CHAPTER 7

 are processes or phenomena of atmospheric,

hydrological or oceanographic nature that may
cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts,
property damages, loss of livelihoods and services,
social and economic disruptions, or even
environmental damages.
 includes tropical cyclones (also known as typhoons
and hurricanes), thunderstorms, hailstorms,
tornadoes, blizzards, heavy snowfall, avalanches,
storm surges, floods including flash floods, drought,
heat waves and cold spells.
 hydrometeorological conditions
also can be a factor in other
hazards such as landslides, wild
fires, locust plagues, epidemics,
and volcanic eruptions
 The following are the most common hydrometeorological
hazards as defined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA):
 cyclone
 typhoon
 thunderstorm
 tornado
 flashflood
 flood
 storm surge
 el niño and la niña
 is an intense low pressure
system which is characterized
by strong spiral winds towards
the center, called the "EYE" in
a counter-clockwise flow in
the northern hemisphere
 hazards due to tropical
cyclones are strong winds with
heavy rainfall that can cause
widespread flooding/
flashfloods, storm surges,
landslides and mudflows
CLASSIFICATION OF CYCLONE

 TROPICAL DEPRESSION- maximum winds

from 35 kilometers per hour(kph) to 63 kph

 TROPICAL STORM- maximum winds from

64kph to 118 kph

 TYPHOON- maximum winds exceeding 118kph

 is a large, powerful and violent tropical
cyclone
 is a low pressure are rotating counter-
clockwise and containing rising warm air
that forms over warm water in the
Western Pacific Ocean.
 a typhoon is called a hurricane in the
Atlantic Ocean, a cyclone in the Indian
Ocean and wily-wily in Australia.
 can inflict terrible damage due
to thunderstorms, violent
winds, torrential rain, floods,
landslides, large and very big
waves associated with storm
surges.
EFFECT OF TYPHOON YOLANDA
EFFECT OF TYPHOON GLENDA
 a weather condition that
produces lightning and
thunder, heavy rainfall
from cumulonimbus clouds
and possibly a tornado
 a violent atmospheric
disturbance accompanied
by lightning, thunder and
heavy rain, and often by
strong gusts of wind, and
sometimes by hail.
 is described as a violently rotating column of air
extending from a thunderstorm to the ground.
 it comes in many sizes but are typically in the
form of a visible condensation funnel whose
narrow end touches the earth and is often
encircled by a cloud of debris.
 it can have a wide range of colors depending on
the environment. Typically, tornadoes may
appear nearly transparent and invisible until
dust and debris are picked up.
 develop from severe thunderstorms in
warm, unstable air along and ahead of
cold fronts
 starts from a change in direction, an
increase in wind speed with increasing
height and a rise from within the
thunderstorm which triggers the rotation
of wind from horizontal to vertical
 is a rapid flooding of
geomorphic low-lying areas
like washes, rivers, dry lakes
and basins.
 may be caused by heavy rain
associated with a severe
thunderstorm, hurricane,
tropical storm, or melt water
from ice or snow flowing over
ice sheets or snowfields
 may occur after the collapse of
a natural ice or debris dam, or
a human structure such as a
man-made dam
 is the inundation of land areas
which are not normally covered
by water
 it is usually caused by a
temporary rise or the
overflowing of a river, stream,
or other water course,
inundating adjacent lands or
flood-plains , lakes, oceans or
reservoirs
 a hydrological phenomena
caused by storm surges and
tsunami along coastal areas
TWO KEY ELEMENTS:
▪ RAINFALL INTENSITY & DURATION
 INTENSITY- rate of rainfall
 DURATION- how long the rain
lasts
is a rise of seawater
above normal sea
level on the coast,
generated by the
action of weather
elements, such as
cyclonic wind and
atmospheric
pressure
 are complex weather patterns resulting from
variations in ocean temperatures in the
Equatorial Pacific
 these two phenomena are opposite phases of
what is known as the El Niño- Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) cycle
▪ ENSO CYCLE- scientific term that describes the fluctuations
in temperature between the ocean and atmosphere in the
east-central Equatorial Pacific (approximately between the
International Date Line and 120 degrees West)
 La Niña- cold phase of ENSO
El Niño- warm phase of ENSO

El Niño and La Niña episodes typically last

nine to 12 months, but some prolonged
events may last for years. These events
occur on average every 2 to 7 years.
Typically El Niño occurs more
frequently than La Niña.
El Niño La Niña
 96 HOURS BEFORE LANDFALL
▪ At first there aren't any apparent signs of a storm. The barometer
is steady, winds are light and variable, and fair-weather cumulus
clouds appear.
 72 HOURS BEFORE LANDFALL
 Little has changed, except that the swell on the ocean surface
has increased to about 6 ft. and the waves come in every nine
seconds. This means that the storm, far over the horizon, is
approaching.
 48 HOURS BEFORE LANDFALL
 The sky is now clear of clouds, the barometer is steady, and the
wind is almost calm. The swell is now about 9 ft. and coming in
every eight seconds.
 36 HOURS BEFORE LANDFALL
▪ The first signs of the storm appear. The barometer is falling
slightly, the wind is around 11 mph, the ocean swell is about 13 ft.
and coming in 7 seconds apart. On the horizon, a large mass of
white cirrus clouds appear. As the veil of clouds approaches, it
covers more of the horizon. A hurricane watch is issued, and areas
with long evacuation times are given the order to begin.
 30 HOURS BEFORE LANDFALL
▪ The sky is covered by a high overcast. The barometer is falling at
.1 millibar per hour; winds pick up to about 23mph. The ocean
swell, coming in 5 seconds apart, is beginning to be obscured by
wind-driven waves, and small whitecaps begin to appear on the
ocean surface.
 24 HOURS BEFORE LANDFALL
 Small clouds appear overhead. The barometer is falling .2 millibar
per hour, the wind picks up to 34 mph. The wind driven waves are
covered in whitecaps, and streaks of foam begin to ride over the
surface. Evacuations should be completed and final preparations
made by this time. A hurricane warning is issued, and people living
in low lying areas and in mobile homes are ordered to evacuate.

 18 HOURS BEFORE LANDFALL

 The low clouds are thicker and bring driving rain squalls with gusty
winds. The barometer is steadily falling at half a millibar per hour and
the winds are whistling by at 46 mph. It is hard to stand against the
wind.
 12 HOURS BEFORE LANDFALL
 The rain squalls are more frequent and the winds don't diminish
after they depart. The cloud ceiling is getting lower, and the
barometer is falling at 1 millibar per hour. The wind is howling at
hurricane force at 74mph. The sea advances with every storm wave
that crashes ashore, and foam patches.

 6 HOURS BEFORE LANDFALL

 The rain is constant and the 92mph wind drives it horizontally. The
barometer is falling 1.5 millibar per hour and the storm surge has
advanced above the high tide mark. The sea surface a whitish mass
of spray. It is impossible to stand upright outside without bracing
yourself.
 1 HOUR BEFORE LANDFALL
 The rain becomes heavier. Low areas inland become flooded. The winds are at
104mph, and the barometer is falling at 2 millibar per hour. The sea is white
with foam and streaks. The storm surge has covered coastal roads and 16 foot
waves crash into buildings near the shore.
 LANDFALL- THE EYE OF THE STORM
 Just as the storm reaches its peak the wind begin to slacken, and the sky starts
to brighten. The rain ends abruptly, and the clouds break and blue sky is seen.
The barometer continues falling at 3 millibar per hour and the storm surge
reaches the furthest inland. The wind falls near calm, but the air is
uncomfortably warm and humid. Huge walls of cloud appear on every side,
brilliant white in the sunlight. At this point, the barometer stops falling and in a
moment begins to rise, soon as fast as it fell. The winds begin to pick up slightly
and the clouds on the far side of the eye wall loom overhead.
SATELLITE
is the most advanced technology used in
monitoring a cyclone or typhoon. It can
visualize exactly in real time the
formation and the path of a cyclone.
 DOPPLER RADAR
 an acronym for RADIO DETECTION AND
RANGING
 since 1939, radar technology has been for purpose
ranging from warfare to weather predictions to
catching speeders on the highways
RADIO DETECTION DEVICES- emit & receive radio
waves to determine the distance from the source to
the object by measuring the time it takes for the
echo of the wave to return.
DOPPLER RADAR/WEATHER RADAR
 measures the direction and the speed of moving objects, such
as precipitation, and has the capacity to measure the velocity
of the particles in order to determine the rate of which the
particles are falling
 Named as doppler radar because of the doppler effect which
recognizes that the frequency shift of waves bounced off of an
object is related to the object's velocity towards or away from
the observer
 works by detecting the presence and location of an object by
bouncing a radio wave off of it and detecting the time it takes
for the signal to return
Hydrometeorological
Hazard Maps