Manage Fire Risks in Oil and Gas Facilities

HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT SPECIFICATION
Fire and Explosion Risk Management
DOCUMENT ID - SP 1075
REVISION - 2.0
DATE - - 15/07/02
HSE – SPECIFICATION
Setting Clear Requirements
Authorised for Issue by the HSE IC 15/07/02
Document Authorisation
Document Authority Document Custodian Document Author
‘dapo Oguntoyinbo Hamad Khalfeen Hamad Khalfeen
Ref. Ind: CSM Ref. Ind: CSM/11 Ref. Ind: CSM/11
Date: 15/07/02 Date: 15/07/02 Date: 15/07/02
The following is a brief summary of the four most recent revisions to this document. Details of all revisions prior
to these are held on file by the Document Custodian.
Version No. Date Author Scope / Remarks

Rev 2.0 June 2002 Hamad Khalfeen Editorial changes, new format
Rev 1.0 July 1998 Updated to Incorporate Fire & Explosion Strategies
Rev 0.0 March 1990 Original issue as ERD 88-02
User Notes:
The requirements of this document are mandatory. Non-compliance shall only be authorised by CSM through
STEP-OUT approval.
A controlled copy of the current version of this document is on PDO's EDMS. Before making reference to this
document, it is the user's responsibility to ensure that any hard copy, or electronic copy, is current. For
assistance, contact the Document Custodian.
This document is the property of Petroleum Development Oman, LLC. Neither the whole nor any part of this
document may be disclosed to others or reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by
any means (electronic, mechanical, reprographic recording or otherwise) without prior written consent of the
owner.
Users are encouraged to participate in the ongoing improvement of this document by providing constructive
feedback.
SP-1075 REVISION 2.0 Page ii

Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................5
1.1 PURPOSE...............................................................................................................5
1.1.1 Objectives....................................................................................................5
1.2 SCOPE..................................................................................................................5
1.3 DEFINITION...........................................................................................................6
1.4 DELIVERABLES........................................................................................................6
1.5 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES....................................................................................6
1.6 PERFORMANCE MONITORING......................................................................................6
1.7 REVIEW AND IMPROVEMENT.......................................................................................7
1.8 REPORTING FORMAT................................................................................................7
2. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS........................................................................8
2.1 BASIS...................................................................................................................8
2.2 ROLE OF PRE-FIRE PLANNING IN SYSTEM DESIGN...........................................................9
2.3 FERM ENGINEERING AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES...............................................................9
2.4 APPLICATION OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION STRATEGIES DURING DESIGN.................................10
2.4.1 Modifications to Existing Facilities.................................................................10
2.4.2 Green Field Facilities....................................................................................10
3.0 DETECTION AND PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS..........................................13
3.1 GENERAL.............................................................................................................13
3.1.1 Fire Proofing of Supporting Structures..........................................................13
3.2 HYDROCARBON HANDLING FACILITIES........................................................................13
3.2.1 Wellheads...................................................................................................13
3.2.2 Oil/Gas Inlet Manifolds................................................................................13
3.2.3 Gathering, Production Stations & Storage Tanks...........................................13
3.2.4 Gas Processing Facilities..............................................................................21
3.2.5 Booster Stations..........................................................................................22
3.3 UTILITY FACILITIES................................................................................................23
3.3.1 Power Stations............................................................................................23
3.3.2 Control and Auxiliary Rooms........................................................................23
3.3.3 Electrical Substations and Switchgear Rooms................................................23
3.4 OFFICE BUILDINGS, RESIDENTIAL AND INDUSTRIAL AREAS..............................................23
3.4.1 General......................................................................................................23
3.4.2 Plans and Procedures..................................................................................24
3.4.3 Office Buildings...........................................................................................24
3.4.4 Residential Areas.........................................................................................25
3.4.5 Industrial Areas...........................................................................................25
3.5 AIRSTRIPS...........................................................................................................26
3.5.1 Aircraft rescue and fire fighting....................................................................26
3.5.2 Mobile Equipment.......................................................................................26
3.5.3 Air strip buildings........................................................................................26
4.0 DETECTION SPECIFICATIONS.......................................................................27
4.1 DETECTION SYSTEMS..............................................................................................27
4.2 GAS DETECTION....................................................................................................27
4.2.1 Flammable Gas Detection Philosophy...........................................................27
4.3 FIRE DETECTION...................................................................................................28
4.3.1 Optical Flame Detection...............................................................................28
4.3.2 Bimetallic Heat Detection.............................................................................28
4.3.3 Fusible Plug Heat Detection.........................................................................28
SP-1075 REVISION 2.0 Page iii

4.3.4 Fusible Link Heat Detection..........................................................................28

4.3.5 FQB Heat Detection.....................................................................................29
4.3.6 Smoke Detection.........................................................................................29
4.4 AUDIBLE, VISUAL AND MANUAL ALARM CALL POINTS.....................................................30
4.4.1 Hydrocarbon Handling and Utility Facilities....................................................30
5.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS.........................................................................31
5.1 FIRE WATER SYSTEMS............................................................................................31
5.1.1 Fire Water Network – General......................................................................31
5.1.2 Fire Water Storage Tank..............................................................................32
5.1.3 Fire Water Pumps.......................................................................................32
5.1.4 Hydrants.....................................................................................................32
5.1.5 Monitors.....................................................................................................33
5.2 WATER APPLICATION SYSTEMS.................................................................................33
5.2.1 Sprinkler Systems........................................................................................34
5.2.2 Waterspray (Deluge) Systems......................................................................34
5.3 FOAM SYSTEMS.....................................................................................................35
5.3.1 General......................................................................................................35
5.3.2 Foam Concentrate.......................................................................................35
5.3.3 Foam Proportioning Systems........................................................................37
5.3.4 Foam Application Systems/Equipment..........................................................39
5.3.5 Foam Deluge Systems.................................................................................45
5.3.6 Portable Foam Application Equipment...........................................................45
5.4 FINE WATER SPRAY SYSTEMS...................................................................................46
5.5 GASEOUS EXTINGUISHING AGENT SYSTEMS.................................................................46
5.6 PORTABLE EXTINGUISHERS.......................................................................................46
5.6.1 General......................................................................................................46
5.6.2 Standards for Portable Fire Extinguishers......................................................46
6.0 ALARMS AND EXECUTIVE ACTIONS...............................................................47
6.1 GENERAL.............................................................................................................47
6.2 GAS TURBINES......................................................................................................47
7.0 ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................49
8.0 REFERENCES..................................................................................................51
APPENDIX A - RELEVANT STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS & CODES...............................52
APPENDIX B - ASSESSMENT OF BUSINESS RISK DUE TO FIRE AND EXPLOSION.............56
APPENDIX C - FACILITY GROUP CATEGORIES.............................................................57
APPENDIX D - TYPICAL ALARMS AND EXECUTIVE ACTIONS.........................................59
APPENDIX E - WORKED EXAMPLES.............................................................................64
SP-1075 REVISION 2.0 Page iv

1.0 Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This Specification provides users with a standard specification for the level of fire and
explosion mitigation measures that are tailored to typical facilities in PDO.
This document incorporates the latest international standards, DEP’s and the EP 95-
0000 guidelines dealing with fire protection. In addition, this Specification
incorporates the findings and recommendations from three fire protection related
studies, namely:
 The Halon Phase Out Study (Reference 2)

 The Fire Protection Study (Reference 3)
 Review of Emergency Services at PDO Airfields (Reference 5)
The studies established the actual risk from fires and explosions in PDOs facilities and
have determined the appropriate level of control to mitigate the consequences in the
event of a fire/explosion using QRA and Cost Benefit Analysis.
This Specification should be used to assist engineers define the appropriate fire and
gas detection and protection equipment, where there is a wide range of size and
criticality of equipment (e.g. shipping pumps and cone roofed storage tanks) that
deviates from the typical. The Specification describes a simple methodology that is
appropriate to the level of business risk of the facility concerned.
Reference is made in this Specification to the FERM Facility Plan Guideline, GU 230
(Reference 6), which provides additional information in applying the standards.
1.1.1 Objectives
This Specification has the following objectives, to:
 Establish the appropriate level of protection against fire and explosion

hazards which are appropriate to the level of business risk in PDO.
 Arrive at consistency in risk classification of similar types of facilities
 Arrive at consistency in equipment Specification for gas/fire detection and fire
fighting equipment
 Focus maintenance and pre-fire planning efforts for the most critical pieces of
equipment
 Provide an auditable approach to fire and explosion risk management of
individual facilities, which can be readily adapted when these are modified or
when conditions such as production levels or equipment criticality change
1.2 Scope
This Specification covers the requirements for fire and gas detection and protection in
PDO facilities. These requirements shall be applied when making plant modifications
and when designing new facilities.
The Specification covers both green field facilities and modifications to existing plant.
Due consideration to cost effectiveness shall be taken into account when applying
these standards to existing facilities, particularly over the remaining plant life. The
scope of the Specification also includes the preparation of a fire response document
SP-1075 REVISION 2.0 Page 5

pertaining to the facility being designed or modified and the incorporation of these in
the relevant operational documents. The approach is in line with EP 95-351, Fire
Control and Recovery.
1.3 Definition
This Specification draws upon a number of relevant international sources to define
the requirements for management of fire and explosion risks. Where a user is
referred to another standard, the latest edition of the relevant standard shall be
used. In the event of discrepancies between sources, the order of precedence shall
be:
1. This Specification & other PDO standards referred to in this Specification

2. SIEP DEP’s
3. International Standards
4. EP95000 series publications
A reference list of all the standards, specifications and codes used throughout this
document is provided in Appendix A.
This Specification also relies on the use of a large amount of acronyms and
abbreviations that may not be familiar to personnel who don’t have experience in fire
protection. A glossary of terms is provided in Section 7 of this Specification to aid in
the understanding of personnel unfamiliar with any terms used within.
1.4 Deliverables
1.4.1 Records
Records produced as a result of the use of this Specification will be incorporated into
design documentation and the FERM Facility Plan.
1.4.2 Reports
PDO Staff: Any non-compliance with this Specification shall be notified, investigated
and reported as per CP 122 HSE Management System Manual, Part 2, Chapter 6.
Contractors: Any non-compliance with this Specification shall be reported to the

Contract Holder.
1.5 Roles and Responsibilities
Asset Managers
Asset Managers are responsible for ensuring that they do accept new or upgraded
facilities that re not in compliance with this Specification.
Design Engineers
Design Engineers are responsible for the implementation of the requirements
provided in this Specification.
1.6 Performance Monitoring

Compliance with this Specification shall be monitored through workplace supervision,
periodic site inspection and design reviews such as hazard and operability (HAZOP)
studies.

1.7 Review and Improvement

Any user of this document who encounters a mistake or confusing entry is requested
to immediately notify the Document Custodian using the form provided in CP 122
HSE Management System Manual, Part 2, Chapter 3.
This document shall be reviewed as necessary by the Document Custodian, but no

less than every four years. Triggers for full or partial review of this Specification are
listed in CP 122 HSE Management System Manual, Part 2, Chapter 8.
1.8 Reporting Format

There are no routine reporting requirements pertaining to this Specification.

2. Performance Requirements
2.1 Basis
The risks due to fire and explosions of existing typical assets in PDO were assessed
using a ‘Risk Matrix’ (see Appendix B). This was used to rank the relative risk to the
various types of facilities and illustrates the rationale of the decisions taken at that
time. Based on this evaluation, four different strategy levels for addressing fire and
explosion incidents within PDO have been developed. These are defined as:
Strategy 1 Minor Incident Intervention Only

Response limited to trained personnel using portable extinguishers or other types
of first aid fighting equipment (hand-held or mobile). In addition, in critical areas
such as some areas of camps, automatic detection systems may be provided to
provide fast alarm and personnel escape.
Strategy 2 Dedicated Fixed Fire Protection System

Automatic actuation of a self-contained extinguishing system for a specific facility
from detection systems.
Strategy 3 Systems/Equipment plus Back-Up

Dedicated fixed fire protection systems and a firewa6ter network with back up
from manual intervention by trained personnel using fire fighting equipment.
Strategy 4 Systems/Equipment plus Fire Brigade

Similar to Strategy 3 with back up from a professional fire brigade.
Using these four strategies, typical PDO facilities can be categorised and grouped
together with a common approach for defining fire and gas detection and protection.
For a facility group, e.g. a gathering station, the applicable strategy has been
determined through consideration of the typical equipment contained within that
facility group.
Figure 2.1 shows the four basic strategies and the facility groups contained in each
strategy. The figure also highlights the risk drivers associated with a facility group.
It should be noted that because of the onshore location of PDO facilities, low
manning levels at most facilities and the generally unconfined layout, life safety is
generally not the dominant risk driver.
Although this is a very coarse delineation of required control and recovery systems, it
does provide a high level overview. The prime objective is to optimise the level of
risk contributed by each type of equipment to meet the FERM requirements.
Due to the variation between PDO gathering and production stations these have been
categorised into different types, (A, B, C etc.) and have been assigned different
strategies. The assigned Facility Group Categories are shown in Appendix C.

Figure 2.1: FERM Facility Group/Strategy Matrix
STRATEGY LIFE
SAFETY
ENVIR-
ONMENT BUSINESS ASSET REPUATION
STRATEGY 1 Remote manifolds
MINOR INCIDENT Gathering stations Type A

INTERVENTION
ONLY Camps Camps
Gathering stations Type B

STRATEGY 2
DEDICATED Production stations Type A
FIXED FIRE Power stations

PROTECTION
SYSTEMS Booster stations
STRATEGY 3 Governement gas plant
SYSTEMS/EQPT
Production stations Type B & C
PLUS BACK-UP
STRATEGY 4 Mina Al Fahal

SYSTEMS/EQPT
PLUS BRIGADE Airstrips Airstrips
2.2 Role of Pre-Fire Planning in System Design

Pre-fire planning addresses the nature of contribution from human intervention and
systems as a recovery measure. For the purposes of PDO these shall be in the form
of a FERM facility plan. FERM facility plans pertaining to the facilities shall be
prepared (or updated for existing assets) as part of the project. Such a plan shall
describe the appropriate fire and explosion strategy, identify the main risk drivers,
identify the station category type (if applicable) and prepare scenario based pre-fire
plans for inclusion in the emergency response documentation pertaining to the
facility.
The content and guidance in the preparation of such plans can be found in GU 230
FERM Facility Plan Guideline.
2.3 FERM Engineering and Design Principles

The business risk due to fire and explosions in PDO shall be determined by a
combination of the following risk drivers:
 Life safety
 Damage to the environment
 Lost and deferred production
 Loss of assets (facility)
 Reputation

Fire and explosion risk reduction measures shall be prioritised in the following order:
1. Prevention and probability reduction by process selection and design

2. Detection of gas and fire incidents and alarm to personnel
3. Mitigating measures to prevent escalation of the incident by shutdown, plant
design and layout
4. Damage mitigation by passive protection
5. Damage mitigation by automatic fire protection systems
6. Damage mitigation by manually operated fire protection systems
7. Damage mitigation by manual fire fighting response.
2.4 Application of Fire and Explosion Strategies During Design
2.4.1 Modifications to Existing Facilities

The impact of the planned modifications on the current fire and explosion strategy
shall be determined during the conceptual design phase of the particular facility
modification project. In the event that such modifications include the addition or
removal of equipment which changes the fire and explosion risk significantly, the
requirement to up or down grade the current station category type and strategy shall
be determined.
If a change of category type or strategy is warranted, the impact of the revised

strategy shall be determined on the whole facility. In the event of uncertainty, the
appropriate category type or strategy shall be determined by QRA studies in
accordance with EP95-0352, Quantitative Risk Assessment. The resulting hardware
changes to existing fire protection equipment, future operational fire response
requirements, and documentation shall be addressed as part of the project and the
FERM Facility Plan amended as required.
A flowchart of the methodology for modifications is provided in Figure 2.4.1.
2.4.2 Green Field Facilities

The appropriate fire and explosion station category type and strategy pertaining to
the facilities shall be determined during the conceptual design phase of the project.
In the event that none of the existing category types or strategies above are
applicable, a new strategy shall be developed and approved as a variation to this
Specification, in accordance with the technical authorities system, ERD-00-02.
The new strategy shall be supported by QRA studies in accordance with EP 95-0352,
Quantitative Risk Assessment.
A flowchart of the methodology for green field facilities is provided in Figure 2.4.2.

FIGURE 2.4.1
FIRE PROTECTION STRATEGY
MODIFICATIONS
Assess impact on
Conceptual
design existing fire and
explosion strategy
Do the
yes modifications
change the
existing
strategy?
no
Up or down grade
the FERM strategy
Do the
mofications no
change the No Change
station
category?
Asses the impact of
revised strategy on
whole facility (use
QRA if appropriate) yes
Amend FERM
Facility Plan

FIGURE 2.4.2
FIRE PROTECTION STRATEGY
GREEN FIELD FACILITIES
Conceptual design assess fire risks
Develop fire scenarios FERM Facility Plan
QRA
Incorporate into
emergency
procedures
Determine strategy level
Is strategy level Proceed with

covered by design of fire
specification? protection system
Obtain approval
from CSM for new
strategy level

3.0 Detection and Protection Requirements
3.1 General
This section identifies the requirements for the various types of fire and gas detection
and protection equipment for each of the major types of location and production
facilities.
Appendix D – Typical Alarms and Executive Actions, summarises the general levels of
detection and protection for generic equipment types that are required to meet the
fire and explosion strategies for typical facilities. These tables provide an overview
only and the engineer shall determine the applicability of the standard protection
levels proposed in this Specification when the facilities being designed deviate
significantly from other common PDO facilities.
Specific engineering & design details for the detection and protection systems are
given in Sections 4 and 5 of this Specification.
3.1.1 Fire Proofing of Supporting Structures

In the event that the design involves elevated process equipment, fire proofing of
supporting structures shall be provided in accordance with DEP 34.19.20.11, General
Fire Hazards and Fire Proofing. Fire proofing shall not be considered as a
replacement for active fire protection requirements nor lead to a relaxation of normal
design requirements. The costs for fire proofing can be significant and therefore
each case should be considered for the assessment of the likely maximum fire
duration and possible escalation.
3.2 Hydrocarbon Handling Facilities
3.2.1 Wellheads
Generally, no fire or gas detection shall be provided for wellheads. However, heat
detection shall be provided on wellheads fitted with actuated ESD valves, SSVs,
SCSSVs and ESPs and upon fire detection, the valves shall close or pumps shutdown.
3.2.2 Oil/Gas Inlet Manifolds

The overall strategy for both remote and on-plot production manifolds is level 1 -
minor incident only.
Generally no fire or gas detection shall be provided for manifolds.
3.2.3 Gathering, Production Stations & Storage Tanks

The categories for existing production and gathering stations have been defined in
Appendix C, and have been based on the combination of facilities present at a
particular site. Figure 3.2.3 (a) defines the strategy levels. Gathering stations are
generally either level 1 or 2, and production stations are typically level 2 or 3. The
equipment in these facilities includes: compressors, gas turbine drivers, pressure
vessels, fuel gas skids, fired furnaces, cone and floating roofed tanks, and pumps.
The following sections give the general protection requirements for such equipment.
For strategy 3 facilities, consideration shall be given to the installation of flame

detection.

Production and Test Separators

Generally no detection is required for crude oil separators, gas separators and
compressor surge vessels. They shall however, be provided with relief and
blowdown systems in accordance with the applicable pressure vessel standards.
Gas Turbine Drivers

Gas turbines shall be fitted with acoustic enclosures generally referred to as hoods.
They shall be designed to provide an H class barrier to fire and smoke egress to give
an equivalent fire rating of H15.
The majority of gas turbines operating in PDO facilities are single fuel, gas driven. A
few are dual fuel, such as those in power stations. The required detection systems
differ slightly depending on the fuel type(s).
Fire and gas detection and protection systems for turbine hoods shall include:
 Flammable gas detection on the combustion and ventilation air inlet if gas
ingestion is possible.
 Gas detection on the ventilation outlet and/or oil mist vapour detection
(depending on type of fuel).
 Heat detection.
 Flame detection.
 Fine water spray or CO2 extinguishing system.
It is possible for flammable gas concentrations up to the LEL (Lower Explosive Limit)
to exist in a non-hazardous area by definition of the limits of classified areas. An
example is a large flammable gas cloud in the vicinity of the combustion air intake
and/or ventilation air intake. If such a possibility exists, then three flammable gas
detectors shall be installed.
There is also the possibility for flammable gas to exist within the turbine hood from a
release from the fuel distribution piping. Gas from such a release should be detected
at the ventilation outlet. For this purpose three flammable gas detectors shall be
installed to monitor the ventilation outlet airflow.
Heat detectors of the bimetallic type shall be installed over bearings. They shall be
used in combination with flame detectors. A minimum of four flame detectors shall
be installed, and at least one heat detector. In large turbines, e.g. Frame 5
equivalent, additional detectors may be required and in such cases the turbine
manufacturers recommendations shall be followed.
If IR flame detectors are used, then to prevent false alarms due to IR detectors
responding to hot turbine shafts rotating at certain speeds, the design shall ensure
that the view of any rotating shaft by a detector is obscured by a casing shield.
The gas turbine manufacturer should be consulted regarding maximum ambient

operating temperatures.

Electric Drivers
Heat detection of the windings in accordance with DEP 33.66.05.31, Electric Motors -
Cage Induction and Synchronous Type, shall be provided as an integral part of the
electric motor design.
Floating Roof Storage Tanks

The tanks shall be bunded in accordance with ERD 09-02, Spacing of Tanks and Tank
Bunding Requirements.
Basic process protection from primary safety features, such as tank level
measurement with level alarms, an independent high level alarm and trip and
automatic ESD inlet and outlet valves shall be installed in accordance with ERD 08-
11, Isolation of Process Equipment.
Further fire risk reducing measures consist of:
 Fire retardant rim seals in accordance with EP 92-1820

 Rim seal fire detection
 Local self activating one shot foam system to rim sections
 Facilities to allow pump out under emergency conditions
 Foam distribution headers to tanks with fixed external delivery piping
 Fixed fire water supply, ring main and hydrants
 Tank top aspirating foam pourers for connection by a mobile fire appliance at
a safe distance (applicable for those locations which do not have complete
fixed foam systems already installed)
 Portable foam appliances for use by fire responders
 Fixed cooling water monitors (where fire water supply is readily available).
Cone (Fixed) Roofed Tanks

The tanks shall be bunded in accordance with ERD 09–02, Spacing of Tanks and
Tank Bunding Requirements.
Basic process protection from primary safety features, such as tank level
measurement with level alarms and independent high level alarm and trip and
automatic ESD inlet and outlet valves shall be installed in accordance with ERD 08-
11, Isolation of Process Equipment. Further fire risk reducing measures consists of:
 Fusible plug fire detection and ESD

 Tank contents pump out
 Base foam injection (top foam injection for heavy crudes) and internal
floaters
 Fire water ring main with hydrants
 Fire water ring main with monitors.
The appropriate level of protection shall be determined on a case by case basis.

Based on detailed QRA on a range of fixed roof tanks in PDO a methodology has
been developed to screen the economic justification of each risk reducing option (ref.
Quantitative Risk Assessment for Coned Roof Tanks and Shipping Pumps, Report no.
EWE 63273, 1997). Worked examples are provided in Appendix E.

The relative risk reduction of each option has been plotted as a histogram in Figure
3.2.3 (a).
Each bar of the histogram shows the distribution of damage, which covers 3 damage
categories:
 loss of 2 tanks causing the loss of 12 months oil production.

 loss of 1 tank causing 7 days of total shutdown followed by 12 months of
reduced production rates at 70%.
 fire damage to a tank causing 4 days of total shutdown followed by 3 months
of reduced production rates at 70%.
The ‘Y’ axis gives the risk index, which can be used to determine the differential risk
reduction factor introduced by the various mitigation methods.
It can be seen that as the various mitigation methods are introduced not only is there
a reduction in overall risk but that the damage distribution changes to give less
severe consequences.
Figure 3.2.3 (a)

100 100%
Risk Histogram for Cone Roofed
Tanks in PDO Facilities
90
80
Fire Damage
71 71%
70 Loss of 1 Tank
66 66%
Loss of 2 Tanks
60
Loss of 1 Loss of 2
RISK INDEX
50
Tank Tanks
40
36 36%
33 33%
30 29%
29
20
Fire Damage
Fire Damage
Fire Damage
10
0.05
0.04
0.08
0.09
0.22 0.2
0.5 0.5 0.78 0.71 0.6 0.32 0.6 0.35 0.68 0.28
Base Case +Heat Detection +Heat Det'n & Pump-out +Heat Det'n & Base +Heat Det'n & Base +Heat Det'n/Base Foam/
Foam Foam & CW Monit ors Portable Foam
& CW Monitors
Worked examples are provided in Appendix E.
The relevance of the active risk reducing options for any particular location, in terms
of the amount of capital that can be justified on break even cost-benefit grounds, can
be determined by entering the relevant values into Table 3.1. From this Table,
calculate the present value of the base case cost of damage for any particular
installation which equates to 100 on the risk histogram (Figure 3.2.1).
The methodology described below is suitable for screening the cost benefits of fire
protection to within 25% (50/50). In the event the economic justification is
marginal, other factors such as loss of reputation shall be considered. Alternatively a
detailed QRA and cost benefit analysis may be performed to arrive at the appropriate
level of protection.

TABLE 3.1
BASE CASE COST OF DAMAGE CALCULATION PRO-FORMA

System Constant 0.18225
based on frequency of damage x days lost:
-4
(3.75x10 x 486 =)
1 2
Cost of Deferred Oil = 2US$ per barrel
Net Oil Production per pair of tanks in BPD (e.g. for 5 tanks x
divide the total production by 2.5) For an installation with a single
tank multiply the total production by 1.39 (to compensate for the
loss of total production given the loss of a single tank)
= Base Case Annual Cost of Damage per Tank = $
x Number of tanks covered by Protection
= Base Case Annual Cost of Damage for Installation = $
x Design Life of the Installation
= Undiscounted Design Cost of Damage for Installation = $
Discount Factor takes into account the design life of the fire
protection facilities together with the average discount rate. The
undiscounted value should be multiplied by the value at discount
rate taken from the following table below.
Value at Discount Rate
Years 5% 8% 10%
10 0.772 0.671 0.617
20 0.621 0.490 0.426
25 0.564 0.427 0.362
30 0.512 0.376 0.313
Base Case PV of Cost of Damage for Installation $
Note 1: The value may be updated from time to time and users shall check the latest
value with the Company's Corporate Economics and Production Planning Department
The risk differential values (in US$) (justified project cost of mitigation) may be found
by multiplying the percentage difference in risk, taken from the histogram, by the PV
base case cost of damage to give the amount which can be spent on that mitigation
system.

Shipping Pumps
The installation of shipping pumps shall include basic process protection from primary
safety features, such as dual seals with primary seal failure detection, vibration
monitoring and high temperature detection. Automatic suction and discharge ESD
isolation valves shall be installed in accordance with ERD-08-11, Isolation of Process
Equipment. The design shall include a defined route for crude oil spill run off such
that the ground surface slopes away from equipment that has the potential to cause
escalation. The direction of the slope shall also consider fire spread and damage to
protection systems and equipment.
Further fire risk reducing measures consist of:

 Crude oil vapour detection
 Heat switch fire detection
 Foam/water sprinkler system
The appropriate level of protection shall be determined on a case by case basis.

Based on detailed QRA on a range of shipping pumps in PDO, a methodology has
been developed to screen the economic justification of each risk reducing option (ref.
Quantitative Risk Assessment for Coned-Roof Tanks and Shipping Pumps, Report no.
EWE 63273, 1997). A worked example is provided in Appendix E.
The relative risk reduction of each option has been plotted in the following histogram
– Figure 3.2.3 (b).

Figure 3.2.3 (b)

100%
100
Risk Histogram for Shipping Pump Sets in PDO Facilities
90
80
Minor Major Plant
No Damage Fire Damage
Damage Damage
70
60
Fire Major
50 Damage Damage
RISK INDEX
40
33 33.1%
30
27 27.3%
23 23.4% 21.5%
21
20
Fire Damage
Fire
Minor Damage
Minor Damage
Fir e
Minor Damage
Damage
Damage
NoDamage
10
Minor Damage
NoDamage
Fire
Minor
Damage
Damage
7.2%
0.012
7
0.052
0.127
5.6 0.28 5.6%
0.004
0.04
4.7%
0.083
0.004
0.096
0.097
0.003
4.3%
0.005
0.064
0.074
0.021
0.03
0.017
0.02
4.7
0.002
4.3 0.5 0.5 0.28 0.69 0.81 0.451 0.524 0.816 0.29 0.2 0.486 0.86 0.29 0.32 0.486 0.86
Base Case +Fire Detection +Fire Det'n & +Fire Det'n & +Fire Det'n & Day Manning+ Day Manning+ Day Manning+ Day Manning+
Vapour Det'n Sprinklers Vapour Det'n & Fire Det'n Fire Det'n & Fire Det'n & Fire Det'n &
Sprinklers Vapour Det'n Sprinklers Vapour Det'n &
Sprinklers

Each bar of the above histogram shows the distribution of damage that covers 4
damage categories and includes the no damage category:
 Major plant damage causing the loss of 2 months total oil production
followed by 3 months at 50% production.
 Fire damage to a pump causing the loss of 5 days total oil production
followed by 3 months at 83% production.
 Minor damage to a pump causing the loss of 3 days production followed by 2
months of reduced production rates at 83%.
The ‘Y’ axis gives the risk index that can be used to determine the differential risk
reduction factor introduced by the various mitigation methods.
It can be seen that as the various mitigation methods are introduced not only is there
a significant reduction in overall risk but that the damage distribution changes to give
less severe consequences. The no damage category does exist for the base case
but is not shown for clarity since it represents a part of the damage distribution
common to all the above conditions. The sections of the bars above shown as no
damage are purely attributable to the introduction of mitigation. It can be seen that
vapour detection and manning give a significant benefit by increasing the no damage
allocation. This is because both can provide leak detection prior to ignition that
results in spill damage, which is considered insignificant in comparison to fire
damage.
The relevance of the active risk reducing options for any particular location, in terms
of the amount of capital which can be justified on break even cost benefit grounds,
can be determined by entering the relevant values in the Table 3.2. This can be used
to calculate the present value of the base case cost of damage per pump set for any
particular installation which equates to 100 on the previous risk histogram (Figure
3.2.3 (b)).
The methodology described below is suitable for screening the cost benefits of fire
protection to within 25% (50/50). In the event the economic justification is
marginal, other factors such as loss of reputation shall be considered. Alternatively a
detailed QRA and cost benefit analysis may be performed to arrive at the appropriate
level of protection.
A worked example is given in Appendix E.

TABLE 3.2

based on frequency of damage x days lost for 3 pumps:
-4
(3.18x10 x 130 x 3 = )
Pump Type for centrifugal/axial or screw pumps use x 1 x
for reciprocating pumps use x 10
Number of Pumps in Set for 2 pumps use x 0.6 x
for 3 pumps use x 1.0
1 2
Net Oil Production for Pump Set in BPD X
= Base Case Annual Cost of Damage per Pump Set = $
x Design Life of the Pump Set
= Undiscounted Design Cost of Damage for Pump Set = $
Years 5% 8% 10%
10 0.772 0.671 0.617
20 0.621 0.490 0.426
25 0.564 0.427 0.362
30 0.512 0.376 0.313
Base Case PV of Cost of Damage for Installation $
Note 1: The value may be updated from time to time and users shall check the latest
value with the Company's Corporate Economics and Production Planning Department.
The risk differential values (in US$) (justified project cost of mitigation) may be found
by multiplying the percentage difference in risk, taken from the histogram, by the PV
base case cost of damage to give the amount which can be spent on that mitigation
system.
3.2.4 Gas Processing Facilities
Fuel Gas Treatment Skids

Consideration shall be given to the installation of fixed gas detection, however the
effectiveness of such units in generally open type facilities should be included in the
evaluation. In the event that fixed detection is not effective, a programme for
regular gas testing by the operator is required.
Gas Fired Heaters

Fire and gas detection for gas fired heaters shall be determined on a case by case
basis. Consideration shall be given to the installation of gas detection, however the
effectiveness of such units in generally open type facilities should be included in the
evaluation.

Compression Facilities
Generally, no detection is required for gas separators and compressor surge vessels.
They shall however, be provided with relief and blowdown systems in accordance
with the applicable pressure vessel standards.
Centrifugal Compressors
Centrifugal compressors shall be equipped with heat detectors above each bearing
with a seal or gland. They are intended to detect both gas fires and lube oil fires.
Reciprocating Compressors
Fire and gas detection for reciprocating compressors shall be determined on a case
by case basis. As a minimum they shall be equipped with heat detectors above each
bearing with a seal or gland as per centrifugal compressors.
LNG/LPG Vessels
Fire and gas detection for LNG/LPG vessels shall be in accordance with DEP
80.47.10.30 Gen. Section 5.5.1, Pressurised Storage Vessels.
LPG vessels shall be provided with a sloping drain such that the slope is not directed
to protective systems or potential escalation areas.
Use of fixed cooling water spray systems is justified where an existing fire water
system is in place. Where blocking is a problem for water nozzles, provision of
passive fire protection may be considered.
LPG Loading Facilities

Fire and gas detection/protection for LPG loading facilities shall be in accordance with
DEP 80.47.10.30 Gen. Section 5.7.2, Road Car Loading Facilities.
3.2.5 Booster Stations

The overall strategy for pipeline booster stations is level 2. The fire protection
specifications of the individual equipment in such facilities are similar to equipment in
production and gathering stations.

3.3 Utility Facilities
3.3.1 Power Stations
Turbine Driven Generation Sets

The overall strategy is level 2 – fixed fire systems for the turbine driver only (see
3.2.3, Gas Turbine Drivers).
Generators shall be provided with heat detection and UV flame detection over the
main areas.
Auxiliary Diesel Generator

The overall strategy is level 2 – fixed fire systems.
Auxiliary diesel generators shall be provided with heat detection and an automatic
extinguishing system, typically a self-contained dry powder system, or a fine water
spray system. Installation of such systems generally require that the engine is
enclosed and not subject to any local air movement, which should be the case when
the engine has tripped and the mechanically driven cooling fan has stopped.
3.3.2 Control and Auxiliary Rooms

Conventional smoke detection shall be installed. Generally these shall be ceiling
mounted. Location of detectors below the floor or above the ceiling should be
avoided. Additionally, detectors should be provided where cables are located in voids.
3.3.3 Electrical Substations and Switchgear Rooms

Conventional smoke detection using a combination of optical and ionisation detectors
shall be installed. At least one of each type of detector shall be used in each
location. The detectors should be connected into two zones such that any incident is
likely to activate at least one detector from each zone (to avoid common mode
failures). Voting logic shall be determined by IPF classification and implementation
methodology.
Note: For critical control and switchgear rooms, containing sophisticated

computerised systems, consideration should be given to the installation of an
incipient smoke detection system which would only be used for very early alarm
purposes.
3.4 Office Buildings, Residential And Industrial Areas
3.4.1 General
The overall strategy for buildings in which people are generally present is level 1 with
some level 2 exceptions as further specified below. The primary protection for
people is to provide fire/smoke detection, alarm and adequate escape routes. Smoke
detection and Manual Alarm Call (MAC) points connected to a general audible alarm
shall be installed in accordance with ERD 17-02 Building Services Construction
Specifications, Section (D), Fire Detection and Alarm Installation.
No Smoking signs
No smoking signs shall be clearly displayed in all areas where smoking is prohibited.

Visual alarms
The main visual alarm interface shall be the fire detection panel. This shall be located
at the main entrance to the building. The panel shall clearly highlight which detection
circuit has been activated and the area of the building affected.
Audible Alarm
In residential areas the audible alarm shall be in the form of a horn or bell.
Escape Routes
All escape routes and exit doorways shall be provided with emergency lighting where
required. They shall be marked with luminous or illuminated signs
Fire Wardens
Fire Wardens signs shall be clearly displayed in all critical areas
Fire Extinguishers
A suitable number of hand-held extinguishers shall be provided at strategic locations.
If a fire water system is installed then hose reels shall also be provided at strategic
locations.
Manual Alarm Call-points

Manual Alarm Call (MAC) points shall be installed at the main exits, at all emergency
exits and along corridors at intervals not exceeding 100m. The design of MAC’s shall
conform to BS 5839 Part 2, and may either be of the hammer/break glass or
push/break glass type.
3.4.2 Plans and Procedures

Plans and procedures shall be put in place for:
 Building evacuation and muster points

 Fire fighting
 Maintenance and testing of fire protection equipment
Guidance in the preparation of such plans can be found in GU 230 FERM Facility Plan
Guideline.
3.4.3 Office Buildings

All flammable liquids, including photocopier toners, cleaning solvents and
draughtsman’s sprays shall be stored in metal cabinets away from sources of ignition
such as heat or naked flame.
For locations containing critical computer equipment, consideration should also be

given to the installation of an incipient smoke detection system which would only be
used for very early alarm purposes.
Materials storage areas shall be provided with fire detection applicable to the type of
material being stored. In areas where the stored materials give off flammable
vapours, e.g. seismic tape stores, the electrical installation shall be suitable for zone
2.

Where the contents of a building are particularly valuable or critical, such as some
archives and data stores, a total flood system may be justified in order to minimise
the potential loss. Cost Benefit Analysis should be applied in order to provide the
justification. The type of extinguishant used for total flood systems shall provide
minimum environmental impact and health risk, and shall be approved by the
Custodian of this Specification (CSM).
3.4.4 Residential Areas
Kitchens
In all kitchens serving a residential camp CO 2 or foam extinguishers and a fire blanket
shall be provided. Fire blankets shall be woven glass fibre tested to BS 476 Parts 4
and 7.
Heat detection shall be installed in the kitchen hood. Activation of the detector shall:
0 shutdown kitchen hood ventilation fan

ㄱ shut off gas supply to the kitchen
ㄴ initiate audible alarm
ㄷ shutdown air conditioning system.
On line gas bottles for use in kitchens shall be located outside. If the bottles are
closer than 5 metres from combustible materials a block work separation wall shall be
constructed. Any enclosure for gas bottles shall be freely ventilated.
3.4.5 Industrial Areas
Laboratories
Fire protection in laboratories shall be designed in accordance with DEP 34.17.10.31.
On line gas bottles for use in laboratories shall be located outside. If the bottles are
closer than 5 metres from combustible materials a block work separation wall shall be
constructed. Any enclosure for gas bottles shall be freely ventilated.
Workshops
In workshops free of dust and vapours, smoke detection shall be provided. In
workshops areas where smoke detectors may become quickly contaminated due to
dust and vapours, heat detection shall be provided instead of smoke detection. The
location of such heat detectors is critical as a fire can become well established before
activating a heat detector.

3.5 Airstrips
3.5.1 Aircraft rescue and fire fighting

The overall strategy is level 4. Fire fighting facilities at permanent airstrips associated
with locations in the interior shall meet the requirements of the applicable ICAO Cat
4/5 specifications within the Airport Services Manual, including publications ICAO-
9137P1, Rescue and Fire Fighting, and ICAO-9137P7, Airport Emergency Planning.
3.5.2 Mobile Equipment
The principle requirement is rapid response such that in the event of a crash on
landing or take-off a fire engine could reach the plane before ignition of any spilt
aviation fuel, hence the need for four-wheel drive.
For mobile fire fighting equipment reference should be made to DEP 80.47.10.32,
General and for fire fighting vehicles, DEP 80.47.10.33.
3.5.3 Air strip buildings
The general specifications as defined in Section 3.4.1 above shall be applied.

4.0 Detection Specifications
4.1 Detection Systems

The design of fire and gas detection systems for green-field sites shall be in
accordance with DEP 32.80.10.10, General, and if a PLC based system is used, DEP
32.80.10.30, General. For brown-field sites, the existing system design philosophy
should be followed. Determination of revealed and unrevealed failure robustness shall
be in accordance with DEP 32.80.10.10, General.
The power supply to the system shall be provided with a battery back up giving 8
hours duration, 7.75 hours at normal load and 0.25 hours at alarm load.
4.2 Gas Detection
4.2.1 Flammable Gas Detection Philosophy

It is important that the detectors used are suitable for the type of gas that they are
intended to detect and that the test gas used is as close as possible to the process
gas.
Point type gas detectors shall be used. The use of open path gas detectors may be
considered only when used in conjunction with point type detectors.
Flammable gas detection shall initiate alarms at alert and danger levels. Executive
actions shall only be initiated from danger level detection. The location and number
of detectors required is a function of the particular equipment design and layout,
however they shall be located over obvious potential leak points e.g. seals.
It is recommended that the following settings be adopted as a sensible balance

between sensitivity and reliability in terms of avoiding unnecessary activation.
TABLE 4.2
Location Alert Level Danger Level

General process areas 20%LEL 50%LEL
Areas where greater sensitivity is 10%LEL 20%LEL
desirable and any trip action does not
cause a major plant shutdown

4.3 Fire Detection
4.3.1 Optical Flame Detection

Infra-Red (IR) flame detectors are the preferred type for flame detection as they are
not susceptible to spurious trips, they can detect flames from smoky fires and they
can tolerate considerable dirt on the lens. They shall be solar blind and flicker
frequency sensitive for hydrocarbon fires. Detectors should generally be located in
elevated positions and aligned downwards to gain maximum benefit from the fixed
angle of sensitivity.
The use of Ultra Violet detectors in areas where arc welding, flash photography and
NDT X-Ray testing shall be carefully considered. Detectors should be located in
elevated positions looking downwards. Consideration should be given to the
possibility of smoke accumulation preventing the detector from seeing a flame. UV
detectors shall provide an alarm signal to alert operators when the window is dirty.
Flame detection shall initiate alarms and executive actions.
4.3.2 Bimetallic Heat Detection

Bimetallic heat detectors shall be of the fixed type. They shall have a set point
approximately 25° C higher than the maximum ambient temperature (to be taken as
55° C). For outside locations the ambient conditions are defined in ERD 10-04. For
inside locations the maximum ambient temperatures must be determined.
4.3.3 Fusible Plug Heat Detection

Fusible plugs shall be selected to melt at approximately 25° C higher than the
maximum ambient temperature (to be taken as 55° C). For outside locations the
ambient conditions are defined in ERD 10-04. For inside locations the maximum
ambient temperatures must be determined. The configuration of fusible plug systems
is given in ERD 30-03.
Low-pressure initiator monitoring of air pressure in the system shall be used for fire
detection.
4.3.4 Fusible Link Heat Detection

Fusible links shall be selected to melt at approximately 25° C higher than the
maximum ambient temperature (to be taken as 55° C. For outside locations, the
ambient conditions are defined in ERD 10-04. For inside locations, the maximum
ambient temperatures must be determined. They should generally only be used when
they form part of a vendor detection/protection package.

4.3.5 FQB Heat Detection

Frangible quartzoid bulbs shall be selected to break at approximately 25° C higher
than the maximum ambient temperature (to be taken as 55° C). For outside locations
the ambient conditions are defined in ERD 10-04. For inside locations the maximum
ambient temperatures must be determined. They should generally only be used when
they form part of a vendor detection/protection package.
This type of heat detection is preferred for congested process plant areas unless the
equipment is subject to periodic removal.
4.3.6 Smoke Detection
Smoke Detection
Smoke detectors shall be of the optical type or ionisation type. Where smoke
detection is provided, at least one of each type shall be installed at each location.
The optimum locations for conventional smoke detectors will be a function of the
preferential air flow patterns.
Activation of a single smoke detector shall initiate alarms and executive actions.
Note: According to BS 5839 Part 1 false alarms from smoke detectors may be caused
by fumes, dusts or condensation. Some types of ionisation chamber type smoke
detectors are highly sensitive to high air speeds and may give false alarms.
Ionisation type detectors shall be provided with a warning that label highlights them
as a radioactive source.
Incipient Smoke Detection

The use of incipient smoke detection systems (also called VESDA - Very Early Smoke
Detection Alarm) systems) shall be considered for facilities containing critical control
monitoring systems such as control rooms, equipment panels and substations.
This type of system is capable of detecting fire at the incipient stage up to 4 hours
before flame breaks out.
The extremely high sensitivity of these systems may tend to cause alarms
occasionally under transient conditions. They should only therefore be used to initiate
alarms, not executive actions.
Note: None of these devices are suitable for fume contaminated areas typically
including vehicle exhausts or cigarette smoke, and clearly have limited applicability in
inherently dirty or dusty environments.

4.4 Audible, Visual and Manual Alarm Call Points
4.4.1 Hydrocarbon Handling and Utility Facilities
Audible Alarms
Audible alarms shall be installed on the outside of the control building as a minimum.
Different alarm sounds shall be used for fire, combustible gas, toxic gas and all clear.
These shall be in accordance with DEP.32.30.20.11, General. Additional audible
alarms shall be located on top of noisy machinery e.g. gas turbines.
Visual alarms
The main visual alarm interface shall be the mimic. This shall either be a dedicated
display on the control system or a graphic mimic panel. The mimic layout shall be
based on the station fire and gas detector layout drawings. It shall clearly highlight
which detection circuit has been activated and the area of the plant affected. Design
of the mimic shall be in accordance with DEP.32.30.20.11, General.
When H2S detection is provided, visual beacons shall be installed in accordance with
ERD 08-04.
Manual Alarm Call-points

Manual Alarm Call (MAC) points shall conform to BS 5839 Part 2, and may be either
of the hammer/break glass or push/break glass type. They shall be installed at all
plant escape gates, at the plant main gate and at the control building entrance. If
escape routes are clearly defined (i.e. signs are installed) then they shall be located
along them at intervals not exceeding 100m. They are not required for off plot
facilities such as remote manifolds.

5.0 Fire Protection Systems
5.1 Fire Water Systems

A fire water network consists of a water supply (usually a dedicated tank), pumps
and a piping distribution network. The network outlets can be hydrants (for use,
generally with hand-held or mobile equipment), fixed systems such as base foam
injection, deluge systems etc. or fixed monitors.
It is however acceptable to take the firewater supply from a process system (eg.
water injection system) provided that pressure and flow can be maintained under
emergency conditions.
Fire water systems are required for facilities where FERM strategies 3 and 4 have
been justified.
5.1.1 Fire Water Network – General

Where the FES dictates the need for a fire water system (strategy 3 and 4) the
design shall comply with DEP 80.47.10.31.
The fire water network shall be designed to supply the calculated water demand at
the required discharge points and pressure (reference shall be made to preplanning
documentation for required flow rates).
The pumps should discharge into a ring main with hydrants, fixed monitors and feeds
to fixed foam systems and sprinkler systems.
The fire water distribution piping shall be a ringmain, with adequate loops and block
valves to ensure that a single line break can be isolated safely with minimum loss of
fire protection. Single branch lines shall be avoided.
The piping material may be steel for above or below ground and GRE (in accordance
with ERD 38-12) where mechanical damage is unlikely. Steel pipe shall be cement
lined in accordance with DEP 30.48.30.31, General. When above ground, the pipe
shall be protected by physical barriers where necessary to reduce the possibility of
impact by vehicles.
All valves in the system shall be clearly identified with their function and normal
status. System pipework shall be routed such that wherever possible it is not exposed
to excessive radiation from a fire for which it may be required. In particular, the
following guidelines shall be applied:
 Fire water pipework shall not pass through tank bund areas.
 Fire water pipework shall not pass through areas where product spills can
accumulate underneath them.
 Fire water pipework shall be at least 15m from process facilities.
System isolation valves shall be located such that radiation (based on FRED
calculations) from fires for which they are intended will be a maximum of 5 kW/m 2
under any anticipated design conditions. If the system is such that its user is likely to
remain in the area for extended periods (greater than 10 minutes), then screening
shall be provided to ensure that radiation levels do not exceed 1.5 kW/m 2.

5.1.2 Fire Water Storage Tank

The capacity of the water storage tank shall be in accordance with the worst case
design demand (reference shall be made to pre-planning documents to assist in
determination of total water demands). A minimum of 6 hours supply shall be
provided unless it can be clearly shown that incident duration will be less than this
(e.g. by shutdown and isolation). It may be necessary to consider the installation of
two tanks depending on size and the location characteristics.
The fire water tank internal lining shall be in accordance with ERD 48-01 to obviate
the generation of corrosion products which could affect the performance of
downstream systems.
A system would typically include a water storage tank (in accordance with NFPA 22)
for those areas without a suitable natural source of water. The tank may be filled
with formation water provided the quality is compatible with available foam
concentrates.
Since the majority of the tank(s) fill is likely to stand for considerable periods of time
consideration shall be given to batch dosing foam compatible corrosion inhibitor and
bactericide.
Where required due to the type of pumps being used, tanks shall be elevated to
provide positive suction when the operating pressure is low.
5.1.3 Fire Water Pumps

Pumps and drivers shall comply with DEP 31.29.02.11, General, DEP 31.29.02.30,
General, and NFPA 20, Installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps.
Generally two 100% fire water pumps, one electric and one diesel driven, shall be
installed to ensure a reliable supply under all circumstances. The electric driven pump
would normally be selected to start first, either from a confirmed fire signal as a
precursor to fire water demand or due to a fall in pressure in the ringmain. The diesel
driven pump would start automatically on low ring main pressure after a pre-set time
or on failure of the electric pump.
A jockey pump shall be installed to maintain pressure in the system (typically 3 barg).
Fire water pumps shall be started weekly and performance tested annually. The
annual performance tests shall incorporate flow tests for the ringmain itself. Flow and
pressure tests shall be performed on the fire water system to ensure that water
demand for the identified scenarios can be achieved.
Pumps shall be selected and installed in accordance with DEP 31.29.02.11, General,
DEP 31.29.02.30, General and NFPA 20.
5.1.4 Hydrants
Hydrants in process areas shall generally have 4 x 65mm instantaneous coupling
outlets in accordance with BS 336. Hydrants at offices, residential and industrial
areas shall generally have 2 x 65mm outlets.

Fire Hoses
All hoses for fire fighting purposes shall conform to the requirements of DEP
80.47.10.32, General, Section 3.2.
5.1.5 Monitors
Fixed, manually operated water monitors shall be provided for strategy 3 facilities for
specific cooling requirements, i.e. storage tanks and congested areas as justified by
risk analysis.
Self Oscillating Type Monitors

Self oscillating type monitors should be considered where identified as advantageous.
Monitors shall be located outside storage tank bund walls. They shall not be located
inside or on top of the bund.
Fixed Monitors
Fixed monitors shall be chosen to provide the stream range required to cool the
equipment for which they are provided at the design operating pressure. The flow
rate shall not be less than 2000 lpm at the design operating pressure.
Access during a fire should be taken into account where locating fixed monitors. The
effects on firefighters from radiant heat during a storage tank fire also need to be
considered. Monitors shall be located such that radiation (based on FRED
DEP 80.47.10.32, General, gives information regarding the requirements for fixed
monitors, and DEP 80.47.10.30, General, provides information on water flow rates.
The design of portable water monitors shall be in accordance with DEP 80.47.10.32,
General.
5.2 Water Application Systems

Water application systems can be used to control fire spread or to provide cooling of
radiation exposed facilities and, in certain circumstances, can extinguish fires.
Water application systems will not generally extinguish fires caused by hydrocarbon
flammable liquids with flash points below ambient temperature or flammable liquids
heated above their flash points. Foam systems are required for this application.
Water application systems consist of a valve in a take-off from the fire water
network, distribution pipework and discharge nozzles.

There are two basic types of discharge nozzle:
(i) Sprinkler nozzles - where each nozzle has a frangible bulb or fusible link
preventing water flow through the nozzle. At a preset temperature the bulb
or link breaks and releases water. Thus, only the nozzles subjected to heat
discharge water. Typical applications of sprinkler systems include offices and
hazardous material warehouses. They should not normally be used in
computer rooms or electrical equipment rooms.
(ii) Waterspray (deluge) nozzles - where all nozzles are open and, on opening of
the valve, will all discharge simultaneously. Deluge systems can be automatic
or manually operated according to specific hazard requirements.
5.2.1 Sprinkler Systems

Reference shall be made to DEP 80.47.10.31, Section 2.3.
Sprinkler systems shall be designed in accordance with NFPA 13 or BS 5306, Part 2.
Sprinkler system hydraulic calculations shall be carried out using approved software
rather than by manual calculations.
Sprinkler systems shall normally be of the wet pipe type. Where the protected area
contains critical equipment and water damage from sprinkler nozzle leakage would
have major consequences, consideration may be given to the installation of a pre
action system, typically consisting of dry pipe, requiring confirmation of fire from
another source before the valve is opened.
All system sprinkler valves and nozzles shall be approved by the Loss Prevention
Council (LPC), Underwriters Laboratories (UL) or Factory Mutual (FM).
Sprinkler system inspection and testing shall be in accordance with NFPA 25 or BS

5306, Part 2.
5.2.2 Waterspray (Deluge) Systems

Waterspray systems shall be designed in accordance with DEP 80.47.10.31, Section
2.2 and NFPA 15.
Automatic deluge valves and nozzles shall be approved by Loss Prevention Council
(LPC), Underwriters Laboratories (UL) or Factory Mutual (FM).
Deluge system valves shall be located such that radiant heat levels from the incident
for which they are provided shall be located such that radiation (based on FRED
remain in the area for extended periods (greater than 10 minutes) then screening
Automatic deluge valves shall be actuated by the relevant detection system but shall
also include a manual operation capability. The preferred method of operation of
automatic deluge valves is by fusible plug detectors. Water deluge valves in pipe
work shall be locked in the open position. Special consideration shall be given to the
locking of ball valves such that they cannot be closed with the lock in place. Ideally,
the valves should be purchased with a lock as part of the design.

Testing and inspection of deluge systems shall be in accordance with NFPA 25.
Regular maintenance of the system shall be performed, and in particular the deluge
nozzles shall be checked for blockage. Regular flushing of the nozzles shall be
performed.
5.3 Foam Systems
5.3.1 General
Foam systems consist of 3 basic parts:
(i) Foam concentrate - the liquid used to foam

(ii) Foam concentrate proportioning system - where the foam concentrate is
mixed, at a specific proportion, with water to make foam solution.
(iii) Foam maker (foam generator, foam application device) where air is
mixed with foam solution to make foam.
Foam makers can be further subdivided into aspirating types which use a venturi
nozzle system to draw air into the foam solution and non-aspirating devices which
rely on impinging jets of foam solution or turbulence as the foam solution leaves the
nozzle to generate bubbles of foam.
In any system, it is important to ensure that the right combination of foam

concentrate, proportioning system and foam generating devices are selected for the
particular application. The following sections deal with specific requirements for these
components for PDO facilities.
Reference shall be made to the following standards for relevant aspects of foam
system design and foam concentrate specification:
 DEP 80.47.10.31 - Gen., June 1992, Section 2.4
 DEP 80.47.10.10 - Gen., March 1991, Section 2.1
 DEP 80.47.10.33 - Gen., Fire Fighting Vehicles and Fire Stations, June1993
 NFPA 11 - Standard for Low Expansion Systems
 NFPA 16 - Deluge Foam - Water Sprinkler and Foam Water Spray Systems,
1995
 ISO 7203 - 1 Fire Extinguishing Media, Foam Concentrates, 1995
 UL 162, Seventh Edition - Foam Equipment and Liquid Concentrates, 1994
For airport applications, reference shall be made to ICAO, CAP 168 - Licensing of
Aerodromes, 1990.
5.3.2 Foam Concentrate

Wherever possible, the number of different foam concentrates on site shall be limited
to one. If this is not possible, measures shall be in place to minimise the possibility
of mixing the different types.
All foam concentrates used shall be 3% grade (i.e. to be used at 3% concentration

in proportioning systems).
The foam concentrate for hydrocarbon flammable liquids (e.g. crude or condensate)
shall be either fluoroprotein, film-forming fluoroprotein or multipurpose (alcohol
resistant) fluoroprotein or synthetic based type and shall conform to the

requirements of Underwriters Laboratories UL 162 7th Edition test requirements, or

ISO 7203-1 Class IIA or higher.
The foam concentrate for water soluble flammable liquids (e.g. methanol) shall be a
multipurpose type and shall conform to the requirements of Underwriters
Laboratories UL 162 7th Edition test requirements or ISO 7203-1 Class IIA or higher.
The foam concentrate for airstrip use shall be AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam),
FFFP (Film Forming Fluoroprotein) or a fluoroprotein type conforming to the
requirements for level B type foams of CAP 168 (multipurpose types of the same
generic type are permissible).
Foam concentrates whether in systems, drums or vehicles shall be stored such that
they are not exposed to direct sunlight.
Calculations shall be performed in order to establish the minimum quantity of foam

required for each application. In addition, and in accordance with NFPA, 100% of the
calculated quantity shall be available within 24 hours.
For foam concentrate at airstrips, certification shall be available on site demonstrating

full conformity with CAP 168. This shall include results of the extinguishing test on
the original foam concentrate batch as well as the following physical properties with
measurement tolerances:
 Specific gravity @ 20C

 pH @ 20C
 Sediment
 Viscosity @ 20C
For foam concentrate for use at facilities other than airstrips, manufacturers type
certification shall be available on site demonstrating full conformity with either UL
162 or ISO 7203-1, Class IIA or higher.
This shall also include information on the following physical properties with measured
tolerances:
 pH @ 20C
 Sediment
Foam Concentrate Testing

Representative samples of all foam concentrates used at PDO facilities shall be
subjected to the following tests to determine whether or not they continue to
conform to original manufacturers specifications. The test can either be carried out
by the original manufacturer or on-site to written procedures.
(i) On an annual basis, the following physical properties shall be

measured:

 pH @ 20C
 Viscosity @ 20C (for foam concentrate used at airstrips)
 Sediment

(ii) Every 10 years, the foam concentrate used at airstrips shall be subjected to a
fire test in accordance with CAP 168 to ensure continuing conformity with
level B type fire fighting performance.
5.3.3 Foam Proportioning Systems

The foam proportioner is the device that is used to inject foam concentrate into the
water line to make foam solution. It is vital that the proportioner is such that it
ensures that the foam solution has the correct amount of foam concentrate in it
(nominally 3%) under all system operating conditions and flow requirements,
including potential blockage of one or more outlets.
Various types of proportioner are available as described in NFPA 11. This section
defines the type that shall be used for different applications at PDO facilities.
General
All foam proportioning systems shall be capable of providing acceptable concentrate
proportioning (3-3.6%) under all operating conditions of the equipment, including
blockage of some outlets.
Foam concentrate tanks shall be high-density polyethylene, GRP or stainless steel

316L construction, approved for use by the concentrate manufacturer.
Internal tank linings shall not be used in foam concentrate tanks.
Proportioning Systems for Fixed Foam Systems

Foam application systems as described in 4.6.4 can be either fixed or semi-fixed. In
the case of fixed systems, the proportioner and foam concentrate tank are
permanently connected to the fire water ring main so that no additional connection
of foam concentrate supply is required for system operation.
FERM strategy 3 sites and strategy 4 sites shall have fully fixed systems. Semi-fixed
systems may be added at sites with a professional fire response nearby. In such a
case the fire responders shall be trained and regularly practice the use of such
equipment (see Proportioning Systems for Semi-Fixed Foam Systems below).
All proportioning stations shall be provided with a clear indication of the facilities to
which they relate and clear operating instructions including identification of valves.
Minimum and maximum operating pressures shall also be clearly identified.
All proportioning stations shall be located in safe locations (i.e. areas not having
hazardous area classification).
All proportioning stations shall be located such that radiation (based on FRED
Standard inductors (line proportioners, eductors) shall not be used.
Fixed proportioning systems shall be of the balanced pressure type (See NFPA 11).
The preferred type is one having a foam concentrate pump although diaphragm tank

(bag tank, bladder tank) types are acceptable where the quantity of foam
concentrate in them does not exceed 1500 litres.
For pumped balanced pressure proportioning systems, the pump can be water,
electric or diesel driven. In all cases the pump shall be of the positive displacement
type (i.e. not centrifugal).
All proportioning stations shall be provided with isolation valves and pressure gauges
at their inlet and outlet. In the case of pumped balanced pressure proportioning
systems, pressure gauges will also be provided in the foam concentrate line
downstream of the foam pump prior to the proportioner. Gauges shall be provided to
demonstrate that foam concentrate pressure and water pressure are balanced at the
point of concentrate injection.
The flow range of the proportioner and operating pressure range shall be clearly
marked on the proportioner.
Pumped balanced pressure proportioning systems shall be provided with the facility
to test the foam concentrate and circulate foam concentrate back to the concentrate
tank without discharging concentrate into the foam solution discharge line. Valves in
the system specifically provided to allow this function shall be provided with a lock so
that they can be locked during normal status.
Pumped balanced pressure proportioners shall have manual over ride capability to be
used in the event of failure of the automatic balancing system.
All foam concentrate tanks shall be provided with a sight glass with isolation valves.
In the case of diaphragm tanks the isolation valves will be provided with locks.
In areas where specialist fire vehicles are available (strategy 4 in FERM), a pumping
in connection shall be provided downstream of the proportioning skid to allow back
up of a fixed proportioning system by use of the proportioning system on the vehicle.
In the case that hand held equipment outlets are served by the proportioning station
as well as fixed systems, the outlets shall be such that pressure is limited to a
maximum of 7 barg.
Proportioning Systems for Semi-Fixed Foam Systems

Semi-fixed foam application systems are those that require connection of a mobile
proportioning system (usually on a fire truck). They are, therefore, only applicable
where strategy 4 of FERM is adopted.
The foam system shall conform to the requirements of DEP 80.47.10.33, General.
Proportioning systems on specialist vehicles shall be pumped balanced pressure type.

The system shall be such that each vehicle outlet can provide foam solution or water
as required (i.e. the system must not be such that when foam solution is being
produced at some outlets, it is not possible to have water only at others).
The flow rate capability of the proportioning system shall take due account of other
items, such as foam monitors or hand lines, which may be fed from it.

The proportioning system shall have the manual over ride, drain and return to tank
facilities as described for the pumped proportioning systems for fixed systems in the
previous section.
Note: The above comments should not be regarded as a detailed specification for
foam systems for fire trucks. They cover only the necessary requirements to serve
semi-fixed systems at PDO facilities.
Proportioners for Hand Held Foam Nozzles

Standard line proportioners (eductors, inductors) shall be used for providing foam
solution to hand held nozzles which are not fed from a specialist fire vehicle (see
Proportioning Systems for Semi-Fixed Foam Systems) or a fixed proportioning system.
Proportioners for hand held nozzles shall conform to the following requirements:
 The proportioner setting shall be fixed at 3%.

 The proportioner shall be provided with a translucent pick up tube.
 The line proportioner shall incorporate a non-return valve to prevent back
flow of water into the foam concentrate supply.
Proportioners for One Shot Foam Systems for Floating Roof Tank Rimseal Fires
Proportioners for one-shot foam systems for floating roof tank rimseal fires are
considered to be an integral part of a package unit (see previous section).
Testing of Proportioning Equipment

On an annual basis all proportioning systems and equipment shall be tested under
credible operational flow conditions to check that the percentage of foam concentrate
being proportioned is within the range 3-3.6%.
At 6 monthly intervals, foam concentrate tanks shall be inspected for signs of

sediment.
5.3.4 Foam Application Systems/Equipment
Base Injection Systems

Reference should be made to DEP 80.47.10.31, General, Paragraph 2.4.1.1.
Base injection (sub-surface) systems are used to protect cone roof (fixed roof)
atmospheric storage tanks that do not have an internal floating cover. They are
designed to inject foam at the base of a tank above any water and allow the foam to
float to the fuel surface. Base injection foam systems are not suitable for water-
soluble fuels such as methanol.
A variation of this system, known as semi-subsurface, includes a flexible tube that is

released into the product on system actuation. Foam flows up the tube so that it
does not actually come into contact with the product. Semi-subsurface can be used
for water soluble fuels or for crudes with a very high water content where the water
base in a tank can be very high and base injection is not practical.
Base injection systems shall be designed in accordance with NFPA 11 in terms of

application rate, running times, foam discharge velocities and number of foam
application points. Base foam injection is limited for use with hydrocarbons that have

a viscosity less than 440 centistokes at the minimum storage temperature. Above
this, top entry for the foam should be used.
Base injection systems shall be used in preference to semi-subsurface systems

wherever possible. At manned facilities, actuation of a base foam injection shall be
manual. At unattended facilities where manual actuation would result in a delay of
more than 30 minutes following confirmation of a fire alarm, actuation of base foam
systems shall be automatic.
Each tank nozzle associated with a base injection system shall be provided with a
normally locked open shut off valve and a non-return valve.
Bursting discs shall be provided upstream of the non return valve in the foam
discharge line to act as a positive seal preventing product entering the foam line
under normal operations. The bursting discs shall be of the differential pressure type,
rated and located such that where there is more than one disc in a system, the
bursting of one disc will not relieve pressure throughout the system and prevent the
bursting of all other discs.
Valved test connections shall be provided in a base injection system on each system
outlet. These shall be of the same diameter as the system foam outlets in order to be
representative of the actual system. The valve of the test connection outlet shall be
normally locked closed. Normally locked open valves shall be provided as necessary
in the foam discharge outlets. These valves shall be closed during testing to prevent
bursting discs being subjected to high pressure.
Foam generators for the base injection system shall be of the type that can generate
foam of the required expansion and drainage time properties (see NFPA 11) against
backpressure caused by product head and downstream frictional losses. The
preferred type is one that can operate against at least 40% backpressure. The
generators shall be provided with pressure gauges showing upstream and
downstream pressures so that operating conditions can be checked during testing.
The generators shall incorporate a non-return valve in the air inlet to prevent
backflow of product through the inlet after system shutdown.
All foam generators shall be located outside the bund wall.
In the case of semi-fixed systems requiring connection to a firefighting vehicle, any

valves or controls needed for system actuation shall be outside the bund and such
that radiation levels during credible scenarios meet the radiation level limits described
for fixed proportioning systems as detailed above.
In semi-fixed systems, the foam solution inlets shall be clearly marked with their
purpose, the tank numbers to which they relate, the minimum operating pressure
and flow rate.
Each foam generator shall be clearly labelled with its minimum operating pressure
and the flow rate at this pressure.
The foam outlet inside the tank shall be such that it does not become easily clogged
by sediment. In crude tanks this means that the end of the outlet pipe should be cut
at an angle so that any sediment in the crude does not accumulate in the pipe.

All foam systems shall be discharge tested on an annual basis. The tests shall
include proportioning accuracy (see Testing of Proportioning Equipment), foam
expansion and drainage time. Results shall be compared with system specification
and manufacturers' data.
Top Pourer Systems - Cone Roof Tanks and Internal Floating Roof Tanks
Top pourer systems are foam systems that consist of one or more foam
generator/pourer assemblies positioned around the tank just below the roof to shell
seam. On system actuation foam is fed through the generator to the inside of the
tank shell to flow onto the fuel surface. They can be regarded as an alternative to
base injection systems for cone roof tanks but are not the preferred option because
there is a high probability that the equipment will be damaged prior to system
actuation.
They are, however, the system of choice for internal floating roof tanks and may be
considered for cone roof tanks where base injection or semi-subsurface (see Base
Injection Systems) are not considered practical.
Top pourer foam systems shall be designed in accordance with NFPA 11 in terms of
application rate, running times, foam discharge velocities and number of foam
application points.
Top pourer foam systems for internal floating roof tanks shall be designed to cover
the complete fuel surface at application rates for standard cone roof tanks unless it
can be shown that the internal floating roof will maintain its integrity in a fire
incident.
Each foam pourer assembly will comprise a foam generator, a vapour seal (to
prevent vapours from the tank migrating through the foam system pipework) and a
pourer assembly inside the tank to direct foam against the inside wall of the tank.
The foam pourer assembly shall be designed such that a full flow foam discharge test
can be carried out without breaking the vapour seal and without discharging foam
into the tank.
A separate foam solution riser shall feed every foam pourer assembly. Every foam
pourer assembly shall be clearly marked with operating pressure and flow rate.
Foam solution system pipework shall incorporate valves such that individual risers to
foam pourer assemblies can be isolated in the event of damage to an assembly. The
valves shall be located such that radiant heat levels as predicted by FRED, do not
exceed 5 kW/m2 under credible fire scenarios (nb. full surface fires in internal floating
roof tanks are not generally considered credible scenarios - fires burn at the vents
only).
The foam solution pipework shall be provided with pressure gauges at convenient
locations to check operating pressures. The minimum operating pressure required
shall be clearly identified at the pressure gauge.
The system shall be fully fixed for FERM strategy 3 & 4 facilities. They can be
supplemented by semi-fixed. In the case of semi-fixed systems the inlets shall be
positioned such that the radiation level limits given for proportioning systems for
fixed foam systems are met.

In semi-fixed systems, the foam solution inlets shall be clearly marked with their
purpose, the tank number to which they relate, the minimum operating pressure and
flow rate.
All foam systems shall be discharge tested on an annual basis. The tests shall include
proportioning accuracy, foam expansion and drainage time. Results shall be
compared with system specification and manufacturers' data.
Extended Discharge Foam Systems for Protection of Rimseal Areas on Floating Roof
Tanks
Reference should be made to DEP 80.47.10.31, General, Paragraph 2.4.1.3.
In this case, the term extended discharge refers to a system having a discharge time
in accordance with a recognised standard such as NFPA 11 (i.e. it is not a one shot
system providing a short duration application of foam as provided in the following
section).
The extended discharge system shall be considered as the primary protection system
even when a one shot system is also in place. Thus a one shot system is not
considered to be an alternative to the extended discharge system.
The system shall comply with the requirements of NFPA 11 in terms of foam solution
application rate, run time and number of foam application points.
The systems shall not be automatically actuated from a detection system.
The system shall be designed such that it can be actuated manually, either locally or
remotely, within 10 minutes of a confirmed fire. If this cannot be achieved, a one-
shot foam system shall also be provided as detailed in the following section.
For new facilities, the system application devices shall be of the top pourer type
because it allows easy inspection and testing. The system consists of a number of
foam generators and pourers mounted around the top of the tank fed with foam
solution from the proportioning unit. Each pourer assembly shall be provided with a
foam generator (i.e. a single foam generator feeding several pourers shall not be
permitted).
The alternative of a "Coflexip" system, consisting of a number of foam generators

mounted on the roof fed from an array of pipework that includes a flexible pipe
internal to the tank, may be maintained if already installed on existing plant.
The primary systems shall be fully fixed but may be supplemented by semi-fixed
systems when there is ready access to a professional fire brigade. When semi-fixed
systems are installed, the system inlets shall be outside the bund and clearly marked
with their purpose, the tank to which they relate and minimum operating pressure
and flow rate.
All foam generators shall be clearly marked with their minimum operating pressure
and the flow rate at that pressure.
A foam dam shall be installed on the tank to contain the foam over the seal area.
This dam shall be designed and provided with drain holes in accordance with NFPA
11. The fitting of the foam dam to the roof shall be such that leakage of foam or

foam solution cannot occur except at the designated drainage points (i.e. there will
be a dam tank roof seal or continuous weld except at drainage points).
Hydrant outlets fed with foam solution shall be provided at the top of the tank at
wind girder level to allow use of foam hand lines to supplement the fixed system.
The maximum distance between foam solution hydrants shall be 60m around the
walkway.
A pressure gauge shall be provided on the foam system pipework along with clear
identification of the minimum operating pressure at this point.
A cabinet including 2 x 20m x 65mm hoses and a 450 lpm foam nozzle shall be
provided at each hydrant outlet on the walkway.
Foam application devices shall be of the aspirating type.
Drain facilities shall be provided in the system to allow the complete system to be
drained after operation.
Foam application devices shall be designed or provided with screens so as to

minimise the possibility of blockage from external sources such as birds nesting.
Foam pourers shall be designed and mounted on the tank shell so that foam is
directed to flow down the inside wall of the tank without disruption from the tank
structure or fittings.
All foam systems shall be discharge tested on an annual basis. The tests shall
include proportioning accuracy (see 4.6.3.6), foam expansion and drainage time.
Results shall be compared with system specification and manufacturers' data.
One Shot Foam Systems for Floating Roof Tank Rimseals

A one-shot foam system for floating roof rimseals is a self contained detection and
protection system intended to provide a fast response to rimseal fires by early
detection and automatic discharge of foam into the rimseal area. It must be
emphasised that one-shot systems are regarded as a first strike system that should
detect and extinguish a rimseal fire before it spreads significantly around the tank
circumference. They should not be regarded as an alternative to the extended
discharge system described in the previous section, which should be regarded as the
primary protection method.
One shot systems shall be a totally integrated package comprising linear heat
detection, alarm/control facilities, foam concentrate storage, water storage (or
premix storage - see below), foam solution discharge pipework and discharge
nozzles.
The detector system shall comprise a continuous heat detector mounted around the
entire circumference of the tank at a distance of 50mm maximum from the top of the
seal assembly. Each foam solution module shall have its own dedicated detector in
the segment it protects.
The heat detector shall be either of the fusible plastic tube type (see DEP
32.30.20.11 - General, November 1995, Paragraph 3.9.4.2) or digital electrical cable

type. Frangible bulbs mounted on a ring of pressurised pipework shall not be

acceptable.
On detection of the fire, a dedicated alarm will sound in a permanently manned

location and at the tank area. Visual alarms shall be clearly identified with the
number of the tank to which they refer (all detectors from individual modules on a
tank can be connected to a common alarm).
All electrical components shall be suitable for the classification of the area in which
they operate, recognising that the roof area should be regarded as Zone 1.
Foam solution application rate shall be 20 lpm/m 2 around the seal area and shall be
discharged for a minimum period of 30 seconds.
Foam application nozzles shall be positioned such that the areas of the rimseal
affected are blanketed with foam within a period of 15 seconds from the system
actuation.
Aspirated foam nozzles are preferred in order to provide a more effective blanket
than non-aspirating nozzles.
The circumference of the tank shall be split into segments of approximately 40m.
The foam application nozzles in each segment shall be fed with foam solution from a
dedicated supply module. The discharge pipework and detector for neighbouring
modules shall overlap by at least one nozzle spacing distance.
Foam solution discharge pipework shall be stainless steel or other material that
reduces maintenance requirements on the tank roof.
The foam solution shall be supplied from modules which contain either premix (i.e.
foam concentrate and water already mixed) in a pressure vessel or a separate foam
concentrate and water storage.
On actuation of the detector, automatic discharge of the relevant tank segment

module shall automatically occur by pressurisation of the unit. The pressurisation
cylinder shall be external to the premix (or water) vessel for easy inspection and
maintenance.
A sunshade to prevent direct exposure to sunlight shall protect each storage module.
In cases where the foam concentrate and water are stored in separate vessels, the
proportioner shall be of a type that can still function correctly with 3 nozzles blocked.
All foam systems shall be discharge tested on an annual basis. The tests shall include
proportioning accuracy, foam expansion and drainage time. Results shall be
compared with system specification and manufacturers' data. In addition, rimseals on
the system shall be fully discharged and replenished on an annual basis.

5.3.5 Foam Deluge Systems

Foam deluge systems comprise an array of open headed discharge nozzles located
around or above the hazard. They are all operated simultaneously and fed from a
fixed proportioning system. Semi-fixed systems are not practicable because the
intention of a foam deluge system is to provide very rapid response to contained spill
fire situations and develop a foam blanket to prevent re-ignition. Connection of a
proportioning system at the time of the fire would give unacceptable delays.
Foam deluge systems shall be designed in accordance with NFPA 16 using an area
foam solution application rate of 6.5 lpm/m 2 and a minimum of 10 minutes
application time, followed by water for a total time of 60 minutes at an application
rate of 6.5 litres/m2/min. With an increased application rate the operating time may
be reduced proportionally, but not less than 7 minutes.
Foam deluge systems shall be fed with foam solution from a fixed proportioning
system.
Foam deluge system nozzles shall be of the aspirating type.
The foam deluge system nozzle shall be such that following foam application,
continuing water application for a period of 20 minutes will provide a cooling spray
capability without significant damage to the foam blanket.
5.3.6 Portable Foam Application Equipment

Hand held foam nozzles shall be aspirating nozzles of the type requiring foam
solution to be fed to them (i.e. they shall not be the type that incorporates a
proportioner).
Foam nozzles for use on small spill fires (e.g. minor bund incidents) at FERM strategy
3 facilities shall have approximately 200-250 lpm throughput at 7 barg inlet pressure.
Their throughput shall be matched to that of the proportioners used with them (see
Proportioners for Hand Held Foam Nozzles).
Foam nozzles for use at FERM strategy 4 facilities shall have a throughput up to 1000
lpm at 7 barg inlet pressure.
Hand held foam application equipment shall be provided in fire cabinets at strategic
locations adjacent to hydrants at FERM strategy 3 and 4 facilities. The number and
location of fire cabinets shall be determined from hazard identification and pre-fire
planning studies for minor incidents taking into account manning levels.
Each fire cabinet shall contain 1 x foam nozzle (200-250 lpm), 1 x water nozzle (450
lpm at 7 barg jet/spray type) 2 x 20m x 65mm hose lengths and 6 x 20 litre drums of
foam concentrate.
FERM strategy 3 and 4 facilities shall be provided with portable foam monitors for use
by the fire fighters for larger spill incidents and supplementing fixed systems.
The number of units shall be based on the requirements of any tanks that are not
protected by a fixed or semi-fixed system. In the event that all tanks are provided
with a system, a single unit shall be provided.

Each foam monitor shall have a throughput of at least 2500 lpm at 7 barg inlet
pressure. Monitors shall be provided with a self-inducing proportioning capability but
in general shall actually be operated from a specialist vehicle proportioning system.
5.4 Fine Water Spray Systems

These systems shall be designed in accordance with NFPA 750.
5.5 Gaseous Extinguishing Agent Systems

The design of and type of extinguishant used in these systems requires the approval
of the custodian of this specification. Halon shall not be used. Reference should be
made to DEP 80.47.10.10, General, and NFPA 2001.
5.6 Portable Extinguishers
5.6.1 General
Portable extinguishers shall be suitable for the type of fuel involved in accordance
with BS EN 2. There are four classes of fire, namely Class A involving solid materials,
Class B involving liquids, Class C involving gases and Class D involving metals.
5.6.2 Standards for Portable Fire Extinguishers

All fire extinguishers shall be manufactured, tested and certified to conform to BS
5423 or equivalent (such as CEN-EN 3.1/2/3/4/5, NFPA 10, Din 14406).
Additionally, the extinguisher body, filling nozzle and cap shall be made from material
having rigidity, durability and resistance to electrochemical corrosive effects of the
extinguishing media. Non metallic materials are not acceptable for these parts or the
moveable nozzle.
Fire extinguishers shall be selected, installed and maintained in accordance with BS

5306 Part 3.

6.0 Alarms and Executive Actions
6.1 General
The table in Appendix D gives typical alarm and executive action requirements for the
different types of detection and facilities. This table provides only an overview and
the engineer shall fully review the requirements of this specification to define
specifics for any piece of equipment.
6.2 Gas Turbines

The required shut down logic associated with turbine hoods is dictated by the
sequence of a limited number of possible events:
 Given the ingestion of gas into the combustion or ventilation air intakes, the
turbine shall be tripped and the hood ventilation system shall be shutdown.
 Given a sufficiently large release of flammable gas under the hood, the
turbine shall be tripped together with a remote fuel gas ESDV, but the hood
ventilation system shall be allowed to run to minimise the possibility of gas
concentration build up and result in a possible explosion or flash fire.
 Given a confirmed flame detected under the hood, the turbine and ventilation
system fans will be tripped together with closure of fire damper(s).

FIGURE 6.2
A generic cause and effect diagram follows:
(& local panel if applicable) Remote Alarm in Control Centre
Trip Turbine
Inhibit re-start of Turbine

De-energise non-explosion proof electrical accessories
Trip turbine lube oil / seal oil systems

Remote Field Gas ESDV Closure
Hood ventilation Fan Trip
Close Ventilation Dampers
Disable Trip from Heat Switches (if total flood system installed)
EFFECT
CAUSE
Gas Detection Flammable >=1 at ALERT X
(per compartment Flammable any 1 at DANGER X
under-hood)
Flammable >= 2 at DANGER X X X X X
Gas Detection Flammable >=1 at ALERT X
(at Air Intakes if Flammable any 1 at DANGER X
HL gas possible)
Flammable >= 2 at DANGER X X X X X
Fire Detection >= 1 Heat activated X X X X X X X X
Any 1 UV/IR activated X
>= 2 UV/IR activated X X X X X X X X
Loss of Hood Ventilation Air Flow* X X
Loss of Hood Ventilation Air Flow>= 20 secs* X X X X
Notes:
1. Alert and danger are defined in section 4.2
2. HL refers to high level

7.0 Abbreviations
AFFF Aqueous Film Forming Foam

AFP Active Fire Protection
API American Petroleum Institute
BPD Barrels Per Day
BS British Standard
CBA Cost Benefit Analysis
CFDH Corporate Functional Discipline Head
CSN Committee European de Normalisation (for Standardisation)
DEP Design Engineering Practice
EN Europaische Norm
EP Engineering Practice
ESD Emergency Shutdown
ESDV Emergency Shutdown Valve
FES Fire and Explosion Strategy
FERM Fire & Explosion Risk Management
FFFP Film Forming FluoroProtein
FM Factory Mutual (Certifying Authority in USA)
FQB Frangible Quartzoid Bulbs
FRED Fire, Release, Explosion and Dispersion
FWS Fine Water Spray
GRP Glass reinforced Plastic
HSE Health, Safety and Environment
ISO International Organisation for Standardisation
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation
IPF Instrumented Protective Function
IR Infra Red (the frequency of light used for fire detection and gas detection)
LEL Lower Explosive Limit (Synonymous with LFL)
LFL Lower Flammable Limit (Synonymous with LEL)
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas
LPC Loss Prevention Council
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas
MAC Manual Alarm Callpoint
NDT Non Destructive Testing

NFPA Nation Fire Protection Association

PDO Petroleum Development Oman
PLC Process Logic Controller
ppm parts per million (a ratio by volume or mass of one substance in another)
PV Present Value (some future value discounted to today’s value)
QRA Quantified (or Quantitative) Risk Analysis
SIEP Shell International Exploration and Production
SSV Sub Surface Valve
SCSSV Surface Controlled Subsurface Safety Valve
UEL Upper explosive Limit (synonymous with UFL)
UFL Upper Flammable Limit (synonymous with UEL)
UL Underwriters Laboratories Incorporated
UV Ultra Violet (the frequency of light used for fire detection)
VESDA Very Early Smoke Detection Apparatus (VESDA is a trade name)

8.0 References
1. Report No. HSE/97/07 (1997) Fire and Explosion Risk Management (FERM) Summary
Report. Petroleum Development Oman
2. Report No. EWE-28107.1 (1996) Halon Phase-out Studies, Quantified Risk Assessment &
Cost-benefit Analysis. Electrowatt Engineering
3. Report No. EWE-63273.1/1 (1997) Quantified Risk Assessment for Shipping Pumps and
Cone roofed Tanks. Electrowatt Engineering
4. Fire Protection Study Report. Resource Protection International
5. Review of Emergency Services at PDO Airfields, TSE/R/01, 1995
6. FERM Facility Plan Guideline, GU230, 2002.

APPENDIX A - Relevant Standards, Specifications & Codes

The following standards, specifications and codes can provide further information if required.
PDO Standards Title Referred to in

Section
· ERD 00-01 PDO Guide to Technical Standards and General
Procedures
· ERD 00-02 Technical Authorities System 2.4.2
· ERD 08-04 Safety Aspects of Plant Design for Sour 4.4.1
Service
· ERD 08-11 Isolation Process Equipment 3.2.3
3.2.3
3.2.3
· ERD 09-02 Spacing of Tanks & Tank Bunding 3.2.3
Requirements 3.2.3
· ERD 10-04 General Specification for Detail Design and 4.3.2
Engineering of Oil & Gas Facilities 4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.6
· ERD 17-02 Fire Detection and Alarm Installation 3.4.1
· ERD 30-03 Instrumentation Standard Drawings 4.3.3
· ERD 38-12 Requirements - GRE Pipes/fittings 5.1.1
· ERD 48-01 Painting and Coating Systems 5.1.2

Relevant Standards, Specifications & Codes (continued)
SIEP Standards Title Referred to in

Section
· DEP 30.48.30.31-Gen Cement Linings in New Pipelines (1990) 5.1.1
MFEC/1
· DEP 31.29.02.11-Gen Pumps - Selection, Testing and Installation 5.1.3
(1983) MFEE/1
· DEP 31.29.02.30-Gen Centrifugal Pumps 5.1.3
(Amendments/Supplements to API Std. 610)
(1990) MFEE/1
· DEP 32.30.20.11-Gen Fire, Gas and Smoke Detection Systems 5.3.4
MFTX/51
· DEP 32.80.10.10-Gen Classification and Implementation of 4.1
Instrumented Protected Functions
· DEP 32.80.10.30-Gen PLC Based Instrumented Protective Systems 4.1
· DEP 33.66.05.31-Gen Electric Motors-Cage Induction and 3.2.3
Synchronous Type (1995) MFEE/3
· DEP 34.17.10.31-Gen Laboratories (1983) MFEC/1 3.4.5
· DEP 80.47.10.10-Gen Fire-fighting Agents (1991) MFEO/1 5.3.1
5.5
· DEP 80.47.10.30-Gen Assessment of the Fire Safety of Onshore 3.2.4
Installations (1995) MFEO/1 3.2.4
5.1.5
· DEP 80.47.10.31-Gen Active Fire Protection Systems and 5.1.1
Equipment for Onshore Facilities (1992) 5.2.1
MFEO/1 5.2.2
5.3.1
5.3.4
5.3.4
· DEP 80.47.10.32-Gen Movable Fire Fighting Equipment for Onshore 3.5.2
Applications (1997) MFEO/1 5.1.4
5.1.5
· DEP 80.47.10.33-Gen Fire-fighting Vehicles and Fire Stations 5.3.1
(1993) MFEO/1 5.3.3
· EP92-1820 Shell Report: Fire Retardant Rim Seal 3.2.3
Materials for Floating Roof Tanks. SIEP
EPO/61
· EP95-0352 HSE Manual: Quantitative Risk Assessment 2.5.1
SIEP

Relevant Standards, Specifications & Codes (continued)
International Title Referred to in

Standards Section
· BS 336 British Standards:1989: Specification for Fire Hose 5.1.4
Couplings and Ancillary Equipment. BSI Publication
· BS 476 Parts 4 British Standards:1984: Non-combustible test for 3.4.4
materials. BSI Publication
· BS 476 Part 7 British Standards:1993: Method for classification of 3.4.4
the surface spread of flame of products. BSI
Publication
· BS 5306 Part 2 British Standards:1990: Specification for Sprinkler 5.2.1
Systems
· BS 5306 Part 3 British Standards:1985: Code of Practice for the 5.6.2
Selection, Installation and Maintenance of Portable
Extinguishers. BSI Publication
· BS 5423 British Standards:1995: Specification of Portable 5.6.2
Fire Extinguishers. BSI Publication
· BS 5839 Part 1 British Standards:1988: Fire Detection and Alarm 4.3.7
Systems for Buildings. Part 1 Code of Practice for
System Design, Installation and Servicing. BSI
Publication
· BS 5839 Part 2 British Standards:1983: Specification for Manual 3.4.1
Alarm Call Points. BSI Publication 4.4.1
· BS EN 2 British Standards:1992: Classification of Fires 5.6.1
(replaces Code of Practice for Classification of
Fires:1972) BSI Publication
· NFPA 10 National Fire Codes: Portable Fire extinguishers. 5.6.2
Vol.1. National Fire Protection Association.
· NFPA 11 National Fire Codes: Standard for Low-Expansion 5.3.1
Foam. Vol.1. National Fire Protection Association. 5.3.3
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.4
5.3.4
· NFPA 13 National Fire Codes: Standard for the Installation of 5.2.1
Sprinkler Systems. Vol.1. National Fire Protection
Association
· NFPA 15 National Fire Codes: Standard for Waterspray Fixed 5.2.2
Systems for Fire Protection. Vol.1. National Fire
Protection Association
· NFPA 16 National Fire Codes: Standard on Deluge Foam- 5.3.1
Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems. 5.3.5
Vol.1. National Fire Protection Association
· NFPA 20 National Fire Codes: Standard for the Installation of 5.1.3
Centrifugal Fire Pumps. Vol.1. National Fire

· NFPA 22 National Fire Codes: Standard for Water Tanks for 5.1.2
Private Fire Protection. Vol.1. National Fire
· NFPA 750 National Fire Codes: Standard on water mist fire 5.4
suppression systems. National Fire Protection
Association
· NFPA 2001 National Fire Codes: Standard on Clean Agent Fire 5.5
Extinguishing Systems. National Fire Protection
Association
· ICAO-9137 Part 1 Airport Services Manual, Rescue and Fire Fighting. 3.5.1
ICAO (International Civil Aviation Authority)
· ICAO-9137 Part 7 Airport Services Manual, Airport Emergency 3.5.1
Planning. ICAO (International Civil Aviation
Authority)
· ISO 7203-1 Fire Extinguishing Media, Foam Concentrates 5.3.1
5.3.2
· UL 162 Foam Equipment and Liquid Concentrates, 7th 5.3.1
edition 5.3.2

APPENDIX B - Assessment of Business Risk Due To Fire and Explosion

The risks due to fire and explosions of existing typical assets in PDO have been assessed and
plotted onto a ‘Risk Matrix’ as shown below.
This matrix gives an overview of the risk level of typical equipment to provide an indication of
the level of protection that may be justified in the form of a fire and explosion strategy.
The individual equipment risks are positioned to denote the worst case frequency and
consequences. Some equipment appears twice, e.g. a floating roof tank fire has occurred in
SIEP with minor (rating 2) consequences but elsewhere in the industry with very serious
(rating 5) consequences.
Probability of Occurrence
Consequence A B C D E
happens several
occurred in E&P
not heard of but
year at location
several times a
times a year in
could occur in
Environment
E&P industry
incident has
incident has
Reputation
Production
occurred in
Ratings
happens
Assets
People
industry
incident
incident
SIEP
SIEP
0 No injury No Damaage No Effect No Impact No Effect
1 Slight injury Slight Damage Slight Effect Slight Impact Slight Effect 9 1
Minor Minor Local

2 Minor injury Minor Damage Effect Limited Effect Effect 2 7
Localised Considerable Major Local

3 Major injury Local Damage Effect Impact Effect 4 6
Single National Massive 2 3

4 Fatality Major Damage Major Effect Impact Effect
4 6
Multiple Extensive International Total

5 Fatality Damage Massive Effect Impact Extended 5 7 8
Effect
Incident: Strategy:
1. Small Incidents 6. Cone Roof Tanks Strategy 1 Strategy 3
2. Pump Seals 7. Floating Roof Tanks
3. Compressors 8. Aircraft Strategy 1/2 Strategy 4
4. Turbine Enclosures 9. Camps
5. Pressure Vessels Strategy 2 Strategy 3/4

APPENDIX C - Facility Group Categories

Production and gathering stations have been categorised according to the facilities and
level of risk as follows:.
Production Stations
Category A: Typical facilities include:

Manifolds
Small cone roof tanks
Compressors and turbine enclosures
Pumps
Substation
Control room
Specific hazard fire protection is to be provided at Category A production stations without a

firewater network (strategy level 2).
Category B: Typical facilities include those on Category A stations but also have larger
cone roof tanks and pressure vessels.
Specific hazard fire protection is to be provided at Category B production stations with a

firewater network (strategy level 3).
Category C: Typical facilities include those on Category B stations but also have floating
roof tanks.
Specific hazard fire protection is to be provided at Category C production stations with a fire
water network (strategy level 3).
CATEGORY AREA
B Lekhwair
C Yibal
C Fahud
C Qarn Alam
B Rima PS
A Sayyala PS
B Nimr PS
B Marmul
A Anzauz
A Suwaihat
A Zauliyah
A Ghubar

Gathering Stations
Category A: Typical facilities include:

Manifolds
Separators
Pumps
Small cone roof tanks
Substation
Control Room
First aid fire protection is only to be provided at Category A stations (strategy level 1).
Category B: Typical facilities include those on Category A stations but also compressors
and turbine enclosures.
Specific hazard fire protection is to be provided at Category B stations without a fire water
network (strategy level 2).
CATEGORY AREA CATEGORY AREA

B Al Huwaisah B Marmul A
A Lekhwair B A Marmul B
B Yibal B A Marmul C
B Yibal C B Marmul D
A Yibal D A Marmul E
B Fahud B B Marmul G
B Fahud C A Qaharir
B Fahud D A Rahab
B Fahud E A Thamoud
B Fahud F A Thuleilat
B Natih B Birba
B Qarn Alam A Nimr C
A Barik A Nimr B
A Burhaan A Nimr A
B Ghaba North A Amal
A Qarat Al Milh B Saih Nihayda
B Saih Rawl A Sadad
B Bahja By passed Hasirah

APPENDIX D - Typical Alarms and Executive Actions
Hazard Type of Equipment Type Facility Type

Detector
Gath Station Prod Station Booster Power MAF GGP
Station Station
Fire Heat Crude oil/ condensate shipping X X X N/A X X
pumps
Compressors X X N/A N/A N/A X
Fixed roof tanks X X N/A N/A X N/A
Floating of tanks N/A X N/A N/A X N/A
Turbine enclosures X X X X N/A X
Diesel generator N/A N/A X X N/A Alarm & ESD
Fuel gas skid X X X X X Alarm & ESD
Fired heater skids
Flame Crude pumps X X N/A X X X
Compressors X X N/A N/A N/A X
Turbine enclosures X X X X N/A X
Smoke Control rooms X X X X X X
Auxiliary rooms X X X X X X
Electrical rooms X X X X X X
Computer rooms N/A N/A N/A N/A X N/A
Turbine hall N/A N/A N/A X N/A N/A
Offices X X X X X X
Gas Comb Gas Turbine enclosure (air intake) X X X X N/A X
Gas compressors X X N/A N/A N/A X

Fuel gas skid X X X X N/A X

Typical Alarms and Executive Actions (continued)
Type of Detection Alarm/Action Facility Type
Gath Station Prod Booster Power MAF GGP

Station Station Station
Heat GFS panel alarm X X X X X X
Note 2 Note 2 Note 2 Note 2 Note 2 Note 2
Mimic panel alarm X X X X X X
Area sirens/bells X X X X X X
ESD associated equipment X X X X X X
Blowdown associated X X X X X X
equipment (Note 4)
Station ESD X X X X
Note 1 Note 1
Initiate AFP (Note 3) X X X X X X
Alarm to SCADA X X X X X X
Alarm to fire brigade X
Flame GFS panel alarm X X X X X X
Blowdown associated X X X X X X
equipment (Note 4)
Station ESD X X X X
Note 1 Note 1

Initiate AFP (Note 3) X X X X X X

Alarm to fire brigade X
Smoke GFS panel alarm X X X X X X
Isolate associated non X X X X X X
essential power supplies
Alarm to fire brigade
Associated AC trip X X X X X X

Typical alarms and executive actions (continued)
Type of Alarm/Action Facility Type

Detection
Gath Prod Booster Power MAF GGP
Station Station Station Station
Comb Gas Alert GFS panel alarm X X X X X X
Area sirens/bells
ESD associated equipment
Blowdown associated equipment (Note
4)
Station ESD
Comb Gas Danger GFS panel alarm X X X X X X
Blowdown associated equipment (Note
4)
Station ESD X X X X
Note 1 Note 1
Isolate non essential power supplies X X X X X X

Toxic (H2S) GFS panel alarm

Mimic panel alarm X X X X
Area sirens/bells X X X X
Alarm to SCADA X X X X
Manual call Point GFS panel alarm X Note 2 X Note 2 X Note 2 X Note 2 X Note 2 X Note 2
Station ESD X X X X
Note 1 Note 1
AFP activated GFS panel alarm X X X X X X
Notes
1. Station ESD not required if station is permanently manned.
2. Alarm required on GFS panel if no mimic provided, typically for control/auxiliary buildings.
3. Initiate AFP on relevant equipment where installed.
4. Where blowdown facility is provided.

Appendix E - Worked Examples
The Specification provides a methodology for determining the levels of fire and
explosion protection for what are seen as critical items of equipment, ie. cone roofed
tanks and shipping pumps.
This approach is based on a detailed QRA (Reference 3) which was performed, and
enables the user to apply a cost benefit analysis in order to justify the protection level
specified.
Some worked examples are provided below.
Cone Roofed Tanks

Suppose we are installing 2 new oil storage tanks at Marmul, and wish to establish
what levels of fire protection can be justified. The production rate for Marmul is
63000 BPD, and using the pro-forma on page 18 of this Specification:

based on frequency of damage x days lost:
-4
(3.75x10 x 486 =)
1 2
Net Oil Production per pair of tanks in BPD (e.g. for 5 tanks x 63000
divide the total production by 2.5) For an installation with a single
tank multiply the total production by 1.39 (to compensate for the
loss of total production given the loss of a single tank)
= Base Case Annual Cost of Damage per Tank = $ 22964
x Number of tanks covered by Protection 2
= Base Case Annual Cost of Damage for Installation = $ 45927
x Design Life of the Installation 20
= Undiscounted Design Cost of Damage for Installation = $ 918540
Years 5% 8% 10%
10 0.772 0.671 0.617
20 0.621 0.490 0.426
25 0.564 0.427 0.362
30 0.512 0.376 0.313 0.490
Base Case PV of Cost of Damage for Installation $ 450085
The risk reduction by installing heat detection and base foam injection is provided on
the risk histogram (Figure 3.2.3), and works out as 64% (ie, 100-36). Therefore,
0.64 x 450085 = US$288054 can be spent installing heat detection and base foam.
If the cost of installing the fire protection is less that US$288054, then installation is
justified.

Shipping Pumps
Suppose we are installing 3 additional centrifugal shipping pumps at Yibal A and wish
to establish the levels of fire protection that can be justified. Assuming that the 3
pumps have a combined capacity of 23000 BPD, and using the pro-forma on page 18
of this Specification:

based on frequency of damage x days lost for 3 pumps:
-4
(3.18x10 x 130 x 3 = )
Pump Type for centrifugal/axial or screw pumps use x 1 x1
for reciprocating pumps use x 10
Number of Pumps in Set for 2 pumps use x 0.6 x1
1 2
Net Oil Production for Pump Set in BPD x 23000
= Base Case Annual Cost of Damage per Pump Set = $ 5705
x Design Life of the Pump Set 20
= Undiscounted Design Cost of Damage for Pump Set = $ 114098
Years 5% 8% 10%
10 0.772 0.671 0.617
20 0.621 0.490 0.426
25 0.564 0.427 0.362
30 0.512 0.376 0.313 0.490
Base Case PV of Cost of Damage for Installation $ 55908
The risk reduction by installing fire detection is provided on the risk histogram (figure
3.2.3) and works out as 67% (ie. 100-33). Therefore, 0.67 x 55908 = US$37459 can
be spent installing fire detection. If the cost of installing the fire protection is less
than US$ 37459, then installation is justified.

Manage Fire Risks in Oil and Gas Facilities

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HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT SPECIFICATION

Fire and Explosion Risk Management

Authorised for Issue by the HSE IC 15/07/02

Version No. Date Author Scope / Remarks

SP-1075 REVISION 2.0 Page ii

SP-1075 REVISION 2.0 Page iii

4.3.4 Fusible Link Heat Detection..........................................................................28

APPENDIX A - RELEVANT STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS & CODES...............................52

APPENDIX B - ASSESSMENT OF BUSINESS RISK DUE TO FIRE AND EXPLOSION.............56

APPENDIX C - FACILITY GROUP CATEGORIES.............................................................57

APPENDIX D - TYPICAL ALARMS AND EXECUTIVE ACTIONS.........................................59

APPENDIX E - WORKED EXAMPLES.............................................................................64

SP-1075 REVISION 2.0 Page iv

 The Halon Phase Out Study (Reference 2)

 Establish the appropriate level of protection against fire and explosion

SP-1075 REVISION 2.0 Page 5

1. This Specification & other PDO standards referred to in this Specification

Contractors: Any non-compliance with this Specification shall be reported to the

1.5 Roles and Responsibilities

1.6 Performance Monitoring

SP-1075 REVISION 2.0 Page 6

1.7 Review and Improvement

This document shall be reviewed as necessary by the Document Custodian, but no

1.8 Reporting Format

SP-1075 REVISION 2.0 Page 7

Strategy 1 Minor Incident Intervention Only

Strategy 2 Dedicated Fixed Fire Protection System

Strategy 3 Systems/Equipment plus Back-Up

Strategy 4 Systems/Equipment plus Fire Brigade

SP-1075 REVISION 2.0 Page 8

Figure 2.1: FERM Facility Group/Strategy Matrix

STRATEGY 1 Remote manifolds

MINOR INCIDENT Gathering stations Type A

Gathering stations Type B

FIXED FIRE Power stations

STRATEGY 3 Governement gas plant

STRATEGY 4 Mina Al Fahal

2.2 Role of Pre-Fire Planning in System Design

2.3 FERM Engineering and Design Principles

SP-1075 REVISION 2.0 Page 9

1. Prevention and probability reduction by process selection and design

2.4 Application of Fire and Explosion Strategies During Design

2.4.1 Modifications to Existing Facilities

If a change of category type or strategy is warranted, the impact of the revised

A flowchart of the methodology for modifications is provided in Figure 2.4.1.

2.4.2 Green Field Facilities

SP-1075 REVISION 2.0 Page 10

FIRE PROTECTION STRATEGY

SP-1075 REVISION 2.0 Page 11

FIRE PROTECTION STRATEGY

GREEN FIELD FACILITIES

Conceptual design assess fire risks

Develop fire scenarios FERM Facility Plan

Determine strategy level

Is strategy level Proceed with

SP-1075 REVISION 2.0 Page 12

3.0 Detection and Protection Requirements

3.1.1 Fire Proofing of Supporting Structures

3.2 Hydrocarbon Handling Facilities

3.2.2 Oil/Gas Inlet Manifolds

Generally no fire or gas detection shall be provided for manifolds.

3.2.3 Gathering, Production Stations & Storage Tanks

For strategy 3 facilities, consideration shall be given to the installation of flame