26.344 10.3 5 EGE DENIZI

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
8
25 2.00801E+13 12.01.2008 15:06:43.95 38.8902 26.0143 12 4.7 EGE DENIZI

26 2.0051E+13 31.10.2005 05:26:38.00 38.13 26.58 6 4.8 EGE DENIZI
27 2.0051E+13 29.10.2005 14:48:41.40 38.1 26.64 13 4.5 EGE DENIZI
DEMIRCILI-URLA (IZMIR) [South
28 2.0051E+13 20.10.2005 21:40:01.41 38.1812 26.594 8 5.9
West 9.6 km]
SEFERIHISAR AﾇIKLARI-IZMIR
29 2.0051E+13 19.10.2005 10:11:30.90 38.17 26.7 14 4.6
(EGE DENIZI)
SEFERIHISAR AﾇIKLARI-IZMIR
30 2.0051E+13 17.10.2005 09:58:38.30 38.14 26.61 30 4.5
(EGE DENIZI)
ZEYTINELI-URLA (IZMIR) [South
31 2.0051E+13 17.10.2005 09:55:29.90 38.15 26.58 17 5.3
East 12.0 km]
32 2.0051E+13 17.10.2005 09:46:53.97 38.157 26.5268 9.1 5.9
East 9.5 km]
33 2.0051E+13 17.10.2005 08:34:43.88 38.1318 26.5855 15 4.7 EGE DENIZI
34 2.0051E+13 17.10.2005 08:28:52.17 38.1917 26.6075 15.3 4.6
West 8.0 km]
35 2.0051E+13 17.10.2005 05:45:16.60 38.1455 26.5287 10.1 5.7
East 10.8 km]
36 2.00501E+13 29.01.2005 18:52:25.80 38.18 26.64 5 4.5
West 6.7 km]
EGRIDERE-SINDIRGI
37 2.00412E+13 2.12.2004 15:51:48.00 39.26 27.96 11 4.5
(BALIKESIR) [North 0.5 km]
DENIS-SOMA (MANISA) [South
38 2.00411E+13 5.11.2004 17:30:22.00 39.21 27.72 8 4.5
2.3 km]
PEKMEZCI-AKHISAR (MANISA)
39 2.00306E+13 22.06.2003 23:46:20.50 39.02 28.03 11 4.6
[North 2.7 km]
DUZCE-SEFERIHISAR (IZMIR)
40 2.00304E+13 17.04.2003 22:34:24.70 38.24 26.86 6 5.2
[East 3.8 km]
DUZCE-SEFERIHISAR (IZMIR)
41 2.00304E+13 10.04.2003 00:40:15.40 38.21 26.79 11 5.9
[South West 4.2 km]
DEDEBURNU- (BALIKESIR)
42 2.00106E+13 22.06.2001 11:54:50.60 39.38 27.9 7 5
[South West 3.1 km]
43 1.99912E+13 30.12.1999 04:51:07.10 38.91 25.99 5 4.7 EGE DENIZI
KOCAISKAN-KIRKAGAC
44 1.99907E+13 25.07.1999 06:56:53.10 39.33 27.89 9 4.5
45 1.99405E+13 24.05.1994 06:05:56.20 38.67 26.66 10 4.5 IZMIR KﾖRFEZI (EGE DENIZI)
BOZKOY-KARABURUN (IZMIR)
46 1.99405E+13 24.05.1994 03:35:33.20 38.68 26.48 14 4.8
[North East 2.8 km]
47 1.99405E+13 24.05.1994 02:18:34.90 38.76 26.6 16 5.1 EGE DENIZI
YENIKOY- (MANISA) [North East
49 1.99401E+13 28.01.1994 15:45:24.60 38.69 27.49 5 5.2
0.6 km]
KUSADASI KﾖRFEZI (EGE
50 1.99211E+13 6.11.1992 20:05:58.80 38.03 27.06 10 4.7
DENIZI)
ORHANLI-SEFERIHISAR (IZMIR)
51 1.99211E+13 6.11.1992 19:08:09.20 38.16 26.99 17 6
[East 3.5 km]
PAZARKOY-SALIHLI (MANISA)
52 1.99012E+13 19.12.1990 09:46:45.00 38.59 28.04 7 4.7
[North West 3.8 km]
NOHUTALAN-URLA (IZMIR)
53 1.98912E+13 23.12.1989 14:59:03.00 38.3 26.54 6 4.6
[East 1.2 km]
SALMAN AﾇIKLARI-IZMIR (EGE
54 1.98911E+13 12.11.1989 04:50:05.00 38.62 26.19 13 4.5
DENIZI)
55 1.98908E+13 15.08.1989 17:03:30.40 39.22 26.25 10 4.7 MIDILLI ADASI (EGE DENIZI)
CALTILIDERE-ALIAGA (IZMIR)
57 1.98808E+13 4.08.1988 08:25:18.00 38.86 27 3 4.5
[North West 3.3 km]

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
9
59 1.98512E+13 18.12.1985 05:46:00.80 39.2 26.17 17 5 MIDILLI ADASI (EGE DENIZI)
KOZLUOREN-SOMA (MANISA)
60 1.98512E+13 1.12.1985 11:47:38.70 39.29 27.7 15 4.6
[North West 1.9 km]
61 1.98503E+13 29.03.1985 09:24:08.40 38.8 26.57 26 4.8 EGE DENIZI
TURGUTLU (MANISA) [North
62 1.98503E+13 14.03.1985 11:35:38.50 38.51 27.69 15 4.7
West 1.9 km]
BALIKLIOVA-URLA (IZMIR)
63 1.98306E+13 1.06.1983 14:44:32.40 38.44 26.55 22 4.6
[North West 3.5 km]
CANDARLI KﾖRFEZI (EGE
64 1.98012E+13 16.12.1980 17:13:25.30 38.8 26.65 10 4.6
DENIZI)
69 1.97906E+13 16.06.1979 18:41:59.40 38.72 26.64 11 5 IZMIR KﾖRFEZI (EGE DENIZI)
70 1.97906E+13 14.06.1979 11:44:45.10 38.79 26.57 15 5.9 EGE DENIZI
SASAL-MENDERES (IZMIR)
71 1.97804E+13 9.04.1978 06:53:07.20 38.2 27.1 56 4.7
[North West 2.2 km]
72 1.97712E+13 16.12.1977 07:37:29.30 38.41 27.19 24 5.3 BUCA (IZMIR) [North East 2.7 km]
GOKDERE-BORNOVA (IZMIR)
73 1.97712E+13 9.12.1977 15:53:37.90 38.35 27.23 27 4.9
[South West 3.4 km]
IZZETTIN-TURGUTLU (MANISA)
74 1.97702E+13 24.02.1977 20:47:18.20 38.55 27.66 20 5
[South West 5.3 km]
BEHRAM-AYVACIK
77 1.97412E+13 1.12.1974 12:09:29.50 39.48 26.35 36 4.5
(ﾇANAKKALE) [South East 1.9 km]
KURUDERE-BORNOVA (IZMIR)
78 1.97402E+13 1.02.1974 00:01:02.10 38.55 27.22 24 5.5
[West 2.7 km]
CAMTEPE-SEFERIHISAR (IZMIR)
79 1.97304E+13 19.04.1973 22:13:54.50 38.29 26.94 17 4.7
[North West 0.6 km]
AKKOCALI-AKHISAR (MANISA)
80 1.97209E+13 3.09.1972 08:38:46.30 39.16 27.98 30 4.9
[South 1.8 km]
81 1.97205E+13 9.05.1972 17:40:22.20 39.46 26.37 10 5 EDREMIT KﾖRFEZI (EGE DENIZI)
82 1.97204E+13 26.04.1972 15:59:44.90 39.45 26.33 25 5.1 EDREMIT KﾖRFEZI (EGE DENIZI)
KUCUKSAPCI-HAVRAN
85 1.97102E+13 23.02.1971 19:41:23.00 39.62 27.32 10 5.3
(BALIKESIR) [West 1.2 km]
TASKUYUCAK-GOLMARMARA
86 1.97003E+13 29.03.1970 14:40:26.60 38.73 28 47 4.8
(MANISA) [North West 2.6 km]
TIYENLI-GOLMARMARA
87 1.97003E+13 29.03.1970 14:37:19.60 38.74 27.83 56 4.8
DALYANKﾖY AﾇIKLARI-IZMIR
88 1.96904E+13 6.04.1969 03:49:33.90 38.47 26.41 16 5.9
(EGE DENIZI)
SOGUTLU-AKHISAR (MANISA)
89 1.96903E+13 25.03.1969 17:51:24.00 39.16 28 44 4.5
[South West 1.4 km]
PINARBASI-SARUHANLI
90 1.96803E+13 21.03.1968 09:42:51.00 38.8 27.6 52 4.5
(MANISA) [South 0.6 km]
OZANCA-GOLMARMARA
91 1.96802E+13 19.02.1968 23:17:01.70 38.7 27.9 5 4.5
(MANISA) [North East 1.8 km]
FAZLICA-HAVRAN (BALIKESIR)
92 1.96705E+13 9.05.1967 04:05:13.00 39.61 27.15 37 4.7
[South 1.5 km]

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
10
KEMIKLIDERE-SARUHANLI
93 1.96702E+13 14.02.1967 07:22:02.40 38.8 27.7 5 4.7
HATIPLAR-SARUHANLI
94 1.96701E+13 30.01.1967 01:26:56.80 38.9 27.5 5 4.5
SULEYMANKOY-AKHISAR
95 1.96701E+13 29.01.1967 19:47:52.00 38.99 27.6 33 4.7
(MANISA) [North 0.8 km]
TIRAZLI-KARABAGLAR (IZMIR)
96 1.96607E+13 19.07.1966 02:52:33.00 38.3 27.1 33 4.7
[South East 4.1 km]
DEMIRTAS-DIKILI (IZMIR) [East
97 1.96606E+13 28.06.1966 17:01:04.00 39 27 49 4.7
5.0 km]
KARAKOCA- (MANISA) [South
98 1.96606E+13 19.06.1966 17:55:30.00 38.55 27.35 9 4.9
East 1.8 km]
EGRIDERE-BORNOVA (IZMIR)
99 1.96606E+13 2.06.1966 22:51:28.00 38.5 27.23 30 4.8
[East 1.3 km]
GOLMARMARA (MANISA) [South
100 1.96605E+13 22.05.1966 07:37:29.00 38.7 27.92 23 4.9
1.6 km]
MORALILAR-AKHISAR
101 1.9651E+13 18.10.1965 14:32:48.30 38.83 27.83 36 4.7
AKCAALAN-AKHISAR (MANISA)
102 1.96509E+13 30.09.1965 19:36:04.10 38.8 28 10 4.6
[South East 2.1 km]
SEHITLER-AKHISAR (MANISA)
103 1.96509E+13 19.09.1965 14:03:03.00 38.9 27.95 10 4.6
[North East 1.0 km]
YAZOREN-SAVASTEPE
104 1.96304E+13 28.04.1963 00:41:52.10 39.32 27.82 30 4.9
(BALIKESIR) [South 1.3 km]
105 1.95911E+13 19.11.1959 14:01:31.50 38.89 26.65 10 5.5 EGE DENIZI
107 1.95305E+13 14.05.1953 13:00:24.00 38.7 26.5 24 4.9
[North East 5.6 km]
EGLENHOCA-KARABURUN
108 1.95305E+13 2.05.1953 18:37:44.30 38.51 26.55 60 5.3
(IZMIR) [South West 4.0 km]
109 1.95305E+13 2.05.1953 10:06:43.00 38.7 26.5 25 4.8
[North East 5.6 km]
111 1.95305E+13 1.05.1953 20:06:45.10 38.41 26.75 70 5 IZMIR KﾖRFEZI (EGE DENIZI)
112 1.95304E+13 13.04.1953 23:15:18.00 38 27 5 4.8
DENIZI)
KIZILCUKUR-DIKILI (IZMIR)
113 1.95201E+13 26.01.1952 02:50:00.00 39.1 26.9 30 4.8
[South West 1.8 km]
YANIKKOY-MENEMEN (IZMIR)
114 1.95005E+13 3.05.1950 07:13:48.30 38.67 27.06 40 5.2
[North West 2.7 km]
115 1.94911E+13 23.11.1949 16:51:05.40 38.75 26.36 60 5.4 EGE DENIZI
KﾜﾇﾜKBAHﾇE AﾇIKLARI-IZMIR
116 1.94908E+13 1.08.1949 15:29:01.00 38.6 26.3 5 4.9
(EGE DENIZI)
117 1.94907E+13 30.07.1949 17:47:12.90 38.62 26.45 40 4.9
[South West 4.4 km]
118 1.94907E+13 23.07.1949 15:03:33.20 38.57 26.29 10 6.6
(EGE DENIZI)
119 1.94905E+13 21.05.1949 17:41:12.00 38.6 26.3 8 4.9
(EGE DENIZI)
KIZLARALANI-AKHISAR
120 1.94901E+13 4.01.1949 20:30:00.00 38.9 27.9 14 4.7
AYVALIK AﾇIKLARI-BALIKESIR
121 1.9441E+13 7.10.1944 21:34:25.40 39.22 26.58 10 5.4
(EGE DENIZI)
AMBARSEKI-KARABURUN
123 1.94307E+13 9.07.1943 05:21:01.00 38.6 26.5 15 4.5
(IZMIR) [South West 2.5 km]
TURNALAR- (BALIKESIR) [North
124 1.9421E+13 28.10.1942 02:41:52.90 39.46 27.79 10 5.6
West 1.0 km]
0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
11
KARAKURT-KIRKAGAC
125 1.9421E+13 28.10.1942 02:22:53.10 39.1 27.8 50 6
BAKIR-KIRKAGAC (MANISA)
126 1.94208E+13 12.08.1942 21:52:46.00 39.1 27.7 17 4.9
[North 2.3 km]
SARIKAYA-SOMA (MANISA)
127 1.94208E+13 12.08.1942 20:38:46.40 39.13 27.64 50 4.9
[South West 2.2 km]
KAPAKLI-AKHISAR (MANISA)
128 1.94202E+13 5.02.1942 01:15:58.50 38.84 27.74 10 5.5
[South 3.3 km]
BELEVI-SELCUK (IZMIR) [North
129 1.94101E+13 9.01.1941 18:13:34.10 38.03 27.4 70 5.4
West 4.7 km]
KIZILCUKUR-DIKILI (IZMIR)
130 1.93909E+13 22.09.1939 00:36:36.60 39.07 26.94 10 6.6
[South East 4.2 km]
HEYBELI-SARUHANLI (MANISA)
131 1.93705E+13 23.05.1937 10:57:30.20 38.69 27.78 10 5.5
[North 3.0 km]
133 1.93104E+13 26.04.1931 06:24:55.00 38.5 26.2 10 4.8 SAKIZ ADASI (EGE DENIZI)
134 1.93009E+13 7.09.1930 10:56:23.00 38.6 26.2 8 4.7
(EGE DENIZI)
BARUTCU-SELCUK (IZMIR)
135 1.92807E+13 15.07.1928 09:33:32.80 38.05 27.32 10 5.6
[North 4.3 km]
SAGLIK-TORBALI (IZMIR) [North
136 1.92803E+13 31.03.1928 05:12:24.00 38.1 27.4 30 5.4
1.6 km]
SAGLIK-TORBALI (IZMIR) [North
137 1.92803E+13 31.03.1928 01:15:01.00 38.1 27.4 15 5
1.6 km]
DEREBASI-TIRE (IZMIR) [East 1.5
138 1.92803E+13 31.03.1928 00:29:48.90 38.18 27.8 10 6.5
km]
KEMERDAMLARI-SALIHLI
139 1.92601E+13 13.01.1926 01:47:04.40 38.64 28.11 50 5.8
140 1.92507E+13 18.07.1925 13:22:01.00 38 27 15 4.5
DENIZI)
KADIDAGI-AKHISAR (MANISA)
141 1.92404E+13 14.04.1924 00:00:00.00 39 27.8 15 4.9
[South West 2.4 km]
142 1.92107E+13 24.07.1921 19:20:00.00 38.8 26.5 22 5.4 EGE DENIZI
AYVALIK AﾇIKLARI-BALIKESIR
143 1.92011E+13 27.11.1920 16:26:20.00 39.3 26.5 14 5.2
(EGE DENIZI)
Table-2. Earthquakes Occurring Between 1920-2020 and Within a Circle with a Radius at a Distance of 100 km to
İzmir City Center and Having a Magnitute Value of 4.5-7.4

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
12

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
13
Figure-2. According to Poisson Probability Distribution,% distribution of earthquakes that may occur in Ġzmir
province (Ref: Prof. Dr. Ferhat Özçep Zemin Geophysical Analysis. Xls)
0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
14
In this study, based on the 100-year seismic history, the maximum magnitude of a
possible severe earthquake according to the Least Squares Method was calculated as Mmax =
7.5. The magnitude of the highest earthquake that occurred during the 100-year inspection period
(1920-2020) is M = 7.5. This shows that the maximum magnitude formed in 100 years and the
maximum magnitude calculated using the Least Squares Method are very compatible.
a = 3.749203540
b = -0.763103089
The recycling period of the maximum magnitude earthquake (Mmax = 7.5) around the
project area was calculated as 94 years.
Quantities selected and calculated acceleration values for the project
- The probability of repetition was found to be 0.09 g for 94 years with the probability of
20% overrun within 100 years of economic life for the Operational Earthquake (OBE).
- The seismic hazard level of the parcel area and its surroundings is in the 'Middle
Hazard' class according to the European Seismological Commisions (ESC).
Based on the earthquake magnitudes that occurred between 1920-2020, it is possible to
see the analysis of the earthquakes in the study area, which can occur between 4.5 and 7, .5%.
Moving from here; The return period of an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.0 is 1 year, while
the return period of an earthquake of 6.5 is 16 years. Besides; While the probability of a 6.5-
magnitude earthquake to occur within 10 years is 66.3%, the probability of a 5.5-magnitude
earthquake in a 50-year period that can be considered as the life span of a standard structure has
been determined as 100%. It is possible to see the probability calculations determined for other
earthquake magnitudes from the chart. Moving from here; Structures to be built in the study area
should be designed by considering the above earthquake magnitudes and seismic risk analysis
values.
Disaster Status
Apart from the earthquake in the study area, it was like landslides, rock falls, avalanches,
floods, and possible disasters were not observed. In the Aliağa Formation, which forms the
geological basis in the field in drilling and laboratory experiments, it is an indication that there is
no landslide due to the fact that the number of snowy days in the region is limited to two days a
year, there is little precipitation and the unit contains sandy levels. In addition, the slopes in the

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
15
field generally vary between 0-5% and landslides cannot be expected as a result of construction
on the ground described above.
It is located approximately 6 km north of the study area in the form of a live fault. The closest
earthquake focus that will affect the region appears to be the Gediz Graben. Due to the fact that
Ġzmir is in the 1st Degree Earthquake Zone, large scale earthquakes that will cause disasters will
trigger other incidents one after another. These events called 'Secondary Disasters' in disaster
management literature; As the working area is Aliağa Organized Industrial Zone, it should not be
forgotten that fire, explosion, chemical and gas leaks, floods, epidemics, environmental pollution
due to the presence of many factories and facilities in the form of losses in the form of multiples
of life and property losses during disasters and the negative impact of future generations. It can
bring.
1.2.6 Information About the Buildings
On the land; Since the caustic facility containing more than one building and machine
groups to be found in these structures will be constructed and there are structures and units that
have high probability of displacement during the settlement, ground surveys have been carried
out as field surveys to represent the whole ground, remaining true to the sufficient number of
field studies. In the architectural project; It is designed as steel alloy bearing systems on
reinforced concrete foundation.

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
16
Table-3. Building number, height and foundation depth of the buildings within the facility according to the
architectural project
Table-3. According to the building features taken from the architectural project, the
buildings; Earthquake Design Class (DTS): 1, Earthquake Ground Level Movement: DD-2,
Building Use Class (BKS); BKS-1, Building Importance Factor: falls into 1.5 classes and in this
case; According to the foundation and ground survey format, it was determined as the building
within the scope of the 3rd category ground surveys.
2 GEOLOGY
2.1 Regional Geology
The information given here about the geology of the study area and its vicinity is one of
the most detailed researches conducted by MTA in the region, EĢder et al. (1994).

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
17
The study area is located on the north edge of a large delta formed where the Gediz River
meets the Aegean Sea. The geology of the region is quite complex and consists of several phases.
This history can be divided into two phases paleotectonically and neotectonically. Paleotectonic
period covers the time period from Cretaceous to Miocene. The most important feature of this
period is the collision of the Sakarya continent in the north with the Anatolian-Taurus platform in
the south and the formation of the Ġzmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone. Since the traces of this
period are not seen around the study area, they will not be elaborated.
The neotectonic period covers the geological phases that constitute one of the most
important structures of western Anatolia, the graben and the horst system. The formation
mechanisms and ages of these grabens have been the talk of many studies (ġengör et al., 1985;
Seyitoğlu and Scott, 1991, 1994; Görür et al., 1995; Yılmaz et al., 2000; Bozkurt, 2000 and the
documents cited therein). Yılmaz et al. (2000)
These phases are divided into four main groups: In the first phase (early Miocene), K-G
directional grabens begin to form as a result of E-W expansion. In this circuit, calcalkalene and
hybrid lava spray. In the second phase (upper Miocene), N-S directional expansion and E-W
directional grabens are formed, elevation is observed in the main horsts and alkaline basalt lavas
are erupted. In the third phase (Upper Miocene-Early Pliocene) N-S expansion stops and no
large-scale movement is observed in the region. In the last phase, the N-S directional expansion is
activated again, thus creating a regional unconformity plane within the Neogene sequence. The
products of this universe that continues today are E-W directional grabens and horsts.
Gediz delta; It is a structure formed by the Gediz graben, which is one of the E-W
directional grabens such as Büyük menderes, Küçük Menderes and Edremit graben, and where
tectonic activities continue today.
There are many studies showing that the Gediz delta was covered with sea before the
Quaternary and that this delta was formed with alluviums in the Quaternary period. Kraft et al.
(1977) revealed the Quaternary coastline changes for all western Anatolian and eastern Greek
coasts using drilling data and geomorphology.
Changes in Büyük Menderes and Küçük Menderes deltas are based on drilling data and
in more detail Brückner (1998; 2000); Brückner et al. (2001, 2002) and Müllenhoff et al. (2002).
These studies were carried out specifically to explain why the ancient cities (such as Ephesus,
Priene, Miletus) in western Anatolia remained away from the coastline today. Although

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
18
researches in this detail have not been done in the Gediz delta yet, regional studies (eg Kraft et
al., 1977) show that the sunken southwestern part of the delta (due to Foça) was an island until
recently.
Paleotectonic products (allochthonous, thrusts, etc.) are not observed in the research area.
The observed geological structures consist of lavasation and layer inclination belonging to the
neotectonic period.
Faulting: EĢder et al. (1994), many faults were mapped. The following features related to
these faults shown in the geology map (Figure-4 and Annex-1) can be expressed:
a) Faults form the boundaries of rock units in most places. For example, the boundaries
of the Aliağa pyroclastics and Soma Formation in the south of the area and the different volcanic
rocks in the east of the area are completely fault controlled. This shows that the vertical
excursions along the faults are quite high and the faults are very effective in the Plio-Quaternary
period considering the age of the units.
b) The harmony of some faults with the morphology of the current alluvium plains
indicates that the faults are active today. Earthquakes known to exist in the region are the most
important proof of this.
c) Faults are in most places parallel and close to each other and give a "fault set"
appearance rather than single faults. Depending on the inclination directions of the faults in a set,
stepped structures or graben-horst structures were formed within the study area. The most
beautiful examples of the stepped structure are the steps formed by the three faults located in the
north of the village of Samurlu, which are located in the north of the area and formed by three
faults inclined towards the NW-SW direction and this time to the southeast. These two fault sets
together form a great horst.
d) All faults EĢder et al. (1994) defined as "normal fault". The continuation of the faults
along straight lines on the map indicates that the fault plane is high and therefore a directional
slip component may exist.
EĢder et al. (1994) classified the neotectonic faults in the region in three formation
phases: 1. NE-SW oriented tectonic trends (Middle Miocene-Upper Miocene)
2. NW-SE direction tectonic trends (Lower Miocene-Quaternary)
3. WNW-ESE direction tectonic trends (Lower Miocene-Quaternary)

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
19
Accordingly, the old period faults (NE-SW) supervised the eruption of volcanic rocks
that surfaced in and around the study area. The fact that the volcano exit centers show a sequence
in the direction of NE-SW in the south of the area is a proof of this argument. Active faults are
active in the NW-SE direction today.
Although it is not surfaced in the study area and its surroundings, it is known that the
oldest rocks in the region are the Upper Cretaceous aged Izmir Flysch in the allochthonous
position (EĢder et al., 1994). This flysch consists of alternating schist and metasandstone in
epiclastic character with exotic limestone block, recrystallized under metamorphism under
conditions of green schist facies.
Figure-3. General geology map of Aliağa region (MTA, 2004)
Soma Formation: The oldest unit observed in the area is the Lower Miocene aged Soma
Formation that covers the Izmir Flysch inconsistently (Ts2). The formation, which is one of the
common units of the study area, is exposed in large and continuous outcrops. Soma Formation,
which has a volcanosedimanter character, is represented by alternating thick bedded, yellowish,
gray, beige clayey limestone, marl, mudstone, sandstone, siltstone, fine limestone and tuffite.
0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
20
Tuffite and other volcanoclastics are observed more frequently at the upper levels of the
formation (EĢder et al., 1994). Accordingly, the sedimentary environment in the lacustrine facies
in the Lower Miocene near the study area later turned into a volcanosedimanter sedimentary
environment. Aliağa pyroclastics overlap the Soma Formation with an angular unconformity.
Aliağa Pyroclastics: In the Middle Miocene, the region is generally in the land and covered with
shallow water from time to time. During this process, andesite lavas and intermediate doped
pyroclastics were formed. These units were named as Aliağa pyroclastics (Tap) (EĢder et al.,
1994). Volcanic rocks are the most common outcrops in the study area of Aliağa pyroclastics.
The unit is observed in the south and east of the area as two main masses. The tuffs in the unit
generally cover volcanic parts and pyroxene andesites are seen as dykes in places. As a result of
petrographic studies carried out in samples compiled from Aliağa pyroclastics, rocks belonging to
the explosive phase were defined as acidic tuff, silicified tuff, weathered tuff, pyroclastic rock,
altered pyroclastic rock. In the extrusive phase, there are volcanics consisting of lava flows such
as pyroxene andesite and perlite at some levels of Aliağa pyroclastics.
Çamdağ Limestones: Çamdağ limestones (Tçk) are sedimentary rocks belonging to the Middle
Miocene and are located between the pyroclastics of the Upper Miocene aged Soma Formation
and the volcanics of the Extrusive phase of the Upper Miocene age (EĢder et al., 1994).
Limestones are exposed in only three small outcrops within the study area. These outcrops are
seen in the south of the area, around Bozköy in the high parts of the hills. Limestones are gray
cream colored, fossiliferous and thic bedded. The lower contact of the Çamdağ limestones
consists of alternating layers of tuff, tuffite and fine limestone, and is located directly on the
upper levels of the Aliaga pyroclastics. Towards the top, it has the appearance of a uniform and
medium bedded, thick bedded, which characterizes more lagoon environments. There are no
characteristic fossils that can age in the unit,
Aliağa Volcanics: All volcanic rocks except the Middle Miocene aged Aliağa pyroclastics (Tap)
are named as Aliağa volcanics. These volcanics, which are aged as Upper Miocene, are of sialic
origin and have calcalcal character. These volcanics, which are divided into five different units,
are named as Hatundere dacites (Tdst), Sarıkaya rhyolites (Tryl), Bozdivlit basaltic andesites
(Tba), agglomerates (Tagl) and Dumanlıdağ andesites (Tand) (EĢder et al., 1994).

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
21
Figure-5. Aliağa - Myrina geological cross section in N-S direction
Hatundere Dasites: Hatundere dacites outcrops in the southeastern part of the study area. Dasit
outcrops are dominantly in shades of dark gray and black and are also seen in brown colors. They
are harder than the andesites on them and have been subjected to hydrothermal alteration in many
places. Such lavas spread out of volcanic centers located in different directions and spread over a
wide area (EĢder et al., 1994). After the formation of Hatundere dacites, there was a pause in
volcanism and erosion occurred in the region in the process.
Sarıkaya rhyolites: Sarıkaya rhyolites outcrops south of the village of Samurlu, southeast of the
study area. These rocks erupting on NE-SW directional tectonic lines give out thick lava flow and
dyke-like outcrops. They are in burgundy-brown tones and are very hard and massive in places.
Average thickness was estimated as 100 m (EĢder et al., 1994).
Bozdivlit Basaltic Andesites: Volcanic rocks, which are morphologically, chemically and
petrographically different from the volcanites below and above, resembling basalts, have been
named Bozdivlit Basaltic Andesites (Tba) by EĢder et al. (1994). The rhyolitic dykes observed in
this unit are different from the rhyolite lava flows in terms of the formation phase. This unit
thickness is estimated to be around 125-150 m. It is surfaced in four large outcrops in the study
area.

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
22
Figure-6. Generalized stratigraphic column section of the region
Agglomerates: Agglomerates (Tagl) come on Bozdivlit basaltic andesites before lava discharge
and as a product of the explorative phase EĢder et al. (1994) stated that they were observed near
the exit center. They consist of angular gravel up to block size in tuff cement as a rock type.
Dumanlıdağ Andesites: Dumanlıdağ andesites (Tand) consist of lava flows from certain crevices
and faults depending on the general tectonic structure of the region (EĢder et al., 1994). They are
observed in a small area in the southeast of the study area. These volcanics are trachyandesite and

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
23
andesite type rocks. They have created topographic elevations because they are more resistant to
abrasion. These cut Hatundere dacites and Bozdivlit basaltic andesites of Aliağa pyroclastics in
the form of dykes or flowed over them in thick lava tongues.
Alluvium: Alluviums cover large areas in the central part of the study area. Its formation still
continues. For this reason, alluviums, which are considered to be Quaternary, consist of current
alluviums formed on the valley floors and alluvial fans formed along the valley edges and slope
rubble. It consists of volcanic gravel and blocks carried by alluvium and fan streams. Slope debris
are composed of volcanic blocks developing around volcanic heights (EĢder et al., 1994).
2.2 Structural Geology and Active Tectonics
As it is known, Ġzmir City is located in the 1st Degree Earthquake zone. Since the study
area is located in the center of Izmir City, it contains all the characteristic features of the city's
Geological structure. However, if we look at the geological structure within the boundaries of
Aliağa, which also includes the study area;
Western Anatolian neotectonism is represented by an open tectonic regime (ġengör 1979,
1980). The tectonic regime with a N-S directional opening is a result of the neotectonism
observed throughout Anatolia. Neotectonism Middle-Upper Miocene result of continent-
continent collision took place between the Eurasian plate with the Arab-African plate in Eastern
Anatolia is known to have begun and neotectonism this collision westward to escape along the
northern and eastern Anatolia transform fault of the Anatolian plate revealed in Turkey. It
contains a series of tectonic events that take place. During the escape to the west, the Anatolian
block is pushed on the African plate along the Hellenic arc in the Aegean Sea with a rotational
rotation in Western Anatolia (ġengör & Kidd, 1979; ġengör 1979, 1980; ġengör et al., 1985;
Reilinger et al., 1997).
The opening tectonic regime in Western Anatolia is the result of rotational rotation in the
region. The main morphotectonic elements of Western Anatolia form a blocky structure
consisting of roughly E-W general stretched horsts and grabens.

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
24
Figure-7. Simplified map of the Western Anatolian graben system (Bozkurt,2001)
Simplified map of the Western Anatolian grabens (Figure-6) The Gediz graben is about
150 km long in the general extension of the E-W. The graben floor was leveled with Plio-
Quaternary aged sediments. The horsts surrounding the graben mainly consist of the
metamorphics of the meander massif and the Ġzmir-Ankara suture belt foundation rock units.
Neotectonic structures outside the Gediz graben system are NE and NW extending. Neotectonic
period deformations in this region are generally dominated by strike-slip faults (Emre and Barka,
2000; Barka et al., 2000; Ocakoğlu et al., 2005). Of these, structures with NE extension are more
dominant and longer in density. Zeytindağ-Bergama fault zone in the north is one of the main
regional structural elements that restrict the Yuntdağ block from the west. The strike-slip fault
systems that extend across this fault zone between the Aliağa-Gediz graben are also important
elements in regional neotectonic deformation (ġaroğlu et al., 1987, 1992; Genç & Yılmaz, 2000).

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
25
The current deformation and related seismicity in some area related to NE-SW trending faults
within the regional neotectonic framework are controlled by alive faults.
It is known that scientists working in MTA General Directorate, Universities and some
other institutions and organizations have been produced about the faults in Ġzmir and its
surroundings. MTA Active Fault Map of Turkey as the first made in the 1970 's of years, in the
1990s, it has been updated (ġaroğlu et al., 1992). Later, studies were carried out to reduce the
possible earthquake risks around Ġzmir (Barka et al., 1996, Emre & Barka, 2000), and Ġzmir Ġzmir
Earthquake Scenario Earthquake Master Plan (ĠDSDMP) was prepared by Ġzmir Metropolitan
Municipality. In the light of the current information, a new project named “Current Tectonics of
the Izmir Environment and Active Faults” was created in the light of the current information, and
the active faults of Izmir and its surroundings and their characteristics were determined in this
project (Emre et al., 2005).
Within the scope of the "Current Tectonics of the Izmir Environment and Active Faults"
project by the General Directorate of MTA; In the active fault study conducted by Emre et al,
2005, 9 active faults were distinguished from north to south. 6 of these faults close to the
planning area are mentioned below:
I. Güzelhisar Fault:
It lies between Aliağa district in the north of Ġzmir and Osmancalı town of Manisa. Güzelhisar
fault ġaroğlu et al. (1987, 1992) defined by the fault zone in the NE-SW extension of Menemen
north. In this study, the Active Fault Map of Turkey said one fault zone due to the diverse nature
of the fault system to create one Güzelhisar fault and the fault zone is divided into Menemen.
Güzelhisar fault is approximately 25 km long. Fault N70W is in general direction. Dumanlıdağ, a
Miocene strato volcano (Mortally, 1983), morphologically restricts it from the north. The fault
dominated by the strike-slip morphology consists mainly of the main body and tail sections
located at both ends. At its northwest end, the tail section, which is approximately 5 km long,
extends between Güzelhisar village and Aliağa district center. In this part, the fault cuts Miocene
aged volcano-sediments. It forms a contact between volcano-sediments and Quaternary sediments
in Güzelhisar village (EĢder et al., 1991).

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26
Figure-8. View of Güzelhisar fault in 3 km north direction of Aliağa center
When evaluated within the regional active tectonic roof, it was interpreted that the fault is a right
strike slip with a slope slip component (ġaroğlu et al., 1992). The youngest geological unit cut by
the Güzelhisar fault is Miocene aged volcanites and sedimentary rocks (Akyürek and Soysal,
1983; Kaya, 1981; EĢder et al., 1991; Genç & Yılmaz, 2000). No geological findings related to
the Holocene activity of the fault have been obtained. Geomorphological findings indicate that
the fault is effective in Quaternary. Therefore Güzelhisar probable fault has been recognized as
an active fault.
II. Menemen Fault
The faults located between the Dumanlıdağ volcano complex in the north of Menemen and the
flood plain of the Gediz river and stretching in the NW-SE direction are called the Menemen
fault zone. This fault zone is the first time in ġaroğlu et al. (1987, 1992) and defined as
Dumanlıdağ fault zone in ĠDSDMP. The total length of the fault zone, which consists of four
fault-oriented N60W general fault segments, roughly parallel to each other, is 15 km. All of the
faults in the zone at the summit of Dumanlıdağ cut the lava forming the Miocene strato-volcano

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cone (Öğdüm, 1983, EĢder et al., 1991). The width of the fault zone reaches 5 km. The fault that
forms the northwest part of the fault zone is 8 km long. Unlike the general direction of this part of
the zone, N50W has an extension. The longest fault in the middle of the zone is 12 km long.
These faults, which cut Miocene aged rock units at the summit of Dumanlıdağı, form linearities
that can be clearly observed in the aerial photographs. However, detailed geomorphological data
on the nature of the faults and Quaternary activity could not be collected. It was stated by Genç
and Yılmaz (2000) that some faults that lie in the same direction in Dumanlıdağ region are right-
sided. Considering that they lie in the same direction with the Güzelhisar fault, these faults at the
summit of Dumanlıdağı were interpreted as right-sided. Data on the Quaternary activity of the
faults lying in the summits of Dumanlıdağı within the Menemen fault zone are limited. For this
reason, the locations of these faults in the zone within the regional fault pattern were also taken
into consideration and evaluated as the neotectonic period lineages with the lowest potential to
produce earthquakes. On the other hand, the findings on the fault segment observed between
Buruncuk and Gediz river can be interpreted that this piece is active in Holocene. However, it is
possible that the morphological anomalies observed along this linearity are related to erosional
processes. Because of this possibility, the said fault probability has been accepted as alive.
III. Yenifoça Fault
Yenifoça is a fault extending in the direction of N-S in general between Nemrut port in the east
and Gerenköy in the south. The total length of the fault approaches 20 km. Denzialti data shows
the existence of a fault crossing the Quaternary deposits off the Nemrut Bay (Aksu et al. 1987).
However, one cannot say about the geometric relationship of either of these two faults. The
section of the fault on land is observed in Neogene aged volcanics (Altunkaynak & Yılmaz,
2000). In this part, the fault is linear. Linear valleys are located on the fault zone. Monoclinal
ridges and hillocks, which dive to the west along the fault in the northern part, attract attention.
Hot water outlets developed along the fault zone in the Horozgigi region, which coincides with
the northern end, and the Neogene rocks were subjected to hydrothermal alteration (EĢder et al.
1991). Yenifoça fault is left-sided strike slip (Altunkaynak & Yılmaz, 2000). Data on the
Quaternary and Holocene activity could not be collected, except for the linear morphology
formed by the fault along the remaining sections of the land. This linear morphology is also
suitable for the layer directions of Neogene units that surface on the fault zone and could not be
directly associated with the fault. For this reason, according to land data, the fault was evaluated

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
28
as neotectonic period structure and mapped as linearity. If the faults (Aksu et al., 1987) that are in
the continuation of this linearity in the Çandarlı Bay and cross the Quaternary are associated with
this system, the fault may be considered to be alive. However, the available data does not allow a
correlation between the two faults in this direction.
IV. İzmir Fault
In the east of the Izmir gulf, the E-W trending fault, which limits this bay morphologically from
the south, has been named as the Ġzmir fault (Emre and Barka, 2000). The eastern half of the
Izmir Bay is a developed tectonic pit or groove in the north block of this fault. This tectonic
groove is located to the west of the Gediz graben system, which is one of the largest depression
basins formed within the tectonic regime of Western Anatolia. The bottom of the Izmir
depression basin formed in the northern block of the fault is under the Aegean Sea waters
between Karaburun peninsula and Bayraklı and forms the gulf. Ġzmir fault is a normal fault with a
total slope slip of 35 km between Güzelbahçe and PınarbaĢı. At the western end, the fault is
bifurcated. The southern branch ends in the direction of the Seferihisar fault with NE-SW
direction and right direction strike slip. The northern branch, which is oriented towards the NW,
is probably connected to the Façade direction with the NNW-SSE direction located in the east of
Uzunada and Çiçekadaları at the base of Izmir Bay. Fay traverses the city settlement in the
direction of E-W. According to the records (Pınar and Lahn, 1952; Ergin et al., 1967; Guidoboni
et al., 1994), it is most likely that the earthquake of 10 July 1668 was caused by the Izmir fault
among the historical earthquakes that affected the city. It is noteworthy that the damage
distribution in this earthquake, whose severity is defined as I0 = X, is concentrated throughout
the Gulf (Ergin et al., 1967). It is reported that approximately 20.000 people died in the city
center of Izmir during the earthquake. The surface deformations given about the earthquake do
not define the surface tear on the Izmir fault. Instrumental period records determine an intense
earthquake activity in the immediate vicinity of the city of Ġzmir. Micro-earthquakes observed in
certain periods along Ġzmir fault are concentrated in the eastern half of the fault. The instrumental
eccentric locations of the mid-sized 1974 (M: 5.3) and 1977 (M: 5.5) earthquakes that have done
local damage in the city of Izmir are close to the Izmir fault. It is noteworthy that the buildings in
the city center were damaged in these two earthquakes. The normal faulting mechanism was
obtained from the fault plane solution of the 1977 earthquake. However, seismological data
cannot be interpreted as to be the source of these earthquakes. Two alternatives can be proposed

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
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for the length of the fault, which is one of the parameters that can be used to estimate the
earthquake magnitude that may result from the fault. The first is the assumption that two different
geometric segments of one fault can be broken separately. Both segments that make up the fault
are 15 km long. In the prediction that both segments of the fault will be broken in a single
earthquake, the total fault length reaches 35 km.
V. Kemalpaşa Fault
The alive fault that lies between Bağyurdu and Ulucak in the west of the Gediz graben has been
named as KemalpaĢa fault (Emre and Barka, 2000). The overall direction of the fault, which is 24
km long and concave to the north at its ends, is N75E. At the eastern end of the KemalpaĢa fault,
the Gediz graben begins as a normal fault that separates from the detachment fault. Along the
fault, the graben fill developed in front of the detachment fault in the south is cut. It separates the
Plio-Quaternary graben deposits and Holocene alluvial fans in the central and eastern parts. In the
west of KemalpaĢa, it creates a morphological incompatibility between the foundation rocks of
the Nif mountain and the Holocene fan. In the Ören region, which coincides with its eastern end,
the plane slope of the detachment fault it joins is on average 12-15 °. Although it could not be
observed in the field, its morphology and linear course show that the KemalpaĢa fault, which is a
synthetic structure in the ceiling block of this detachment fault, has a higher angle. The Holocene
fans were cut along the fault and the top sections were suspended in the southern block. Tectonic
origin terraces have developed in the river beds that make up these fans in the base block. Very
fresh fault wounds between Armutlu and KemalpaĢa are known as micro-morphological
structures related to developed earthquakes in historical periods. At the western end, the fault
traverses the KemalpaĢa city settlement in the NW-SE direction. Fay ends with two small fault
parts in Ulucak.
VI. Manisa Fault
Manisa Fault is a normal fault located in the northwestern arm of the Gediz graben. It is
approximately 40 km long between Turgutlu and Muradiye in the west of Manisa. The N65W is
in general trend and offers a curved stretch of wide bends. The fault between Turgutlu and
Manisa forms a single linearity extending in the general direction N45. On the west of Manisa,
where it gained the E-W direction, it gains a zonal structure consisting of a series of normal
faults. The Manisa fault forms the western continuation of the Turgutlu fault located between the
Holocene fillings on the graben floor and the Plio-Quaternary sediments in the south in the

0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
30
central part of the Gediz graben. Turgutlu fault turns from the general direction of E-W at the
western end and returns to the direction of Manisa fault. A geometrical border separating these
two faults, with a bend of 45 °, was accepted in the KemalpaĢa stream section. It is likely that this
rightward bend towards the northwest corresponds to a transfer ramp between two faults (relay
ramp; Peacock et al., 2000). The Manisa fault consists of two segments, east and west, which can
be separated from each other with a sharp twist. Faults in the eastern section offer wide arc
geometry, facing north in E-W general direction. The general directions of the faults in the
western section are N55W. The part that constitutes the westernmost part of the segment wins the
N-S direction. Manisa fault is a living tectonic structure, and significant displacements have
occurred in the vertical direction along the fault in Holocene. According to historical and
instrumental records, the city of Manisa and its environs have been affected by a large number of
major earthquakes causing serious damage. There is no information on which of these
earthquakes originated from the Manisa fault, the frequency of earthquakes on the fault and the
date of the last major earthquake that occurred on the fault. This information can be obtained
through detailed paleoseismology studies. Manisa city settlement is traversed by the fault. The
western part of the fault is the regions where industrial investments are intense. The findings
show that surface deformations will develop significantly in earthquakes that may occur on the
fault. For this reason, Manisa fault is one of the compulsory faults to perform paleoseismology
studies.
3. LAND SURVEYS
3.1 Geophysical Studies
3.1.1 Electric Resistivity Method
The resistivity is the inverse of the self conductivity, which indicates the electrical
conductivity of a material and its unit is ohm / m. The Basic Principle of the resistivity methods is
based on Measuring the potential area between M and N by giving electric current to the ground
such as A and B. It is the method of calculating the resistivity and thickness values of
underground layers from the potential-current intensity relation by measuring the potential of the
electric field created underground by the artificial current given to the ground. As in the
Schematic Illustration, since the current lines spread circularly underground, a deeper response
can be obtained as the AB interval increases.

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31





 Figure-9. Schematic representation of the electrical resistivity method


a = k (V / I)
a: = Visible resistivity (ohms)
k = Geometric factor (depending on the electrode assembly)
V: measured potential difference (mVolt)
I: Artificial current on the ground (mA)
Arrangement, structure, composition, matrix structure, porosity, water content,

discontinuity etc. of underground structures by electrical resistivity method. physical and
chemical properties were tried to be determined.
Used Equipment and Measurement Method in the field
Equipment used in the electrical resistivity method; a current source (battery and
generator), Transmitter (Controlled Current transmitter unit), Current and potential cables and
electrodes. Vertical electrical drilling technique was used to investigate the underground changes
in the vertical direction. The electrode arrangement is used herein Schlumberger electro
assembly.
Figure-10. Schlumberger Electrode assembly schematic representation

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32
At some point, the measurement made by opening the AB electrodes at certain distances
is called Vertical Electric Drilling Technique. According to the arrangement of the electrodes in
the field, they are named as wenner, half wenner, schlumberger, half schlumberger, Dipol dipole,
pol dipole etc.
Evaluation of the Data Obtained from the Methods Used
In the vertical electric drillings carried out in the study area, their expansions were taken
as AB / 2 = 15-30 m. The media recorded according to the measurements and the resistivity
values of the environments are given in the table below with their depth.
Spreading
Geological Layer Resistivity (ohm.m) Layer Thickness
points
ERT-1 Andesite 200 Ω - 450Ω 50 m + ?
Spreading
Geological Layer Resistivity (ohm.m) Layer Thickness
points
ERT-2 Andesite 105 Ω - 481Ω >50 m
Table-4. Results of Vertical Electric Resistivity Test
3.1.2 Soil Resistivity Measurement Studies

Grounding Measurement, Grounding is very important for our life and property safety,
from the smallest facility to a very large facility. While the ground transition resistance value is
also important in Lightning Protection Systems, it is also very important for the leakage current
relay on the panel to work correctly. For this reason, we must keep the earthing measurements
under control at the facility. Such as operating ground, protection ground, function ground,
lightning protection ground. But the equipotential system we have always mentioned is the most
important. In other words, there should be an equipotential grounding point in the facility where
all the grounds are re-grounded.

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Figure-11: Soil Resistance Measurement Study Image Made in the Study Area
In resistivity application; 12 Volt battery supply voltage, the output voltage from 0 to 500
mA output current from 0 to 500 V, 100 W output power and output frequency of 0.5 Hz with a
2.2 Mega ohm input impedance of the transmitter the maximum sensitivity of 0.1 mV full scale, 0
5 Hz operating frequency and the frequency response of -12 dB per octave, reading time 15
seconds, the calibration receiver is used 0.5 ohms
Spreading UTM – WGS84 – 6 DEGRES

REGION
No Y X Z
R1 505672 4296596 88 m
İzmir Aliağa
R2 505800 4296620 88 m
O.S.B.
R3 505785 4296700 88 m
115 INSULAR / 1
R4 505711 4296688 88 m
LAND
R5 505749 4296652 88 m
Table-5. Table showing elevation and coordinates of soil resistence measurement studies
RESISTIVITY (ohm.m) CORROSION EFFECT

ρa<10 Very corrosive
10<ρa<30 Corrosive
30<ρa<100 Medium corrosive
Ρa >100 Poor corrosive
Table-6. Results and corrosive grades of the measurements made

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Soil Average Soil Average

Corrosion
Point Depth
Resistance Effect Resistance Corrosion Effect
R1 1m 118 Ohm-m Poor corrosive

115 Ohm-m Poor corrosive
Table-7. Relationship between soil resistance and corrosion
3.1.3. Siesmic Studies

Seismic Refraction Method
In the study area, seismic methods were used to determine the ground layers, to understand their
properties and limits. In order to investigate the shallow underground structure, P and S wave
records were taken during the spread by using geophones. Time-distance plots obtained from
each spread were calculated for the velocity values of each layer and a seismic ground section
was drawn. Dynamic elastic parameters are calculated from seismic velocities and the values of
these parameters are shown in the appendix. Study; SARA DO-RE-Mİ seismic device and 4.5 Hz
geophones and other seismic equipment were used.
Figure-12. Display of Masw, microtromor and ERT profile lines made in the study area
0543 580 03 51 - 0533 027 12 92
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GEOPHYSICS (MASW) WORKING COORDINATES

Spreading UTM – WGS84 – 6 DEGRES
Region
No Y X Z
Masw-1 505720 4296608 88 m
Masw-2 505752 4296612 88 m
İzmir, Aliağa
Masw-3 505780 4296615 88 m
O.I.Z
Masw-4 505806 4296617 88 m
115 Ins / 1 Land
Masw-5 505730 4296671 88 m
Masw-6 505775 4296673 88 m
Table-8. Coordinate information of Masw profiles
Surface Wave Methods

Determination of Shear Wave (Vs) Velocity by MASW-MAM Multi-channel Surface Wave
Analysis Method
Masw-mam methods, which is a new method for obtaining S wave velocities in the
location investigations of the building, and 30 m. and it allows to get information from the
depths above. In the regulations, 30 m. Although the depth of the research is deemed sufficient,
at least 760 m / sec to determine the ground ruling period. It is also possible to determine seismic
velocities up to the layer with velocity value.
Thus, Vs (30), local ground class, ground amplification and ground dominant period can also be
calculated with high accuracy. In addition, asphalt, concrete, pavement, stone floor, etc., without
the need for natural ground. In environments, measurements can be taken by providing a good
connection of geophones to the surface.
Application Types of the Method
The Masw-mam method is initially divided into two parts, active source and passive
source.
Active Source:
In active source applications, seismic waves are recorded as a result of striking the
geophones lined along the linear line with a sledgehammer from a certain distance. Depending
on the distance and underground structure, energy can be accumulated. We can say this stage or
data collection stage.
Pasive Source:
L in passive source applications, circular etc. In other measurement systems, geophones
are placed. Depending on the features of the measuring equipment used, a large number of

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records are received at specified times. In practice, environmental traffic, factories, sea wave,
atmospheric pressure etc. vibrations resulting from noises are recorded.
Surface Wave and Dispersion
Surface waves have been used in seismology for a long time to investigate the structure
of the shell and upper mantle. Its use for shallow purposes such as determination of shear wave
velocities in building site investigations started with the development of the Spectral Analysis of
Surface (Sasw) method. (Nazarian and Stokoe 1984, Stokoe and Nazarian 1985, Gucunski and
Woods 1991, Tokimatsu and others).
Microtremor, wind, rain, sea waves, atmospheric pressure changes, traffic, industry etc.
The periods resulting from events are vibrations in the range of 0.005-2 seconds. Many
researchers associate microtroemor with Rayleigh wave type. Rayleigh waves are a kind of
surface wave, only as a result of interference of P and S waves on free surfaces such as ground-
air boundary. The elliptical particle motion is opposite to the direction of wave propagation.
Rayleigh waves propagate at a limited depth and long wavelengths penetrate deeper.
Since vertical wave amplitude depends on wavelength, surface waves are dispersive.
Each wavelength has a corresponding phase velocity. In homogeneous environments, different
wavelengths are at the same phase speed. In layered environment, the phase velocity in small
wavelengths will be equal to the phase velocity of the first layer, and in very large wavelengths
the basis. This event, which is not caused by the physical properties of the layers, is called
“geometric dispersion” and the chart of the change of phase speed with frequency is called the
“dispersion curve”.
Estimate:
After the active source or passive source surface wave records obtained in the field are
collected in the field, the data processing phase is started. In the first stage, the phase speeds
corresponding to different frequencies are drawn by the program. As a result of the process, the
dispersion curve is obtained. The frequency ranges of the dispersion curve obtained are
determined by means of the program. Subsequently S wave velocities depending on depth are
calculated by applying inversion (reverse solution) in different models.
Parameters used and formulary:
In the study area, 2 profiles of seismic refraction, masw and Mam array measurement
records were recorded by applying refraction and active welding techniques. Vs, Vp and depths

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of underground layers were calculated by the inverse solution of the wave formed from the phase
velocity-frequency graph of the obtained records. Dynamic Quantities Calculated From Seismic
Velocities;
The following parameters are calculated using Vs (mam) and Vp / refraction) speeds;
Poisson Rating(u) = {1-2(Vs2/V2p)/ [ 2-2(V2S/V2P)]}
Dynamic Slip Module (G) = d.VS2 /100 kg / cm2
Dynamic Elasticity Module (E) = 2(1+u)G kg/cm2
Dynamic Bulk Module (k) = {2(1+u)G} / {3(1-2u)} kg/cm2
Mass Density () = 0,2 Vp + 1,6 gr/cm3
Predominant Vibration Period (T0) = 4h / Vs sn
Vs30 = 30/(Ġ=1,N (hi/Vs)) m/sn.
Dynamic Magnification A = 68*Vs30-0,6 (Midorikawa)
Ultimate Bearing Capacity (qson ) =  *VS
Soil Consolidation ( = ( qson / E ) * ((3/4*π) * (qson /0,333))
3.2.1 Seismic Measurements Performed on Site

Masw and refraction measurements were made from geophysical studies carried out in
the field within the scope of the Geological - Geotechnical Investigation Report. In addition,
multi-channel surface wave measurements were made to determine S wave velocities from
geophysical studies. In these methods, the aim is to record these vibrations by creating an
artificial earthquake wave (vibration) or by geophiles that have underground micro vibrations at
certain intervals and to reveal the geological structure of the underground from the records
obtained. With this study, by correlating the field geology and geophysical results carried out in
the field, the underground geology structure, geotechnical situation and evaluations were tried to
be elucidated, in addition, ground dominance vibration period, Vs30, which could not be
calculated by geotechnical studies, could be calculated.Within the scope of seismic studies, it
was decided that the most suitable measurement system in the field can be measured MASW
(Multi Channel Analysis of Surface Waves) Multi-Channel Surface Wave Terrain and MAM
(Microtremor Array Measurements) Microtremor Line Measurement.
For this purpose, 2 meters of refraction and masw measurements along 1 profile within
the scope of field possibilities. geophone intermittent offset 4 m records were taken.

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3.2.2 Evaluation of the Data Obtained from the Methods Used

In order to determine P and S wave velocities, mutual shots were made in two profiles,
and the time distance (x-t) graph of the shots was drawn and layer speeds were calculated from
the drawn lines and elastic parameters belonging to the ground were found from these speeds.
a) Seismic P wave (Longitudinal Wave Speed) (Vp)
Such waves are called jams or first waves. Cubic expansion or volume change occurs due
to compression during the propagation of these waves. The direction of vibration, which
represents compression and expansion in longitudinal waves, is the same as the wave propagation
direction.
P wawe speed (m/sn) Rippability
300-600 Very Easy
600-900 Easy
900-1500 Middle
1500-2100 Hard
2100-2400 Very Hard
2400-2700 Extremely Hard
Table-9. P wave velocity and detachability of soils or rocks (Bilgin,1989).
Therefore, P wave velocity will be low on compactable (loose) soils and P wave velocity
will be high on hard (uncompressible) soils.
The P wave velocity of 6 lines obtained in the field and the detachability of the floors for
each layer are as follows.
LAYER
LINES LAYERS RIPPABILITY
THİCKNESS
Masw-1 1.Layer 30,00 m Extremely Hard
Table-10. Project Site Detachable Degree
b) Project Site Ground Classification According to Vs30 Speed Value

During the propagation of sliding waves, deformations of the elements, that is, the change
in angles, are observed. This is because the direction of vibration of the particles in wave
propagation is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. Naturally shear wave

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velocities occur if the material has resistance to deformation or torsion. The reason for the S wave
velocity in water to be 0 is that the water has no resistance against torsion and deformation and
can be cut. Normally, P wave and S wave tend to increase and decrease together, but P wave
takes approximately 1500 m / s in water while S wave velocity is 0. Because the water has no
compression feature, the P wave velocity is high, and the reason for the S wave velocity in the
water to be 0 is that the water is not resistant to torsion and deformation and can be cut.
LAYER Vs30 RESULTS
LINES LAYERS SOIL CLASS
THİCKNESS (m/sn)
Masw-1 1.Layer 30,00 m 957 ZB
Table-11. Soil classification according to Vs30 velocities of the Project Site
c) Elastic Modulus (Young Modulus) (E, kg/cm2);

In one direction, it is defined as the ratio of stresses (stresses) to strains (deformations). In
other words, it defines the vertical strain of the ground in the applied vertical pressure direction.
E=2µ(1+σ) kg/cm2
Elastic Modulus – E- kg/cm2 Strength
<1000 Very Easy
1000-5000 Easy
5000-10000 Middle
10000-30000 Hard
>30000 Very Hard
Table-12. Strength of soil or rocks by elasticity module values (Keçeli, 1990).
The elasticity modules of the 6 Lines obtained in the field and the strength of the soils for
each layer are as follows.

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LAYER E
LINES LAYERS Strength
THİCKNESS kg/cm2
Masw-1 1.Layer 30,00 m 36475 Very Hard
Table-13. Soil strengths according to the elasticity module values of the Project Site
d) Dynamic Slip Module (Gmax, kg/cm2);

It shows the resistance of the formation against shear stresses, ie horizontal forces. This
parameter is zero since liquids do not have shear resistance. The higher the sliding module, the
greater the resistance of the formation to shear stress, i.e. horizontal forces (horizontal earthquake
load).
Dynamic Slip Module is calculated in 2 ways
1) Gmax = r * is calculated from the formula Vs2. Here r = gn / g is calculated from the
formula. r = density, gn = natural (total) unit volume weight, g = gravitational
acceleration (9.8m / s2).
2) Specific Weight d = 0.31 * Vp0.25 here Gmax = (d * Vs2) / 100 (kg / cm2)
Dynamic Slip Module is calculated based on the above model as follows.

Dynamic Slip Module (Gmax, kg/cm2) Strength
<400 Very Easy
400-1500 Easy
1500-3000 Middle
3000-10000 Hard
>10000 Very Hard
Table-14. Strength of soil or rocks by shear modulus values (Keçeli, 1990)
Shear modules of 6 Lines obtained in the field and the strength of the floors for each layer
are as follows.

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LAYER Gmax
LINES LAYERS STRENGTH
THİCKNESS kg/cm2
Table-15. Ground strengths according to slip module values of the Project Site
Maximum Dynamic Slip Module (G max) values Kramer (1996) examined by (Table 30),
the profile of a generally "rock unit (volcanic rock)" wherein it is seen that the.
e) Bulk Modulus - (K kg/cm2)

The Bulk Module is a measure of compression under an all-round pressure. The bulk
module obtained from the wave theory is calculated from the relation below.
BULK MODULUS (K, kg/cm2) PRESSURE

<400 Very Low
400-10000 Low
10000-40000 Middle
40000-100000 High
>1000000 Very High
Table-16. Resistance of soil or rocks by Bulk module values (Keçeli, 1990).
Bulk modules of 6 Lines obtained in the field and the strength of the floors for each layer
are as follows..
LAYER K
LINES LAYERS PRESSURE
THİCKNESS kg/cm2
Masw-1 1.Layer 30,00 m 29586 Very High
Table-17. Ground strengths according to the bulk module values of the Project Site

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f) Poisson Ratio (σ) :

Formasyonun enine birim değişmesinin boyuna birim değişmesine oranı olarak
tanımlanır. Bu oran, gözeneksiz ortamlarda 0-0.25 arası, orta dereceli gözenekli ortamlarda 0.25-
0.35 arası ve gözenekli ortamlarda ise 0.35-0.50 arasında değişmektedir. Poisson oranı birimlerin
katılığını bir başka ifadeyle gözenekliliğini ifade etmektedir. Birimsizdir.
Poisson Ratio (σ) Firmnless

0.5 Runny - Liquid
0.4-0.49 Very Loose
0.3-0.39 Loose
0.20-0.29 Tight - Solid
0.1-0.19 Solid
0-0.09 Rugged Rock
Table-18. Poisson classification and speed ratio comparison
Poisson Ratio of 6 Lines obtained in the field and the strength of the floors for each layer
are as follows.
LAYER
LINES LAYERS POISSON RATIO FIRMNLESS
THİCKNESS
Masw-1 1.Layer 30,00 m 0,029 Rugged Rock
Table-19. Ground strengths according to the poisson ratio values of the Project Site
g) Density
The density given by Telford (1976) empirically according to the longitudinal wave
velocity is calculated from the formula below.
ρ =d=0.31*Vp0.25(gr/cm3)

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Density (ρ) (gr/cm3) Defination

<1.20 Very Low
1.20-1.40 Low
1.40-1.90 Middle
1.90-2.20 High
>2.20 Very High
Table 20. Density Classification of Soil Units (Keçeli, 1990)
Denstity of 6 Lines obtained in the field and the strength of the floors for each layer are as
follows.
.
LAYER
LINES LAYERS DENSITY DEFINATION
THİCKNESS
Masw-1 1.Layer 30,00 m 1,95 High
Table-21. Ground strengths according to the density values of the Project Site (Keçeli, 1990)
3.1.4 Microtremor Dimensions

The purpose of the microtremor study carried out in the study area was determined by
determining the ground vibration characteristics of the structures planned to be carried out here
and the ground dominant vibration period (To) and magnification (b) with the seismicity
coefficients through the microtremor. Microtremor dimensions were collected using a WZG 3-
component speedometer so that each recording time was approximately 30 minutes. Evaluations
were evaluated with the Geopsy program.
MICROTREMOR WORKING COORDINATES

Spredding UTM – WGS84 – 6 DEGRES
REGION
No Y X Z
İzmir,Aliağa O.I.Z Mikro-1 505732 4296627 88 m
115 Insular / 1 Land Mikro-2 505762 4296675 88 m
Mikro-3 505792 4296634 88 m
Table-22. Level and coordinates of microtremor studies
Using the microtremor data, ground dominant vibration spheres and spectral ground
magnification values were calculated. Calculated magnifications are dimensionless.
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Close-up view Close-up view View from satellite
Mikrotremor-1 Size Chart
H/V Spectral Ratio Chart
RESULTS OBTAINED ACCORDING TO THE

ASSESSMENT INFORMATION
NAKAMURA METHOD
Number of windows 48 Dominant Period Value (sn) 0,20
Window width 2048 H/V Spektral Ratio (A) 3,53

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H/V Spektral Ratio Chart

NAKAMURA METHOD

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H/V Spektral Ratio Chart

NAKAMURA METHOD

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Ground dominating vibration period values in the study area vary between 0.19-0.22 sec.
The calculated ground dominant vibration period values were evaluated using the microzoning
criteria given by Ansal et al. (2004). According to this;
Data Dominant Dynamic

Using
Point Dimens Vibration Period TA TB H/V Magnificati
Window
ion To (sn) on (Ak)
Mikro-1 30 46 0,21 0,14 0,32 3,91 1,18
Mikro-2 30 46 0,19 0,13 0,29 3,47 1,23
Mikro-3 30 46 0,22 0,15 0,33 3,65 1,21
Table-23. Results of Microtremor studies
At all measurement points, the floor falls into the “A, Low Danger Level” class. The
dominant period values given here are intended to provide a general prediction regarding the
oscillation status of the units in the study area. Structural periods and building period
amplification end values of the structures to be constructed in the study area should be selected
according to the calculated ground prevailing vibration periods, and in case of an oscillation
caused by horizontal earthquake loads as a result of any earthquake, the ground and the structure
should be prevented from going into semi-compliance (resonance).
Spectral ground magnifications are in the range of 1.18-1.23. Kumsar et al. (2005) stated
that the values of 2.0 and above of the spectral magnifications will be a criterion for settlement-
prone areas. Considering the geological data, earthquake risk, shear wave velocity and ground
classifications for the study area, the magnification values of 2.0 and above are accepted as risky
limits. Since the floor magnification values determined in this respect are less than 2.0, the
problem arising from the parcel area floor magnification is not expected. In this respect, attention
should be paid to geotechnical problems that may arise from magnification, structure size and
foundation analysis should be performed accordingly and adherence to earthquake resistant
building design principles should be adhered to.
Point To (sn) Ak
Mikro-1 0,22 1,19
Mikro-2 0,20 1,21
Mikro-2 0,21 1,21
Table-24. Dominant vibration period and ground amplification values of microtremor studies
All geophysical fieldwork and evaluation of Turkish Standarts-EN 1998-1 December
2005 (Eurocode8) is made according to standard.
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3.2 Test Pits

In the study area, 3 research test pits were opened on 04.04.2020 - 05.04.2020 for control
purposes, 1 - 2 m deep, 1 m wide and 3 m long. Since these research pits are for control purposes,
ground tests have not been performed on site and no samples have been taken as laboratory tests.
SURFACE DEPTH LEVEL
R.P. NO Y-NORTH X-EAST
LEVEL (m) (m)
TP-1 38,818945 27,066342 94,00 93,50
TP-2 38,818562 27,066619 104,00 101,50
TP-3 38,818619 27,065706 95,00 94,50
Table-25. Level and coordinates of the research pits
3.3 Drill Works

In accordance with the T.S.E.standards at the designated location, with the TSM750 semi
hydraulic type rotary drilling machine on pallet; 35 boreholes were drilled between 03.04.2020 -
10.04.2020 by using 2 mm-76 mm rod and core barrel. Samples were taken at depths suitable for
the foundation to be laid and laboratory experiments were carried out on these samples.
According to TBDY (2019), drilling depth should be at least 1.5 times the width of the building
starting from the foundation base for building foundations. If a layer with high strength and
rigidity is found at shallower depths, drilling can be completed by determining the layer
continuity by entering at least 3 meters into this layer.
BOREHOLE SURFACE DEPTH LEVEL
Y-NORTH X-EAST
NO LEVEL (m) (m)
BH-1 38,819092 27,065738 92,00 86,00
BH-3 38,819133 27,065738 95,00 89,00
BH-4 38,819155 27,066116 98,00 92,00
BH-5 38,819169 27,066333 99,00 93,00
BH-6 38,819020 27,066506 91,00 85,00
BH-10 38,819086 27,065620 99,00 93,00
BH-11 38,818888 27,066479 91,00 85,00
BH-12 38,818930 27,065729 93,00 85,00
BH-14 38,818984 27,066187 97,00 90,00
BH-15 38,819010 27,066456 100,00 94,00
BH-16 38,819044 27,066640 101,00 95,00
BH-17 38,818887 27,065317 90,00 83,00
BH-19 38,818851 27,065835 94,00 88,00
BH-20 38,818881 27,066041 96,00 90,00
BH-22 38,818945 27,066547 101,00 95,00
BH-23 38,818627 27,066041 88,00 81,00
BH-24 38,818679 27,066547 90,00 84,00
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BH-25 38,818722 27,064992 92,00 86,00

BH-26 38,818731 27,065260 94,00 88,00
BH-27 38,818776 27,065488 97,00 91,00
BH-28 38,818797 27,065723 99,00 93,00
BH-29 38,818807 27,066049 102,00 96,00
BH-32 38,818477 27,066305 92,00 86,00
BH-33 38,818531 27,065272 94,00 88,00
BH-34 38,818589 27,065594 97,00 91,00
BH-35 38,818613 27,065898 100,00 94,00
BH-36 38,818661 27,066580 103,00 97,00
BH-38 38,818343 27,065159 92,00 86,00
BH-40 38,818397 27,065718 96,00 88,00
BH-41 38,818414 27,065944 99,00 93,00
BH-42 38,818444 27,066128 100,00 94,00
BH-43 38,818456 27,066380 103,00 97,00
BH-48 38,818277 27,066813 98,00 90,00
BH-50 38,818347 27,066332 103,00 97,00
BH-51 38,818385 27,066607 105,00 99,00
Table-26. Coordinate and surface elevations of the drilling points according to UTM (Google Earth) system
3.4 In-situ Test

35 boreholes were drilled in order to determine the properties of the soil in the survey
area in terms of engineering geology. Core samples were taken to determine the physical and
mechanical properties of the ground layers passed during drilling wells. The samples were sent
to Baran Geotechnical (Diyarbakır) laboratory for regular experiments.
Standart Penetration Test
The soil classification is a field experiment that aims to evaluate the strength and density
of the soil and to take an undisturbed sample. It is applied as a 63 kg rammer with a free fall
from a height of 76 cm and stuck to the ground.
Standard Penetration Test could not be performed since it consists of ground filling
material and rock units on which the foundation will sit.
4 HYDROGEOLOGY
Rivers: In the drainage basin, where the study area is located, there is no stream and stream bed
with continuous flow. The area of the basin, which has a drainage area of 40 km2, is about 1/4 of
the Düzer plain. In order to dry the swamp formed due to the limited drainage in this plain, a 2.7
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km long drainage channel was opened by DSI in 1962. In the basin, there are Sarıyer, Mersinli
and Hayirli streams that can flow with precipitation and are dry at other times. The streams of
these streams are drained into the Nemrut Bay via the drainage channel on the Plain of Biçer
plain. The important rivers outside the basin where the study area is located are Güzelhisar
Stream and Gediz River. Güzelhisar stream flows from 7.8 km northeast of bird flight of the
study area. Güzelhisar stream, which is the most important river of Aliağa district, was named
after the merger of Kocaçay and Sirce stream. After merging with Kunduz stream, it pours into
the sea around the Kalabasar hill. The length of the Güzelhisar Stream, which is a 565 km2
drainage area, is around 70 km. Average flow rate of Güzelhisar stream is 3,71 m3 / h and
maximum flow rate is 5,7 m3 / h.
The most important water structure on Güzelhisar stream is Güzelhisar dam. Güzelhisar dam,
which is about 12 km away from the survey area, was opened in 1981 to provide water for
Petkim and other industrial facilities. Construction installation has been made by Petkim and the
right to operate belongs to DSI. The dam, which has a vertical clay core and a rock filling type,
is 89 m high and the total storage volume is 158 hm3. 70 l / s (6.048 m3 / day) water taken from
this dam meets the drinking water requirement of Aliağa Municipality. Another water source
close to the forehead is the Gediz river. Flowing 12 km south of the study area, Gediz River is
the second biggest stream of the Aegean Region after Büyük Menderes. Gediz River, formed by
the joining of the waters descending from the mountains of Murat and Saphane in the Central
Western Anatolia, as it advances towards the west, adds the creeks from Kunduzlu, Selendi,
Deliiniş and Demrek from the north and small streams from the Kula volcanic region from the
south. The river enters the Gediz plain from northeast of Salihli district and pours into the sea in
the south of Foça by taking the Nif stream from the southern Kemalpaşa plain. The total length
of the Gediz river is 400 km, and the size of the water collection basin is 17,500 km2. The
average flow is 48.5 m3 / s as a result of the 30-year (1963-1992) measurements at the 518 EIEI
current observation station (drainage area 15.616 km2) located on the Gediz River. During the
observation, the instantaneous maximum flow is 812 m3 / s and the minimum is 0.032 m3 / s.
Water Resources: There is no cold water source around the study area. However, there are two
hot water springs around Aliağa district. Among these, the hot water spring, known as Biçer
Thermal Spring, is located in the middle of the study area. The flow rate of the source, whose
temperature was determined as 36 ° C, was measured in the 1960s is 30 l / s (Koç et al., 1967).

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However, due to excessive drafts from the wells in the following years, this hot water source has
dried up (Metli et al., 1998).
The hot water spring, known as Aliağa Beach Hot Springs or Ilıcaburun Hot Springs, comes out
of the seaside, 11 km northwest of the study area, outside the basin. The geothermal fluid
discharges gas and hotly from the fault that lays the cave. The flow rate of this protected spring
is 10 l / s and the temperature is 55 ° C (Erisen et al., 1996). Near this source is a second source
with a flow rate of 2 l / s and a temperature of 40 ° C (Filiz et al., 1997). It is thought that both
springs reached the surface from a tectonic formation cave which developed due to NW-SE
trending faults from Aliağa pyroclastics unit. According to Filiz (1997), the feeding of these
resources is from the sea.
Lakes: There is no natural lake in the study area.
Swamps: The marsh area, which was named as the Biçer Swamp in the past, is located in the
middle part of the study area. It has an extension of 2.8 km NW-SE direction and 1.2 km NE-SW
direction. As mentioned above, it is a swamp formed due to the limited drainage in Nemrut Port
location. In order to dry the swamp, a drainage channel of 2.7 km in length was opened by DSI
in 1962. Currently, drainage channels carry still water. In addition, there are various literature
and quality piles and waste piles that are carried from various points throughout the swamp area.
5 LABORATORY TESTS
In order to reveal the geotechnical and engineering properties of the undisturbed samples
taken in the laboratory;
- Natural Unit Volume Weight Determination ……… ... ……… TS 1900
- Point Load Test ……………………….………………………. .TS 1900
- Rock Chemical Analysis ……………………………………… .TS 1900
experiments were carried out. These experiments and studies were carried out in Baran
Geotechnical laboratories approved by the Ministry of Public Works. The method followed
during the studies was briefly performed as follows.
5.1 Determination of Index / Physical Properties of Soils
According to the results of the studies conducted in the type of soil and the BARAN
GEOTECHNICAL LABORATORY; (Appendix 6)

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Determination of Index / Physical Properties of Rock Masses

The point loading test results obtained as a result of the experiments are summarized in
Table 16.
Sample Density (y) Point Load Test Value
B.H. No Lithology
Depth (m) (gr/cm3) (Is(50)) (kg/cm2)
BH-1 2,00 – 2,50 Andesite 2,18 13,5
BH-3 2,50 – 3,00 Andesite 2,26 16,9
BH-4 3,00 – 3,50 Andesite 2,26 16,5
BH-5 4,00 – 4,50 Andesite 2,37 20,4
BH-6 5,00 – 5,50 Andesite 2,44 26,3
BH-10 5,50 – 6,00 Andesite 2,39 21,1
BH-11 4,00 – 4,50 Andesite 2,35 17,5
BH-12 1,00 – 1,50 Andesite 2,49 30,7
BH-14 3,00 – 3,50 Andesite 2,44 24,6
BH-15 2,00 – 2,50 Andesite 2,35 20,8
BH-16 2,00 – 2,50 Andesite 2,35 20,8
BH-17 3,00 – 3,50 Andesite 2,36 21,0
BH-19 5,50 – 6,00 Andesite 2,49 27,5
BH-20 2,00 – 2,50 Andesite 2,48 27,1
BH-22 3,00 – 3,50 Andesite 2,34 26,3
BH-23 4,00 – 4,50 Andesite 2,37 26,9
BH-24 2,00 – 2,50 Andesite 2,46 25,1
BH-25 5,00 – 5,50 Andesite 2,51 33,8
BH-26 2,00 – 2,50 Andesite 2,42 24,9
BH-27 3,00 – 3,50 Andesite 2,49 26,6
BH-28 4,00 – 4,50 Andesite 2,46 25,7
BH-29 1,00 – 1,50 Andesite 2,46 25,9
BH-32 2,00 – 2,50 Andesite 2,47 26,4
BH-33 3,00 – 3,50 Andesite 2,42 23,9
BH-34 4,00 – 4,50 Andesite 2,36 21,4
BH-35 5,00 – 5,50 Andesite 2,44 19,8
BH-36 3,00 – 3,50 Andesite 2,28 19,0
BH-38 1,00 – 1,50 Andesite 2,25 18,4
BH-40 2,50 – 3,00 Andesite 2,51 32,5
BH-41 2,50 – 3,00 Andesite 2,29 17,3
BH-42 3,00 – 3,50 Andesite 2,43 25,2
BH-43 1,50 – 2,00 Andesite 2,30 23,1
BH-48 2,00 – 2,50 Andesite 2,42 27,9
BH-50 2,00 – 2,50 Andesite 2,29 16,1
BH-51 1,00 – 1,50 Andesite 2,29 16,0
Table-27. Laboratory results summary point loading and density values of rocks

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The point loading test results obtained as a result of the experiments are given in
ANNEX-6. According to these results, the point loading value average; It is seen that it is in the
class of 23.05 kg / cm² for the andesite unit and “medium strength” for the rock type.
ROCK STRENGTH POINT LOAD TEST VALUE (kg/cm²)

Very High Strength >80
High Strength 80 – 40
Middle Strength 40 - 20
Low Strength 20 - 10
Very Low Strength <10
Table-28. Classification of rocks according to Point Loading values (Bieneawski,1975)
Rock Quality Designation (RQD)

According to the RQD assessment; Considering the RQD results in bearing power
calculations, Deere (1966) classifications were used in the geotechnical evaluations of the rock
units cut in the drillings made in the study area. In the drillings made in the study area, in core
samples taken from the levels where the foundation will sit; Core yield is calculated as average
(TCR) 66%, rock quality indicator is calculated as average (RQD) 20%, solid core yield (SCR) is
55%. The rock mass quality value was evaluated as "very weak" at the basic level (1.50 m - 2.00
m).
RQD % ROCK QUALİTY
0 – 25 Very Weak
25 – 50 Weak
50 –75 Middle
75- 90 Good
90-100 Very Good
Table-29. Determination of rock mass quality according to RQD (Deere, 1966)
Determination of Geological Strength Index

A method proposed by Sönmez and Ulusay (1999) in determining the Geological
Strength Index (GSI); It is known that a small change in GSI value in failure criterion equations
directly affects rock mass constants. Based on the observations to be made in the field, GSI can
be determined by using the abacus given in Figure 7.

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Figure-13. Estimation of the Geological Resistance Index (GSI) based on geological definitions according
to Hoek (1998) (Sönmez ve Ulusay, 2002)
Arazide yapılan gözlemler ve elde edilen laboratuvar çalıĢmalarına göre GSI=20

alınabilir.
Determination of Rock Mass Rating (RMR) Value with GSI
Bieniawski (1973) and Barton et al., Which control the strength and deformation of rock
masses. (1974) takes into account the similarities with the characteristics of rock mass
classification systems developed. In determining the Geological Strength Index (GSI), RMR and
Q classifications are used, and there is also a related method proposed by Sönmez and Ulusay
(1999).

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If the 1989 version of the RMR system is used for GSI determination, the lowest score
that can be obtained from the rock classification is 23. This value is slightly more than the
minimum value in the 1976 version. In this context; Provided that it is RMR89> 23;
RMR89 = GSI + 5
It is calculated as.
In this case, for the parcel where the study is made;
RMR89 = 20 + 5
RMR89 = 25
receivable.
Determination of Rock Parameters by RMR

Based on the accepted studies of the researchers in the literature based on the RMR value
obtained based on the field observations, rock parameters to be used in geotechnical studies can
be determined. Serafim and Pereria (1983); Rock parameters values obtained according to
Bieniawski (1989) can be taken from Table-10.
.
RMR 100 – 81 80 – 61 60 – 41 40 – 21 < 20
Cohesion (c) (kPa) > 400 400 – 300 300 – 200 200 – 100 < 100
Friction Angle (0) > 45 45 – 36 35 – 26 25 – 15 < 15
Shear Strength (Cu) (kPa) - - 350 - 300 300 - 250 < 250
Tablo-30. Geomechanical Classification of Rock Foundations Serafim and Pereria (1983); Bieniawski (1989)
According to the field observations, for both gypsum unit and claystone unit; when
RMR = 30; friction angle (ɸ) = 18º, cohesion (c) = 150 kPa, shear strength (Cu) = 275 kPa.
5.2 Determination of Local Soil Class

Turkey Earthquake Building Regulations (2019) that the local soil classification is given
in the following table-31. In the geological and geophysical studies, the “local ground class” was
determined according to the data obtained from the field and laboratory studies.

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Table-31. “Turkey Earthquake Building Regulations (2019) that the local soil classes
Identification of ground/Soil (VS)30 SPT(N60)30 (CU)30

Slightly weathered, medium strength
940 m/sn -- -
rocks
Table-32. Geological parameters of the ground
Local Ground Class in the examination in accordance with the scope of this regulation;
Available in ZB.
6 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE SURVEY

There is no risk of landslide due to the low precipitation in the region, the development of
vegetation and the low slope of the land (<5%). The base of the study area is the Lower - Middle
Miocene aged, burgundy, pinkish and reddish colored Dumalıdağ Andesites.
According to Dumanlıdağ Formation geotechnical parameters; It has characteristics with
low water content (average 5%), medium strength, very cracked and intermittent discontinuities.
Therefore, it is expected that the building will show medium strength to its estimated load. In the
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soundings made; This unit is encountered after an average of 3.00 m and it is understood that it is
a correct approach to calculate the ground parameters according to this unit, considering that the
building foundation will overlap this unit.
6.1 Liquefaction and Lateral Spread Analysis Assessment
As a result of the calculations made from the field and laboratory experiments on the
ground where the foundation will sit, it is understood that the risk of liquefaction of the ground is
low.
6.2 Slope Analysis
There is no potential to affect the slope stability of the building planned to be built in the
study area.
6.3 Excavation Safety and Necessary Precautions

In deep excavations (2,00 m and more), it may be necessary to give a slope angle.
7 GEOLOGICAL PROFILES
In general, 35 ground survey drillings were made; basaltic andesite unit with a blocky,
pinkish-reddish brown color with a variability of 0.00 - 6.00 m was passed. The given values are
average values and which units in which quantity are available can be seen in detail in drill logs
and sections. (Annex-3 and Annex-4)
The soundings made in the study area; naturally occurring gaps were found. The designed
structures have rocks such as gypsum and anhydrite that can be melted with water at the planned
dig depths. However, water leaks are observed during drilling due to the filling material and the
cracking system of the andesite unit.

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8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Ġzmir Province, Aliağa District, Çoraklar Neigbour Aliağa Organized Industrial Zone
reached the following conclusions and made suggestions in the light of the examinations made
within the scope of the "soil mechanics and rock investigation report " of the area where the
Caustic Facility to be built in insular no.115, land no.1 will be located. Report; The data obtained
from geological and geophysical field studies are evaluated by literature and office studies and
includes engineering analyzes and suggestions.
2. There are no traces of old and new disasters in the study area and its surroundings.
Landslides, rock falls, avalanches etc. that may fall within the scope of Law No. 7269 do not
carry a natural disaster risk.
3. AFAD Earthquake Hazard Map of the value of the land from the application are as
follows.
Peak Ground Acceleration (g) PGA= 0.443
Peak Ground Velocity (cm/sn) PGV= 26.209
Short period map spectral acceleration coefficient (Ss)= 1.081
Map Spectral Acceleration Coefficient for 1 second Period (S1)= 0.260
Earthquake Ground Motion Level DD2
Local Ground Class ZB
Local Ground Impact Coefficient (Fs)= 0.900
Local Ground Impact Coefficient for 1 second period (F1)= 0.800
Design Spectral Acceleration Coefficient (SDS)= 0.973
Design Spectral Acceleration Coefficient for 1 second period (SD1)= 0.208

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4. Seismic refraction and masw measurement were performed in 6 locations in the field.
Profile lengths are 30 - 30 meters and ground parameters up to 30 meters deep are obtained.
5. The ground vibration period was calculated as (To = 0.20). It is the purpose of the general
prediction regarding the oscillation status of the units in the project area.
6. In the examination area; For the depth of 30 meters, the average shear wave velocity is
obtained with the data obtained in MASW management; Vs30 = 957 m / s for 1st profile Vs30 =
1040 m / s for profile 2 Vs30 = 904 m / sn for profile 3 Vs30 = 900 m / sn for profile 4 Vs30 =
924 m / profile sec 6. Vs30 = 916 m / s for profile. Local ground class has been determined as
ZB.
7. The relative ground magnification factors take values between 1.18-1.23. Ansal and
Other. Since the spectral magnification value changes according to the size of the measurement
magnifications taken in the study area are between 0.0-2.5, the study area is classified as a low
hazard level of ground magnification A.
8. In vertical electrical drillings, ERT-1 measurement, andesite unit corresponding to the 110
- 405 ohms / m unit up to 30 meters continues. In ERT-2 measurement, andesite unit
corresponding to the 105 - 481 ohms / m unit up to 30 meters continues.
9. Groundwater was not found in the drilling and seismic studies carried out in the study
area.

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10. In grounding measurement at 5 different points of the field; average soil resistance was
calculated as 115 ohm-m and the corrosion effect was found to be “poor corrosive”.
11. According to the Seismic Refraction and Surface Wave Analysis studies carried out in the
area, 2 different environments were determined in terms of seismic velocity values. These;
1. Layer Vs=471 - 905 m/s and Vp=1575 - 2350 m/s represent medium-tight soil structure.
Summary Table of Dynamic Elastic Parameters;
Profil Layer Vp Vs Vp/Vs Vs30 h ρ Poisson Gmax Emax K

No No m/sn m/sn m/sn (m) gr/cm3 Ratio kg/cm2 kg/cm2 kg/cm2
Sis-1 1 1575 850 1,85 957 30 1,95 0,029 14088 36475 29586
Sis-2 1 1760 905 1,94 1040 30 2,00 0,032 16420 43358 40208
Sis-3 1 1780 780 2,28 904 30 2,01 0,038 12232 33788 47391
Sis-4 1 1975 830 2,37 900 30 2,06 0,039 14215 39596 61533
Sis-5 1 1860 820 2,26 924 30 2,03 0,038 13688 37706 52100
Sis-6 1 2350 471 4,98 790 30 2,02 0,038 13306 36644 49640
12. In general, 35 ground survey drillings were made; basaltic andesite unit with a blocky,
pinkish-reddish brown color with a variability of 0.00 - 6.00 m was passed. The given values are
average values and which units in which quantity are available can be seen in detail in drill logs
and sections. The reason why the rock quality indicator is lower than expected is that the crack
system seen on the ground is filled with clay material and the balance errors caused by the
machine.
13. It was observed that the ground findings obtained from the geophysical and drilling field
surveys overlap.

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14. It has been understood that the risk of liquefaction of the ground is low in the field and
laboratory studies conducted in the study area.
15. The level where the foundation will sit is the Upper - Middle Miocene aged Aliağa
Formation, consisting of units with basaltic andesite properties known as Dumanlıdağ andesites.
16. Considering that the filling material is loose, necessary precautions should be taken in the
parts of the foundations of the buildings on the filling material. The measures to be taken should
be examined in detail in the geotechnical report along with the ground findings.
17. The basic type of construction to be carried out and ground reinforcement if necessary; It
should be determined by the responsible civil engineer and geotechnical specialist using the
ground parameters obtained with the ground findings. To summarize the geological and
geomechanical parameters;
Low weathered
Rock Designation Total Core Value (TCV) (%) 80
medium rock
Litology Andesite Rock Quality Designation (RQD) (%) 30
2
Point Load Value (Is50) 203,5 t/m Friction Angle 18º
Elastic Modulus (Em) 379270 t/m2 Poisson Ratio (v) 0,035
(VS)30 940 m/sn Soil Electric Resitance (Rs) (ohm-m) 115
2
Shear Strength (CU)30 27,5 t/m Rock Constant for Core Length (C) 12
2
Cohesion (c) 15,0 t/m Local Soil Class ZB
3
Density 2,38 t/m Geological Strength Index (GSI) 25

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18. This work; İzmir Province, Aliağa District. Çoraklar Neigbour, Aliağa Organized
Industrial Zone, has been prepared for the "Ground Investigation Data Report" of the insular
no.115 land no.1. It cannot be used in any other study.
19. Studies carried out within the scope of the subject; No. 5902 dated May 29, 2009 prepared
in accordance with the law, Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency by 30 364 dated
March 18, 2018 date and published in the official newspaper "2019 Earthquake in Turkey
Building Regulations" is made by us based. If more than one year has passed since the date of
report preparation, if the foundation construction is not started, it should be verified with the
additional report that the report still reflects the current situation, otherwise additional work
should be done, considering that the content of the report may change.

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63
9 REFERENCES
ASCE,B.;Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics Committee, Ground Improvement Subcommittee
(1997)., Logan, Utah July 1997, V.R. Schaefer, cd., ASCE, pp. 1-371.
DEMĠRTAġ,R. 2000 ;Deprem ve Jeoloji J.M.O. Yayınları No: 52
ĠMAMOĞLU,M.ġ.,1993;GölbaĢı (Adıyaman)–Pazarcık-Narlı(KahramanmaraĢ) arasındaki
sahada Doğu Anadolu Fayı „nın Neotektonik incelemesi; Doktora Tezi Ankara Üniversitesi Fen.
Bil. Enst. Jeoloji Müh. Anabilim Dalı. ANKARA 137 s.
GENÇOĞLU, S. ve diğ., Türkiye‟nin Deprem Tehlikesi, TMMOB Jeofizik Mühendisleri Odası
Antalya Ġli Çevre Durum Raporu (2007)
GOODMAN, D., NISHIMURA, Y and J.D. ROGERS,1995. GPR time-slices in archaeological
ĠMO Teknik Dergi, 2004. 3191-3214, Yazı 214
HANSBO,1979 Consolidation of Clay by Band Shaped Prefabricated Drains, Ground
Engineering 12, p.16-25
IDRISS, H, At all., 1986. The influence of SPT procedures in soil liquefaction resistance
evaluations, Earthquake engineering research center
KASIM,E.;YILDIRIMF.K.,2000; Yapı Denetimi ve Deprem Mevzuatı,Teknik Yayınevi ,Ankara
KETĠN ,Ġ. 1983; Türkiye Jeolojisine Genel Bir BakıĢ: ĠTÜ Yayınları ,sayı 1259
KUMBASAR ,V ;KĠP, F.,1992 ; Zemin Mekaniği Problemleri .Çağlayan Kitapevi. Ġstanbul
MĠTCHELL, J.K. (1981), Soil Improvement- State of the Art Report, Proc. 10th International
Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Stockholm, Vol.3 pp.509-65
OKAY, A., 1984. HP/LT metamorphism and the structure of the Alanya Massif. The Geological
Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean.
A.H.F. ROBERTSON and T.E. DIXON (eds.), Geological Society of London, Special
Publication, 14, 429-439.
SEED, H.B., and Idriss, I.M and Arangı., I 1983. evaluation of Liquefaction potentialusing field
performance data. J.Geotech. Engrg. ASCE. Vol. 109, NO GTA, April, pp. 257-270
ġEKERCĠOĞLU,E.2000; Yapıların projelendirilmesinde Mühendislik Jeolojisi J.M.O.Yayınları
TABBAN,A. 2000; Kentlerin Jeolojisi ve Deprem Durumu.J.M.O .Yayınları No: 56 ANKARA
ULUSAY,R.1994; Uygulamalı Jeoteknik Bilgiler, JMO Yayınları No:38
UZUNER,B.A. 1998; Temel Zemin Mekaniği Teknik Yayınevi ,Ankara

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10 APPENDIX

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ALIAGA, IZMIR

ORGANIZED INDUSTRIAL ZONE (ALOSBİ)

İLGİLİ İDARE ONAYI

INSULAR NO:115 LAND NO:1

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

Table – 20 : Density Classification of Soil Units

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

Figure-1. Display of the study area as an insular and land

1.2.4 Information of Local Climate

1.2.5 Natural Disaster Hazards

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

Figure – 2: Major earthquakes and epicenter between 1920 and 2020

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

25 2.00801E+13 12.01.2008 15:06:43.95 38.8902 26.0143 12 4.7 EGE DENIZI

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

Figure-3. General geology map of Aliağa region (MTA, 2004)

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

Figure-5. Aliağa - Myrina geological cross section in N-S direction

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

Figure-6. Generalized stratigraphic column section of the region

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

Figure-7. Simplified map of the Western Anatolian graben system (Bozkurt,2001)

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

Figure-8. View of Güzelhisar fault in 3 km north direction of Aliağa center

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

 Figure-9. Schematic representation of the electrical resistivity method

Arrangement, structure, composition, matrix structure, porosity, water content,

Figure-10. Schlumberger Electrode assembly schematic representation

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

3.1.2 Soil Resistivity Measurement Studies

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

Spreading UTM – WGS84 – 6 DEGRES

RESISTIVITY (ohm.m) CORROSION EFFECT

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

Soil Average Soil Average

R1 1m 118 Ohm-m Poor corrosive

3.1.3. Siesmic Studies

GEOPHYSICS (MASW) WORKING COORDINATES

Surface Wave Methods

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

3.2.1 Seismic Measurements Performed on Site

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik

3.2.2 Evaluation of the Data Obtained from the Methods Used

b) Project Site Ground Classification According to Vs30 Speed Value

NAS Mühendislik, KARABEY Mühendislik