REVIEWE IN DRRR (FINALS)
prolonged events may last for years
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
- Processes or phenomena of atmospheric,
hydrological or oceanographic nature
that may cause loss of life, injury or other
health impacts, property damages, loss of
livelihoods and services, social and
economic disruption, or even
environmental damages
TROPICAL CYCLONE
- a rotating, organized system of clouds and
thunderstorms that originates over the
tropical waters
- Tropical cyclones rotate in a 72 HOURS BEFORE LANDFALL
counterclockwise direction in the northern
hemisphere (conversely, clockwise in the
southern hemisphere)
TYPES OF TROPICAL CYCLONE
1. TROPICAL DEPRESSION (TD)
- a tropical cyclone with a maximum
sustained winds of up to 61 kph.
2. TROPICAL STORM (TS)
- a tropical cyclone with maximum wind
speed of 62 to 88 kph
3. SEVERE TROPICAL STORM (STS)
- a tropical cyclone with maximum wind
speed of 89 to 117 kph
4. TYPHOON (TY)
- a tropical cyclone with maximum wind
speed of 118 to 220 kph
5. SUPER TYPHOON (STY)
- a tropical cyclone with maximum wind
speed exceeding 220 kph
THUNDERSTORM
- Weather condition that produces lightning
and thunder, heavy rainfall from
cumulonimbus clouds and possibly a
tornado
TORNADO
- Violently rotating column of air extending
from a thunderstorm to the ground
FLASH FLOOD
- Rapid flooding of geomorphic low-lying
areas like rivers, dry lakes and basins
- Distinguished from regular floods by a
timescale of less than six hours
STORM SURGE
- Rise of seawater above normal sea level
on the coast, generated by the action of
weather elements such as cyclonic wind
and atmospheric pressure
EL NIÑO and LA NIÑA
- Complex weather patterns resulting from
variations in ocean temperatures in the
Equatorial Pacific
- Opposite phases of El Niño-Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) cycle
- Typically, last 9-12 months, but some
- Occur on average every 2-7 years
- El Niño occurs more frequently than La
Niña
- Opposite phases of El Niño-Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) cycle
SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING TYPHOON
96 HOURS BEFORE LANDFALL
- Barometer is steady, winds are light and
variable, and fair-weather cumulus clouds
appear.
- Swell on the ocean surface has increased
to about six feet and the waves come in
every nine seconds.
48 HOURS BEFORE LANDFALL
- The sky is clear of clouds, the barometer is
ready, and the wind is almost calm.
- The swell is now about nine feet and
coming in every eight seconds.
36 HOURS BEFORE LANDFALL
- First signs of the storm appear.
- The barometer is falling slightly, wind is
around 11 mph and the ocean swell is
about 13ft. and coming in seven seconds
apart.
- A large mass of cirrus clouds appear.
30 HOURS BEFORE LANDFALL
- The barometer is falling at 1 millibar per
hour; winds pick up at about 23mph.
- The ocean swell, coming in 5 seconds
apart, is beginning to be obscured by
wind –driven waves, and small whitecaps
begin to appear on the ocean surface.
24 HOURS BEFORE LANDFALL
- Small low clouds appear overhead.
- The barometer is falling by .2millibars per
hour, the wind picks up to 34mph.
- Evacuations should be completed and
final preparations made by this time.
18 HOURS BEFORE LANDFALL
- Low clouds are thicker and bring driving
rain squalls with gusty winds.
- The barometer is steadily falling at half a
millibar per hour and the winds are
whistling by at 46mph.
12 HOURS BEFORE LANDFALL
- Rain squalls are more frequent.
- Cloud ceiling is getting lower, and the
barometer is falling at 1millibar per hour.
- The wind is howling at 74mph.
- The sea advances with every storm wave
that crashes ashore and foam patches.
6 HOURS BEFORE LANDFALL
- Rain is constant.
- The barometer is falling 1.5millibar per
hour, and the storm surge has advanced
above the high tide mark.
- Sea surface is a whitish mass of spray.
1 HOUR BEFORE LANDFALL
- Rain becomes heavier.
- Low areas inland become flooded.
- Winds are at 104mph, and the barometer
is falling at 2 millibar per hour.
LANDFALL – the eye of the storm
- Rain ends abruptly, and the clouds break
and blue sky is seen.
- Storm surge reaches the farthest inland.
- Wind falls to near calm but the air is warm
and humid.
TOOLS IN TRACKING STORM
1. SATELLITE
- most advanced technology used in
monitoring a cyclone; determines the real
time location of a cyclone
2. DOPPLER RADAR
- RADAR is an acronym which stands for
Radio Detection And Ranging.
- A Radar sends out electromagnetic waves
to the atmosphere that is then reflected
by hydrometeors (e.g. rain, clouds)
present in the sky.
- Using the Doppler effect, the change in
frequency of the returning wave yields the
direction and speed that the object is
moving away from or towards the
detector source
- Intensity of a precipitation
3. WEATHER FORECAST
- Once a tropical cyclone enters PAR, a 5-
day forecast track is issued by PAGASA
every 6 hours at 5am, 11am, 5pm and
11pm.
RAINFALL WARNING
YELLOW
- Community Awareness; flooding possible
in low-lying areas near river channels
ORANGE
- Community Preparedness; Flooding is
threatening in low-lying areas near river
channels
RED
- Community Response; Severe flooding is
expected; take necessary precautionary
measures
RETURN PERIOD
- probability of an event such as heavy rain,
intense typhoon of floods to happen
- a statistical measurement mainly based
on historical data that gives the estimated
time interval between similar extreme
events
RAINFALL OBSERVATION
- The mean annual rainfall of the Philippines
varies from 965 to 4,064mm annually.
- Baguio City, eastern Samar, and eastern
Surigao receive the greatest amount of
rainfall while the southern portion of
Cotabato receives the least amount of
rain.
- Aside from rain gauge monitoring in
different parts of the Philippines, PAGASA
publishes regularly updated color-coded
satellite images to visualize rain distribution
across the country
FLOOD MONITORING SYSTEM
- Using water level sensors that measures
the height of the water level of major river
systems, users can monitor impending
flooding in major river systems in the
Philippines.
DROUGHT/DRY SPELL OUTLOOK AND ASSESSTMENT
- PAGASA publishes Drought/Dry spell
outlook that can warn us of impending dry
conditions
- Drought/Dry spell assessment is also
regularly published to report unusual
climate conditions in different parts of the
Philippines.
PROJECT NOAH
- The NOAH website displays the PAGASA
radar data, rainfall measurements of rain
gauges of DOST, and has flood hazard
maps for different regions of the Philippines
with 5-year, 25-year, 50-year and 100-year
return periods.
http://www.nababaha.com
- a non-profit project by the members of the
Volcano-Techtonics Laboratory of the
National Institute of Geological Sciences
of UP, publishes a list of flood hazard maps
of different regions, with the same dataset
as DOST-NOAH.
NATIONAL MAPPING AND RESOURCE
INFORMATION AUTHORITY
- responsible for providing the public with
mapmaking services and acting as the
central mapping agency, depository, and
distribution facility of natural resources
data in the form of maps, charts, texts, and
statistics.
PAGASA
- used to warn citizens of impending wind
strength
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
- a feeble shaking to violent trembling of the
ground produced by the sudden
displacement of rocks or rock materials
below the earth’s surface
TWO TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE
• TECTONIC
• VOLCANIC
EARTHQUAKE RELATED HAZARD
1. GROUND SHAKING
- disruptive up-down and sideways
movement or motion experienced during
an earthquake
2. GROUND RUPTURE
- displacement on the ground due to
movement of fault; this will be
experienced by areas where fault passes
through
3. LIQUEFICATION
- A phenomenon in which the strength and
stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake
shaking or other rapid loading; normally
occurs in saturated soils
4. EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDE
- failures in steep or hilly slopes triggered by
an earthquake
- loose thin soil covering on the slopes of
steep mountains are prone to mass
movement, especially when shaken
during an earthquake.
5. TSUNAMI
- sea waves resulting from the disturbance
of ocean floor by an earthquake
- a series of giant sea waves commonly
generated by under-the-sea earthquakes
and whose heights could be greater than
5 meters.
TWO KINDS OF TSUNAMI
1. LOCAL TSUNAMIS
- are confined to coasts within a hundred
kilometers of the source usually
earthquakes and a landslide or a
pyroclastic flow. It can reach the shoreline
within 2 to 5 minutes.
2. FAR FIELD or DISTANT TSUNAMIS
- can travel from 1 to 24 hours before
reaching the coast of the nearby
countries.
SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING TSUNAMIS
1. FEEL AN EARTHQUAKE
- If the ground shakes under your feet in a
coastal region, a tsunami may have been
caused by a strong undersea earthquake.
2. SEE OCEAN WATER DISAPPEAR FROM THE
BEACH, BAY OR RIVER.
- Before a tsunami arrives, water may
recede from the shoreline before returning
as a fast-moving wall of water.
3. HEAR AN UNUSUAL ROARING SOUND
- tell your family and friends. It could be a
tsunami approaching.
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
- phenomena arising from volcanic activity
that pose potential threat to persons or
property in a given area within a given
period of time
VOLCANIC PHENOMENA
- Pyroclastic flow event
- Lava flow event
LAVA FLOWS
- stream-like flows of incandescent molten
rock erupted from a crater or fissure
- Lava is erupted during either non-
explosive activity or explosive lava
fountains
- burying, crushing, covering, burning
everything in their path
ASHFALL or TEPHRA FALL
- showers of airborne fine- to coarse-
grained volcanic particles that fallout from
the plumes of a volcanic eruption
HAZARDS DUE TO ASHFALL
- can cause poor or low visibility
- carrying of harmful (even poisonous,
unpleasant) gases
- Burial by tephra can collapse roofs of
buildings
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
- turbulent mass of ejected fragmented
volcanic materials (ash and rocks), mixed
with hot gases (200˚C to 700˚C to as hot as
900˚C) that flow downslope at very high
speeds (>60kph)
HAZARDS DUE TO PYROCLASTIC
- Destroy anything on its path by direct
impact
- Burn sites with hot rocks debris
- Deadly effects include asphyxiation
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS IN DIFF WAYS
• COLLAPSE OF ERUPTION COLUMN: during a
highly explosive eruption, the column
ejected upwards into the atmosphere
cools and can become too cool and
dense to maintain upward momentum
• “BOILING OVER” FROM ERUPTIVE VENT:
during an explosive eruption, material is
erupted without forming a high plume and
rapidly moves down slope
• COLLAPSE OF LAVA DOMES OR FLOWS: The
fronts of lava flows or domes can become
so steep that they collapse due to
gravitational force
LAHARS lakes (using a THERMOMETER
- rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic /THERMOCOUPLE, PH METER)
sediments (from the pyroclastic materials) - Collect gas and water samples from vents
and water and fumaroles and analyze in the
laboratory (X-RAY FLOURESCENCE XRF)
HAZARDS DUE TO LAHARS - Remote Gas monitoring equipment
- Lahars can destroy by direct impact (COSPEC- correlation spectrometer for
(bridges, roads, houses) FlySPEC/ ScanDOAS for SO2; and CO2 flux
- Lahars can bury valleys and communities meter for CO2)
with debris
SEISMIC ACTIVITY
VOLCANIC GASES - from earthquakes to swarms of
- gases and aerosols released into the earthquakes
atmosphere, which include water vapor, - SEISMOMETER is the equipment used to
hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon detect occurrence of volcanic
monoxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen earthquakes
fluoride
SENSORY OBSERVATIONS
HAZARDS DUE TO VOLCANIC GASES - Intensified steaming activity
- SO2 can lead to acid rain. - Hear rumbling sound
- High concentrations of CO2 which is - Smell of sulfur
colorless and odorless
- Fluorine compounds can deform

DEBRIS AVALANCHE or VOLCANIC LANDSLIDE

- massive collapse of a volcano, usually
triggered by an earthquake or volcanic
eruption.

BALLISTIC PROJECTILES
- Volcanic materials directly ejected from
the volcano’s vent with force and
trajectory

SIGNS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

- Ground deformation
- Geochemistry
- Seismic activity

GROUND DEFORMATION
- surface changes on a volcano, such as
subsidence (sinking), tilting, or bulge
formation, due to the movement of
magma below the surface.

EQUIPMENT/ TOOLS
• Precise engineering methods of surveying
using the instrument ELECTRONIC
DISTANCE METER (EDM) to measure
accurately to millimeter changes on
ground (if the slope for the volcano swells)
• Deformation on ground is also measured
using data of repeated measurements
from PERMANENT GLOBAL POSITIONING
SYSTEM (GPS) installed around the
volcano.
• USE OF REMOTE SENSING IMAGES also help
compare before and after features.

GEOCHEMISTRY
- Gases rise through vents called fumaroles
(from the Latin for “smoke”) and other
cracks.
- Changes in temperature
- Water becomes more acidic

EQUIPMENT/TOOLS
- Direct measurement of temperature and
chemistry ground water, spring water or