Advanced Measurement System

Chapter2. Standards of Measurement

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

202021063 Park Jonghak
2.1 Introduction
• Why we learn about Standards of Measurement?
2.2 Standards and Their Roles
• What is Standards?
• Why the Standards is important?

Length
Consistency
Mass
Basic of Accuracy
Time Measurement
System Precision
Temperature
Repeatability
Etc.
2.3 Evolution of Standards
• Standardization
- IEC ( International Electrotechnical Commission )
- ISO ( International Organization for Standardization )

• SI Units
2.4 National Physical Laboratory
• National Physical Laboratory (NPL)
National Physical Laboratory India (NPLI)

• Purpose of establishing NPLI

2.5 Material Standard
• Two standard systems for linear measurement
- Yard
- Meter

• The Problem with Earlier material standards

- Standards could change their size with temperature and other conditions.

Yard & Meter is defined as the distance between two scribed lines on a bar of metal
maintained under certain conditions of temperature and support.
2.5.1 Disadvantages of Material Standards
1. Material standards are affected by changes in environmental conditions such as
temperature, pressure, humidity, and ageing, resulting in variations in length.

2. Preservation of these standards is difficult because they must have appropriate

security to prevent their damage or destruction.

3. Replicas of material standards are not available for use at other places.

4. They cannot be easily reproduced.

5. Comparison and verification of the sizes of gauges pose considerable difficulty.

6. While changing to the metric system, a conversion factor is necessary.

2.6 Wavelength Standard
• The definition of a standard of length relative to the meter can easily be expressed
in terms of the wavelengths of light.
• According to this standard, meter is defined as 1,650,763.73 × wavelengths of the
red–orange radiation of a krypton 86 atom in vacuum.

2.6.1 Modern Meter

• Modern meters were defined at the 17th General Assembly of Weights and
Measures held in 1983.
• According to this standard, meter is the length of the path travelled by light in
vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second.
2.7 Subdivisions of Standards

• Primary standards

• Secondary standards

• Tertiary standards

• Working standards
2.7 Subdivisions of Standards
- Primary standards

• For defining the unit precisely, there shall be one and only one material standard.

• The Primary standard value can’t change.

• These are used only for comparing with secondary standards.

• Ex) International yard and international meter

2.7 Subdivisions of Standards
- Secondary standards

• These are derived from primary standards and resemble them very closely with
respect to design, material, and length.

• Any error existing in these bars is recorded by comparison with primary standards
after long intervals.

• These are kept at different locations under strict supervision and are used for
comparison with tertiary standards.
2.7 Subdivisions of Standards
- Tertiary standards

• These are used only for reference purposes and that too at rare intervals.

• Tertiary standards are reference standards employed by NPL and are used as the first
standards for reference in laboratories and workshops.

• These standards are replicas of secondary standards and are usually used as
references for working standards.
2.7 Subdivisions of Standards
- Working standards

• These are used more frequently in workshops and laboratories.

• When compared to the other three standards, the materials used to make these
standards are of a lower grade and cost.

• These are derived from fundamental standards and suffer from loss of instrumental
accuracy due to subsequent comparison at each level in the hierarchical chain.

• Working standards include both line and end standards.

2.7 Subdivisions of Standards
2.8 Line and End Measurement
- Line Measurement
• When the distance between two engraved lines is used to measure the length, it is
called line standard or line measurement.
Ex. Yard , Meter

• When the distance between two flat parallel surfaces is considered a measure of
length, it is known as end standard or end measurement.

• The end standards are extensively used for precision measurement in workshops and
laboratories.
Ex. Vernier calipers, micrometer etc.
2.8.1 Characteristics of Line Standards

• Measurements carried out using a scale are quick and easy and can be used over a
wide range.

• The markings on the scale are not subjected to wear. Undersizing occurs as the
leading ends are subjected to wear.

• A scale does not have a built-in datum, which makes the alignment of the scale with
the axis of measurement difficult. This leads to undersizing.

• A magnifying lens or microscope is required for close tolerance length measurement.

2.8.2 Characteristics of End Standards
• These standards are highly accurate and ideal for making close tolerance
measurement.

• They measure only one dimension at a time, thereby consuming more time.

• The measuring faces of end standards are subjected to wear.

• End standards are not subjected to parallax errors, as their use depends on the feel of
the operator.

• Groups of blocks/slip gauges are wrung together to create the required size; faulty
wringing leads to inaccurate results.
Thank you 