Hearing

What is Audition?
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The sense of hearing

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What are the two items required to hear?

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Pressurized Sound Waves (Stimulus) and Hair

Cells (Receptors)
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What is the function of the Pinna (Auricle)?

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Detects Sound Waves and channels them into the

External Auditory Canal
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What is the function of the Tympanic

Membrane (Eardrum)?
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Vibrates with the incoming sound

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What does the Tympanic Membrane

(Eardrum) separate?
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The Outer Ear from the Middle Ear

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What is the definition of Sound Waves?

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Pressurized Air Molecules that try to escape to

create areas of high and low pressure
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What makes up the Ossicles?

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Malleus (Hammer), Incus (Anvil), and Stapes

(Stirrup)
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What is the function of the Ossicles?

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Transmit and amplify the vibration from the ear

drum to the inner ear
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What does the Stapes (Stirrup) attach to?

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The Oval Window (Elliptical Window)

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What does the Oval Window (Elliptical

Window) separate?
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Separates the Middle and Inner Ear

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What causes vibrations in the Cochlea?

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Vibrations from the Oval Window (connected to

the Stapes) causes the fluids in the Cochlea to
vibrate
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What are the structures of the Outer Ear?

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Pinna (Auricle) and Tympanic Membrane

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What are the structures of the Middle Ear?

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Ossicles
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What are the structures of the Inner Ear?

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Cochlea, Semicircular Canals, and Vestibule

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What are the structures of the Vestibule?

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Utricle and Saccule

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What is the function of the Round Window?

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Releases excess pressure

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What structures aid in Balance?

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Semicircular Canals, Utricle and Saccule

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What does the Eustachian Tube (Auditory

Tube) connect?
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The Middle Ear to the Nasal Cavity

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What is the function of the Eustachian Tube

(Auditory Tube)?
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Balances pressure between the Middle Ear and

the environment
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What are the fluids in the Cochlea?

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Perilymph and Endolymph

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What structure amplifies sound vibrations?

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The Ossicles
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What causes vibrations of the Basilar

Membrane?
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Pressure waves in the Endolymph

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What is the Basilar Membrane?

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A thin membrane extending throughout the

coiled length of the Cochlea
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What covers the Basilar Membrane?

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Hair Cells
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What structures consist of the Organ of

Corti?
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The Basilar Membrane, Hair Cells, and Tectorial

Membrane
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What is the path of a sound wave?

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Sound Wave → Pinna (Auricle) → External Auditory

Canal → Tympanic Membrane (Ear Drum) → Malleus
(Hammer) → Incus (Anvil) → Stapes (Stirrup) → Oval
Window → Perilymph → Endolymph → Basilar
Membrane → Auditory Hair Cells → Tectorial
Membrane → Neurotransmitters Stimulate Bipolar
Auditory Neurons → Brain → Perception
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What is Auditory Processing?

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The process of the Brain recognizing and

interpreting different sounds of various
frequencies
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How does the brain determine between high

and low frequencies?
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High frequencies activate the start of the Cochlea

and Low frequencies activate the end of the
Cochlea
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What part of the brain is the Primary

Auditory Cortex within?
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The Temporal Lobe

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What is the function of the Primary Auditory

Cortex?
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Receives information from the Cochlea and then

processes it
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What is the process of Sensory Reception by

Hair Cells?
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Hair cells are dragged across tectorial membrane

when the basilar membrane moves. This opens
the ion channels in the hair cells, causing the
release of neurotransmitters that stimulates the
neurons to convert the information into nerve
impulses
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What is the purpose of Cochlear Implants?

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A surgical procedure that attempts to restore

some degree of hearing to patients with
sensorineural narrow hearing loss (nerve
deafness)
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What type of patients receive Cochlear

Implants
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Patients with a problem with the conduction of

sound from the Cochlea to the Brain
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What is the pathway of sound in patients with

Cochlear Implants?
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Sound → Microphone → Transmitter (outside

the skull) → Receiver (inside the skull) →
Stimulator → Cochlea → Basilar Membrane →
Auditory Hair Cells → Tectorial Membrane →
Neurotransmitters Stimulate Bipolar Auditory
Neurons → Brain → Perception
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What Causes hearing loss?

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Damages to Hair Cells