S[NAZ@QIND

ODA
NSJ[OQINDP
BODOEJBJDQ
S[NFJ@Q
S{nfj`q pzkbiqqja ky6
Oopqgo E{nxj{ '15;7)
Ooyzpgi Eo{e '150;)
Dipgiqg Kogjqy '1890)
Xoikgox Enjl '1503)
Xipgjpg Foid '15?5)
PGOGJJA PZMGAJX @NLLJEJ NH KZPIDJPP
PQZAIJP '@KP)
ZDIXJ[PIQY NH AJLGI
?|Soej

O@MDNULJAEJBJDQ
Uj jwqjda nz{ gjo{qhjlq e{oqiqzaj qn Bp$ Ejjqodfoli
Fzdjfo, uiqgnzq ugnpj oklj eziaod`j oda pzssn{q,
qgip s{nfj`q unzla goxj ndly kjjd o xipind$
Uj unzla olpn limj qn qgodm Koqo Idaio Lqa$,
Ho{iaokoa hn{ qgji{ xolzoklj pzssn{q id s{nxiaide zp
uiqg oll qgj dj`jppo{y gjls qn `o{{y nzq nz{ pqzay$
;|Soej

IDAJW
?$ Nkfj`qixjp nh qgj pqzay
?
;$ Idq{naz`qind qn nsj{oqindp bodoejbjdq
:
0$ S{n`jpp oda Nsj{oqindp Pypqjb
7
1$ Aihhj{jdq Qysjp NH Loynzq
?3
:$ S{naz`qind ( Nsj{oqindp Bodoejbjdq oq KOQO
?7
8$ Idazpq{y S{nhilj
?9
5$ S{n`jpp Hlnu `go{q
;0
7$ Ajp`{isqind nh S{naz`qind S{n`jpp
;1
9$ _zoliqy @ndq{nl
00
?3$[jpjo{`g ( Ajxjlnsbjdq
0:
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0|Soej
NKFJ@QIXJP NH QGJ PQZAY
Goxide ajxjlnsja o mjjd idqj{jpq id S{naz`qind ( Nsj{oqindp Bodoejbjdq op
o pzkfj`q id qgj `z{{jdq pjbjpqj{ '0{a) oda {jolivide iqp ibsn{qod`j id qnaoy’p
`nbsjqiqixj oda `zpqnbj{ n{ijdqja bo{mjq p`jdo{in uj qgnzegq qgoq iq unzla
kj o e{joq ljo{dide jwsj{ijd`j ih uj `nzla ejq qn uiqdjpp oda ljo{d qgj
s{o`qi`ol opsj`qp nh iq$ Qgzp, uj aj`iaja qn bomj o hn{bol s{j"sloddja xipiq qn
qgj hnnqujo{ slodq nh Koqo Idaio Lqa oq DIQ, Ho{iaokoa, oda ljo{d oknzq qgj
slodq’p hzd`qindide$ Qgj boid nkfj`qixjp nh nz{ pqzay uj{j6
?$ Qn zdaj{pqoda qgj hlnu nh s{n`jpp id qgj slodq$
;$ Qn pqzay qgj doqz{j nh s{naz`qind pypqjb$
0$ Zdaj{pqoda qgj mjy `golljdejp oppn`ioqja uiqg nsj{oqindp
bodoejbjdq$
1$ Qn mdnu qgj xo{inzp zoliqy `ndq{nl bjopz{jp zpja$
:$ Pqzay qgj idxjdqn{y" bodoejbjdq oq qgj piqj
8$ Iajdqihy qgj psj`ihi` o{jop nh Nsj{oqindp Bodoejbjdq oq qgj piqj
ugj{j qgj{j ip p`nsj hn{ ibs{nxjbjdq$
1|Soej
BJQGNANLNEY ZPJA
Bjqgnanlney bjodp pjlj`qide qgj xo{inzp bjqgnap oda qj`gdizjp qn kj
zpja ugilj `ndaz`qide qgj pqzay$ Qgj xo{inzp pqjsp id`lzajp6 "
?$ Pjlj`qind nh o `nbsody qn pj{xj op n{eodivoqind nh pqzay$
;$ @nllj`qind nh {jljxodq aoqo$
0$ Odolypip oda idqj{s{jqoqind nh qgj aoqo$
1$ Ejdj{oqind nh o hidol {jsn{q$
IDQ[NAZ@QIND QN NSJ[OQINDP
BODOEJBJDQ
UGOQ IP NSJ[OQINDP BODOEJBJDQ>
Nsj{oqindp bodoejbjdq ip od o{jo nh kzpidjpp qgoq ip `nd`j{dja uiqg qgj
s{naz`qind nh ennap oda pj{xi`jp, oda idxnlxjp qgj {jpsndpikiliqy nh jdpz{ide
qgoq kzpidjpp nsj{oqindp o{j jhhi`ijdq oda jhhj`qixj$ Iq ip qgj bodoejbjdq nh
{jpnz{`jp, qgj aipq{ikzqind nh ennap oda pj{xi`jp qn `zpqnbj{p, oda qgj
odolypip nh zjzj pypqjbp$
OSI@P Qgj Oppn`ioqind hn{ Nsj{oqindp Bodoejbjdq olpn ajhidjp nsj{oqindp
bodoejbjdq op +qgj hijla nh pqzay qgoq hn`zpjp nd qgj jhhj`qixjly sloddide,
p`gjazlide, zpj, oda `ndq{nl nh o bodzho`qz{ide n{ pj{xi`j n{eodivoqind
qg{nzeg qgj pqzay nh `nd`jsqp h{nb ajpied jdeidjj{ide, idazpq{iol
jdeidjj{ide, bodoejbjdq idhn{boqind pypqjbp, zoliqy bodoejbjdq,
s{naz`qind bodoejbjdq, idxjdqn{y bodoejbjdq, o``nzdqide, oda nqgj{
hzd`qindp op qgjy ohhj`q qgj n{eodivoqind+$
Nsj{oqindp olpn {jhj{ qn qgj s{naz`qind nh ennap oda pj{xi`jp, qgj pjq nh
xolzj"oaaja o`qixiqijp qgoq q{odphn{b idszqp idqn body nzqszqp$
:|Soej
Hzdaobjdqolly, qgjpj xolzj"oaaide `{joqixj o`qixiqijp pgnzla kj oliedja uiqg
bo{mjq nssn{qzdiqy hn{ nsqibol jdqj{s{ipj sj{hn{bod`j$
Nsj{oqindp bodoejbjdq ip o pypqjboqi` oss{no`g qn oaa{jpp oll qgj ippzjp
sj{qoidide qn qgj q{odphn{boqind s{n`jpp qgoq `ndxj{qp pnbj idszqp idqn
nzqszqp qgoq o{j zpjhzl, oda `nzla hjq`g {jxjdzj hn{ qgj n{eodivoqind$
@Z[[JDQ Q[JDAP ID BODZHO@QZ[IDE ID
IDAIO
?$ Ih Idaio ip qn o`gijxj od nxj{oll e{nuqg nh 7* sj{ oddzb, iq ip jppjdqiol
qgoq knqg bodzho`qz{ide oda pj{xi`jp e{nu oq bn{j qgod ??* jxjd
ugjd oe{i`zlqz{j e{nuqg si`mp zs qn `lnpj qn 1*$
;$ O `nbso{ipnd uiqg nqgj{ bofn{ Opiod `nzdq{ijp pgnu qgoq qgj pivj nh
qgj xolzj oaaja id qgj Idaiod bodzho`qz{ide pj`qn{ '! 88 killind id
;333) uop ljpp qgod ndj hihqg nh qgj @gidjpj bodzho`qz{ide pj`qn{ '!
050 killind) oda jxjd ljpp qgod golh nh qgj Mn{jod bodzho`qz{ide
pj`qn{ '! ?11 killind)$
0$ Pgo{j nh qgj bodzho`qz{ide pj`qn{ id Idaio’p EAS gop {jboidja pqoklj
oq o{nzda ?5* ugilj id @gido qgj bodzho`qz{ide pj`qn{ o``nzdqja hn{
o{nzda 0:* nh qgj EAS oda id qgj `opj nh Mn{jo, iq uop 0?*
PGO[S AJ@JLJ[OQIND ID BODZHO@QZ[IDE
PJ@QN[ E[NUQG
?$ Bodzho`qz{ide pj`qn{ e{nuqg id Idaio gop holljd pgo{sly id qgj lopq
pjxjd yjo{p op `nbso{ja qn qgj hi{pq pjxjd yjo{p ohqj{ qgj {jhn{bp$
Bodzho`qz{ide pj`qn{ e{nuqg plzbsja h{nb 5$1* id qgj hi{pq pjxjd
yjo{p nh {jhn{bp '?993"9? qn ?998"95) qn fzpq 1$5* nxj{ qgj lopq pjxjd
yjo{p '?995"97 qn ;330"31)$
;$ Bodzho`qz{ide pj`qn{ e{nuqg id qgj lopq pjxjd yjo{p uop lnuj{ qgod
qgj :$?* e{nuqg `ln`mja ky idazpq{y n{ qgj :$5* e{nuqg nh EAS az{ide
qgj sj{ina$
@NPQ AIPOKILIQY HO@QN[P HO@JA KY IDAIOD
BODZHO@QZ[IDE PJ@QN[
8|Soej
Giegj{ idszq `npqp hn{ qgj Idaiod bodzho`qz{ide pj`qn{ `od kj oqq{ikzqja qn6
?$ @op`oaide jhhj`q nh idai{j`q qowjp nd pjllide s{i`jp nh `nbbnaiqijp
;$ Giegj{ `npq nh zqiliqijp limj snuj{, {oiluoy q{odpsn{q, uoqj{
0$ Giegj{ `npq nh hidod`j oda
1$ Gieg q{odpo`qindp `npqp
LNU NSJ[OQIDE PZ[SLZP ID QGJ IDAIOD
BODZHO@QZ[IDE PJ@QN[
O ajqoilja idxjpqieoqind nh ?: bofn{ bodzho`qz{ide pj`qn{p id Idaio pgnup
qgoq qgj pgo{j nh nsj{oqide pz{slzp id qgj qnqol xolzj nh nzqszq oxj{oeja ?:*
id Idaio ‐ bz`g lnuj{ `nbso{ja qn ;;$8* id Boloypio, ;9$1* id Idandjpio oda
03$8* id Mn{jo$
GIEG @NPQP NH IDSZQ BOQJ[IOLP ODA
ZQILIQIJP ID IDAIO6 O BOFN[ AIPOAXODQOEJ ID
QGJ ELNKOL BO[MJQP
O `nbso{ipnd nh `npqp nh idszq boqj{iolp oda zqiliqijp id Idaio, @gido, Boloypio
oda Mn{jo o`{npp ?: ibsn{qodq bodzho`qz{ide pjebjdqp pgnuja qgoq nd qgj
oxj{oej qgj pgo{j nh idszq boqj{iolp oda zqiliqijp id qnqol nzqszq xolzj uop op
gieg op 7?$0* id Idaio op oeoidpq 5:$:* id @gido, 87$5* id Boloypio oda ndly
:7$:* id Mn{jo$
OAXODQOEJ IDAIO6 QGJ LNU LOKN[ @NPQP ID
QGJ BODZHO@QZ[IDE PJ@QN[
Jpqiboqjp pgnu qgoq qgj oxj{oej pgo{j nh lokn{ `npqp id bodzho`qz{ide o`{npp
?: bofn{ idazpq{ijp uop 8$9* id Idaio op `nbso{ja qn 7$5* id Boloypio,
?3$5* id Mn{jo oda :$:* id Idandjpio$
IBS[NXIDE S[NAZ@QIXIQY NH QGJ LOEEO[A
PJEBJDQP ID IDAIOD BODZHO@QZ[IDE
5|Soej
Qgip ibs{nxipoqind uop andj qg{nzeg qgj `lzpqj{ oss{no`g id 7; iajdqihija
o{jop id ;0 idazpq{ijp ps{joa o`{npp 0? pqoqjp oda zdind qj{{iqn{ijp$ Qgip
id`lzaja qgj hnllnuide6
?$ S{nbnqide o kolod`ja e{nuqg oss{no`g hn{ o``jlj{oqide e{nuqg nh lo{ej
bodzho`qz{ide `lzpqj{p o`{npp oll pj`qn{p oda pqoqjp ip jppjdqiol qn eixj
o piedihi`odq knnpq qn qgj pj`qn{$
;$ Od odolypip nh qgj s{naz`qixiqy ljxjlp id ;0 bofn{ bodzho`qz{ide pj`qn{
pjebjdqp o`{npp 0? bofn{ pqoqjp oda zdind qj{{iqn{ijp pgnu qgoq qgj{j
ip piedihi`odq snqjdqiol hn{ ibs{nxide lokn{ s{naz`qixiqy$ Kjd`gbo{mide
qgj idazpq{ijp uiqg lnu lokn{ s{naz`qixiqy id qgj loeeo{a pqoqjp qn qgj
giegjpq lokn{ s{naz`qixiqy ljxjlp `z{{jdqly o`gijxja id qgj ljoaide
pqoqjp `od kj qgj hi{pq pqjs id ibs{nxide qgj nxj{oll s{naz`qixiqy ljxjlp
id qgj bodzho`qz{ide pj`qn{$
0$ Nz{ pqzay gop iajdqihija op body op 59 naa lo{ej `lzpqj{p ps{joa
o`{npp ;0 bofn{ bodzho`qz{ide pjebjdqp id 0? pqoqjp ugj{j qgj{j
ip pzhhi`ijdq p`nsj hn{ piedihi`odqly ibs{nxide s{naz`qixiqy ljxjlp$
BODZHO@QZ[IDE PJ@QN[P PGNUIDE
IBS[NXJA @NBSJQIQIXJDJPP ID ELNKOL
BO[MJQP6 ?973";333
?$ Nz{ odolypip iajdqihija 15 bofn{ bodzho`qz{ja s{naz`qp ugnpj pgo{j id
qgj elnkol bo{mjqp gop ibs{nxja piedihi`odqly kjqujjd ?973 oda ;333$
Qgj pgo{j nh qgjpj :3 s{naz`qp id Idaio’p qnqol bj{`godaivj jwsn{qp
gop endj zs h{nb 13$0* id ?973, qn :3$9* id ?993 oda hz{qgj{ qn
:5$1* id ;333$ Uj jpqiboqj qgoq qgj pgo{j nh qgjpj :3 bofn{
bodzho`qz{ja s{naz`qp id qnqol bj{`godaivj jwsn{qp boy kj dnu
`lnpj{ qn o{nzda qun qgi{ap$
;$ Qgj pgo{j nh qgjpj :3 bodzho`qz{ja s{naz`qp id qgj elnkol bo{mjq
`z{{jdqly {odejp kjqujjd ?* qn ?0*$ Nd qgj oxj{oej qgji{ zd"
7|Soej
ujiegqja pgo{j nh qgj elnkol jwsn{q bo{mjq ip fzpq ;$7*$ Uj pgnzla
dnu qo{ejq qgoq qgj pgo{j nh qgjpj :3 bofn{ bodzho`qz{ja s{naz`qp id
qgj elnkol bo{mjqp anzklj qn oknxj :* id qgj djwq hixj yjo{p$
0$ Psj`iol s{naz`q psj`ihi` jwsn{q s{nbnqind p`gjbjp oda nqgj{
bjopz{jp qn ho`iliqoqj hopqj{ e{nuqg nh qgjpj jwsn{q `nbsjqiqixj
bodzho`qz{ide pj`qn{p boy kj z{ejdqly ajxipja$
S[N@JPPJP ODA NSJ[OQINDP PYPQJB
S{n`jpp ajpied ip o sloddide s{n`jpp hn{ jo`g oda jxj{y `nbsndjdq
bodzho`qz{ja, qgoq ajqj{bidjp qgj dzbkj{ nh pqjsp idxnlxja id
bodzho`qz{ide, qgj dzbkj{ oda qysjp nh pqjsp zpja oda qgj qibj psjdq id
jo`g nh qgjpj pqjsp$ Qgj hnllnuide o{j qgj 1 bnpq ejdj{olly zpja hlnup id
bodzho`qz{ide n{eodivoqindp6
?$ @ndqidznzp Hlnu Pypqjb6 O `ndqidznzp hlnu pypqjb ip
`go{o`qj{ivja ky pq{joblidja hlnu nh s{naz`qp id qgj nsj{oqide pypqjb$
Qgj `ndxj{pind s{n`jpp kjeidp uiqg idszq nh {ou boqj{iol oq ndj jda$ Iq
s{ne{jppjp id od n{aj{ly hopgind qn hidolly kj`nbj hidipgja ennap oq qgj
hidol pqoej$ Uiqg pz`g o pypqjb, qgj {ou boqj{iol oda nqgj{ {jzi{ja
iqjbp o{j hja idqn qgj pypqjb oq qgj kjeiddide nh qgj s{n`jpp$ Nd`j
qgjy o{j hja idqn qgj pypqjb, iq ip dnq snppiklj qn pqns qgj pypqjb$
Xo{inzp `gjbi`ol s{n`jppjp gossjd id o `lnpja bodzho`qz{ide pjqzs
oda hidipgja ennap o{j nkqoidja oq qgj jda nh qgj bodzho`qz{ide
s{n`jpp$ Id pnbj `opjp, iq ip snppiklj qn aj{ixj s{naz`qp az{ide qgj
idqj{bjaioqj pqoejp nh qgj s{n`jpp id qgj hn{b nh ky"s{naz`qp$ Pid`j
qgj s{n`jpp ip `ndqidznzp, qgj{j pgnzla kj o kolod`j kjqujjd oll qgj
pqoejp id qgj bodzho`qz{ide s{n`jpp qn boidqoid od jxjd hlnu nh qgj
boqj{iol h{nb qgj {ou boqj{iol pqoej qn qgoq nh hidipgja ennap$ Qgj
djja qn mjjs qgj s{naz`qind ho`iliqijp `ndqidznzply {zddide ai{j`qly
q{odploqjp idqn o djja qn kj enna id boidqjdod`j bodoejbjdq$ Od
jwobslj nh qgip `od kj qgj sosj{ bodzho`qz{ide s{n`jpp$
;$ Oppjbkly Lidj6 Oppjbkly lidj ip olpn `go{o`qj{ivja ky o `ndqidznzp
oda pq{joblidja hlnu kzq qgip ip zpja id `opj nh aip`{jqj idazpq{ijp i$j$
xo{inzp `nbsndjdqp o{j bodzho`qz{ja id o aip`{jqj hopgind oda hidol
s{naz`q ip nkqoidja qg{nzeg od oppjbkly s{n`jpp$ Iq ip kopi`olly o bopp
s{naz`qind pypqjb ugj{jid qgj xnlzbj nh s{naz`qind ip xj{y gieg oda
qgj dzbkj{ nh xo{ioqindp id qgj hidol s{naz`q ip lnu$ Qgj{jhn{j, iq ip
snppiklj qn n{eodivj qgj jdqi{j bodzho`qz{ide ky ajai`oqide qgj
{jzi{ja bodzho`qz{ide {jpnz{`jp hn{ jo`g s{naz`q xo{iodq oda
o{{odeide qgj {jpnz{`jp ndj ohqj{ qgj nqgj{, op sj{ qgj bodzho`qz{ide
9|Soej
pjzjd`j$ Kjqqj{ bodoejbjdq s{o`qi`jp, bjqgnap nh ajpiedide qgj
obnzdq oda doqz{j nh o`qixiqijp qn kj sj{hn{bja id jo`g un{mpqoqind
oda `ndhiez{ide s{naz`q kopja loynzqp o{j ibsn{qodq id qgip pypqjb$
Ozqnbnkilj oda qun"ugjjlj{ bodzho`qz{j{p o{j qysi`ol jwobsljp ugn
zpj pz`g o pypqjb$
0$ Koq`g S{naz`qind6 Qgip pypqjb ip zpja id `opj nh bia"xnlzbj oda
bia"xo{ijqy idazpq{ijp$ O koq`g s{naz`qind pypqjb ip aihhj{jdq hn{
s{n`jpp oda aip`{jqj idazpq{ijp$ Id `opj nh s{n`jpp idazpq{ijp, id ndj
koq`g, ndj pjq nh xo{ioqindp ip bodzho`qz{ja oda id qgj djwq koq`g,
odnqgj{ pjq nh xo{ioqindp ip bodzho`qz{ja$ Id kjqujjd qgjpj qun
koq`gjp, qgj dj`jppo{y pjqzs oda `godejnxj{ nh {jpnz{`jp o{j boaj
qn ho`iliqoqj pbnnqg s{naz`qind oda bowibzb s{naz`qixiqy$ Id `opj nh
aip`{jqj bodzho`qz{ide pypqjbp, qgj jdqi{j bodzho`qz{ide pjqzs `od
kj psliq idqn zdiqp id ugi`g pibilo{ s{n`jppide {jzi{jbjdqp `od kj
`nbkidja oda bodzho`qz{ide {jpnz{`jp o{{odeja qn `oqj{ qn qgjpj
{jzi{jbjdqp$ Ndj koq`g nh `nbsndjdqp boy kj s{naz`ja id ndj nh
qgjpj zdiqp oda odnqgj{ koq`g id yjq odnqgj{ zdiq$
1$ Fnk pgns6 Id pz`g pypqjbp qgj hlnu soqqj{d ip dnd"pqodao{a oda
`nbsljw kj`ozpj qgj{j o{j zdizj s{n`jpp ajpiedp hn{ jo`g oda jxj{y
`zpqnbj{ n{aj{$ Bn{jnxj{, `zpqnbj{ n{aj{p o{j qysi`olly hn{ ndj nhh
iqjbp oda n{eodivoqindp `oddnq kjdjhiq h{nb ody koq`gide oda
{jsjqiqixj bodzho`qz{ide s{o`qi`jp$ Pnbj n{eodivoqindp zdaj{qomj
s{nfj`qp qgoq o{j qysi`olly lo{ej p`olj, idxnlxj gieg ljxjlp nh
`zpqnbivoqind oda goxj lnde ljoa qibjp, qgzp iq idxnlxjp bzlqislj
jdqiqijp oda bzlqislj pqoejp nh qgj s{n`jpp$ Qgjpj {jzi{j fzbklja hlnu
pypqjbp$ P`gjazlide nh xo{inzp o`qixiqijp oda `ndq{nl nh qgjpj ip od
jppjdqiol {jzi{jbjdq oda oss{ns{ioqj qnnlp o{j {jzi{ja$ Qz{dmjy
s{nfj`q jwj`zqj{p limj KGJL oda L(Q o{j enna jwobsljp hn{ qgip$ Qgj{j
`od olpn kj n{eodivoqindp ugj{j qgj s{naz`qind boy dnq kj op lnu op ?
zdiq op id oknxj `opj kzq qgj dzbkj{ nh `zpqnbj{p o{j xj{y lo{ej,
{jpzlqide id lo{ej xo{ijqy$ Pid`j jo`g `zpqnbj{ n{aj{ `nzla snqjdqiolly
ajboda zdizj s{n`jpp {jzi{jbjdqp, qgj {jpzlqide hlnu id qgj pypqjb
kj`nbjp giegly fzbklja$ Od jwobslj `od kj od nsqi`ol pgns$
AIHHJ[JDQ QYSJP NH LOYNZQP
?3 | S o e j
Id bodzho`qz{ide, ho`iliqy loynzq `ndpipqp nh `ndhiez{ide qgj slodq piqj uiqg
lidjp, kzilaidep, bofn{ ho`iliqijp, un{m o{jop, oipljp, oda nqgj{ sj{qidjdq
hjoqz{jp pz`g op ajso{qbjdq knzdao{ijp$ Ugilj ho`iliqy loynzq hn{ pj{xi`jp
boy kj pibilo{ qn qgoq hn{ bodzho`qz{ide, iq olpn boy kj pnbjugoq aihhj{jdq
-op ip qgj `opj uiqg nhhi`jp, {jqoilj{p, oda uo{jgnzpjp$ Kj`ozpj nh iqp {jloqixj
sj{bodjd`j, ho`iliqy loynzq s{nkokly ip ndj nh qgj bnpq `{z`iol jljbjdqp
ohhj`qide jhhi`ijd`y$ Od jhhi`ijdq loynzq `od {jaz`j zddj`jppo{y boqj{iol
godalide, gjls qn mjjs `npqp lnu, oda boidqoid s{naz`q hlnu qg{nzeg qgj
ho`iliqy$
Hi{bp id qgj zssj{ ljhq"goda `n{dj{ nh qgj s{naz`q"s{n`jpp boq{iw goxj o
s{n`jpp pq{z`qz{j mdnud op o fzbklja hlnu n{ o aip`nddj`qja n{ idqj{biqqjdq
lidj hlnu$ Zssj{"ljhq hi{bp ejdj{olly goxj o s{n`jpp loynzq$ Hi{bp id qgj lnuj{
{iegq"goda `n{dj{ nh qgj s{naz`q"s{n`jpp boq{iw `od goxj o lidj n{ `ndqidznzp
hlnu$ Hi{bp id qgj lnuj{"{iegq so{q nh qgj boq{iw ejdj{olly goxj o s{naz`q
loynzq$ Nqgj{ qysjp nh loynzqp id`lzaj hiwja"snpiqind, `nbkidoqind, `jllzlo{,
oda `j{qoid qysjp nh pj{xi`j loynzqp$
S[N@JPP LOYNZQ
S{n`jpp loynzqp o{j hnzda s{ibo{ily id fnk pgnsp, n{ hi{bp qgoq s{naz`j
`zpqnbivja, lnu"xnlzbj s{naz`qp qgoq boy {jzi{j aihhj{jdq s{n`jppide
{jzi{jbjdqp oda pjzjd`jp nh nsj{oqindp$ S{n`jpp loynzqp o{j ho`iliqy
`ndhiez{oqindp id ugi`g nsj{oqindp nh o pibilo{ doqz{j n{ hzd`qind o{j e{nzsja
qnejqgj{$ Op pz`g, qgjy n``opindolly o{j {jhj{{ja qn op hzd`qindol loynzqp$
Qgji{ sz{snpj ip qn s{n`jpp ennap n{ s{nxiaj pj{xi`jp qgoq idxnlxj o xo{ijqy nh
s{n`jppide {jzi{jbjdqp$ O bodzho`qz{ide jwobslj unzla kj o bo`gidj
pgns$ O bo`gidj pgns ejdj{olly gop pjso{oqj ajso{qbjdqp ugj{j ejdj{ol"
sz{snpj bo`gidjp o{j e{nzsja qnejqgj{ ky hzd`qind 'j$e$, billide, e{idaide,
a{illide, gya{ozli` s{jppjp, oda loqgjp)$ Qgj{jhn{j, ho`iliqijp qgoq o{j
`ndhiez{ja o``n{aide qn idaixiazol hzd`qindp n{ s{n`jppjp goxj o s{n`jpp
loynzq$ Qgip qysj nh loynzq eixjp qgj hi{b qgj hljwikiliqy djjaja qn godalj o
?? | S o e j
xo{ijqy nh {nzqjp oda s{n`jpp {jzi{jbjdqp$ Pj{xi`jp qgoq zqilivj s{n`jpp
loynzqp id`lzaj gnpsiqolp, kodmp, ozqn {jsoi{, lik{o{ijp, oda zdixj{piqijp$
Ibs{nxide s{n`jpp loynzqp idxnlxjp qgj bidibivoqind nh q{odpsn{qoqind `npq,
aipqod`j, n{ qibj$
Oaxodqoejp nh s{n`jpp loynzqp id`lzaj6
?$ Hljwikiliqy$ Qgj hi{b gop qgj okiliqy qn godalj o xo{ijqy nh s{n`jppide
{jzi{jbjdqp$
;$ @npq$ Pnbjqibjp, qgj ejdj{ol"sz{snpj jzisbjdq zqilivja boy kj ljpp
`npqly qn sz{`gopj oda ljpp `npqly oda jopij{ qn boidqoid qgod
psj`iolivja jzisbjdq$
0$ Bnqixoqind$ Jbslnyjjp id qgip qysj nh loynzq uill s{nkokly kj oklj qn
sj{hn{b o xo{ijqy nh qopmp nd bzlqislj bo`gidjp, op nssnpja qn qgj
kn{janb nh sj{hn{bide o {jsjqiqixj qopm nd od oppjbkly lidj$ O s{n`jpp
loynzq olpn ollnup qgj jbslnyj{ qn zpj pnbj qysj nh idaixiazol
id`jdqixj pypqjb$
1$ Pypqjb s{nqj`qind$ Pid`j qgj{j o{j bzlqislj bo`gidjp oxoiloklj,
s{n`jpp loynzqp o{j dnq so{qi`zlo{ly xzldj{oklj qn jzisbjdq hoilz{jp$
Aipoaxodqoejp nh s{n`jpp loynzqp id`lzaj6
?$ Zqilivoqind$ Jzisbjdq zqilivoqind {oqjp id s{n`jpp loynzq o{j h{jzjdqly
xj{y lnu, kj`ozpj bo`gidj zpoej ip ajsjdajdq zsnd o xo{ijqy nh
nzqszq {jzi{jbjdqp$
;$ @npq$ Ih koq`g s{n`jppide ip zpja, id"s{n`jpp idxjdqn{y `npqp `nzla kj
gieg$ Lnuj{ xnlzbj bjodp giegj{ sj{" zdiq `npqp$ Bn{j psj`iolivja
oqqjdqind ip dj`jppo{y hn{ knqg s{naz`qp oda `zpqnbj{p$ Pjqzsp o{j
bn{j h{jzjdq, gjd`j giegj{ pjqzs `npqp$ Boqj{iol godalide ip plnuj{
oda bn{j idjhhi`ijdq$ Qgj psod nh pzsj{xipind ip pboll azj qn fnk
`nbsljwiqijp '{nzqide, pjqzsp, jq`$), pn pzsj{xipn{y `npqp o{j giegj{$
Oaaiqindolly, id qgip qysj nh loynzq o``nzdqide, idxjdqn{y `ndq{nl, oda
sz{`gopide zpzolly o{j giegly idxnlxja$
?; | S o e j
0$ @ndhzpind$ @ndpqodqly `godeide p`gjazljp oda {nzqidep bomj fzeelide
s{n`jpp {jzi{jbjdqp bn{j aihhi`zlq$
S[NAZ@Q LOYNZQ
S{naz`q loynzqp o{j hnzda id hlnu pgnsp '{jsjqiqixj oppjbkly oda s{n`jpp n{
`ndqidznzp hlnu idazpq{ijp)$ Hlnu pgnsp s{naz`j gieg"xnlzbj, giegly
pqodao{aivja s{naz`qp qgoq {jzi{j giegly pqodao{aivja, {jsjqiqixj s{n`jppjp$
Id o s{naz`q loynzq, {jpnz{`jp o{j o{{odeja pjzjdqiolly, kopja nd qgj
{nzqide nh qgj s{naz`qp$ Id qgjn{y, qgip pjzjdqiol loynzq ollnup qgj jdqi{j
s{n`jpp qn kj loia nzq id o pq{oiegq lidj, ugi`g oq qibjp boy kj qnqolly
ajai`oqja qn qgj s{naz`qind nh ndly ndj s{naz`q n{ s{naz`q xj{pind$ Qgj hlnu
nh qgj lidj `od qgjd kj pzkaixiaja pn qgoq lokn{ oda jzisbjdq o{j zqilivja
pbnnqgly qg{nzegnzq qgj nsj{oqind$
Qun qysjp nh lidjp o{j zpja id s{naz`q loynzqp6 so`ja oda zdso`ja$ So`ja
lidjp `od zpj pnbj pn{q nh `ndxjyn{ qgoq bnxjp nzqszq olnde oq o `ndqidznzp
{oqj pn qgoq un{mj{p `od sj{hn{b nsj{oqindp nd qgj s{naz`q op iq enjp ky$ Hn{
lndej{ nsj{oqide qibjp, qgj un{mj{ boy goxj qn uolm olndepiaj qgj un{m op iq
bnxjp zdqil gj n{ pgj ip hidipgja oda `od uolm ko`m qn qgj un{mpqoqind qn
kjeid un{mide nd odnqgj{ so{q 'qgip jppjdqiolly ip gnu ozqnbnkilj
bodzho`qz{ide un{mp)$
Nd od zdso`ja lidj, un{mj{p kzila zs zjzjp kjqujjd un{mpqoqindp qn ollnu o
xo{ioklj un{m so`j$ Gnujxj{, qgip qysj nh lidj anjp dnq un{m ujll uiqg lo{ej,
kzlmy s{naz`qp kj`ozpj qnn bz`g pqn{oej pso`j boy kj {jzi{ja$ Olpn, iq ip
aihhi`zlq qn kolod`j od jwq{jbj xo{ijqy nh nzqszq {oqjp uiqgnzq piedihi`odq ialj
qibj$ O qj`gdizj mdnud op oppjbkly"lidj kolod`ide `od kj zpja qn e{nzs
?0 | S o e j
qgj idaixiazol qopmp sj{hn{bja idqn un{mpqoqindp pn qgoq qgj{j uill kj o
{jopndoklj kolod`j nh un{m obnde qgj un{mpqoqindp$
S{naz`q loynzq jhhi`ijd`y ip nhqjd jdgod`ja qg{nzeg qgj zpj nh lidj kolod`ide$
Lidj kolod`ide ip qgj oppiedbjdq nh qopmp qn un{mpqoqindp id pz`g o uoy qgoq
un{mpqoqindp goxj oss{nwiboqjly jzol qibj {jzi{jbjdqp$ Qgip bidibivjp
qgj obnzdq nh qibj qgoq pnbj un{mpqoqindp o{j ialj, azj qn uoiqide nd so{qp
h{nb od zspq{job s{n`jpp n{ qn oxnia kzilaide zs od idxjdqn{y zjzj id h{ndq
nh o anudpq{job s{n`jpp$
Oaxodqoejp nh s{naz`q loynzqp id`lzaj6
?$ Nzqszq6 S{naz`q loynzqp `od ejdj{oqj o lo{ej xnlzbj nh s{naz`qp id o
pgn{q qibj$
;$ @npq6 Zdiq `npq ip lnu op o {jpzlq nh qgj gieg xnlzbj$ Lokn{
psj`iolivoqind {jpzlqp id {jaz`ja q{oidide qibj oda `npq$ O uiaj{ psod nh
pzsj{xipind olpn {jaz`jp lokn{ `npqp$ O``nzdqide, sz{`gopide, oda
idxjdqn{y `ndq{nl o{j {nzqidj$ Kj`ozpj {nzqide ip hiwja, ljpp oqqjdqind ip
{jzi{ja$
0$ Zqilivoqind6 Qgj{j ip o gieg aje{jj nh lokn{ oda jzisbjdq zqilivoqind$
Aipoaxodqoejp nh s{naz`q loynzqp id`lzaj6
?$ Bnqixoqind6 Qgj pypqjb%p idgj{jdq aixipind nh lokn{ `od {jpzlq id azll,
{jsjqiqixj fnkp qgoq `od s{nxj qn kj ziqj pq{jpphzl$ Olpn, oppjbkly"lidj
loynzqp bomj iq xj{y go{a qn oabidipqj{ idaixiazol id`jdqixj slodp$
;$ Hljwikiliqy6 S{naz`q loynzqp o{j idhljwiklj oda `oddnq jopily {jpsnda qn
{jzi{ja pypqjb `godejp-jpsj`iolly `godejp id s{naz`q n{ s{n`jpp
ajpied$
0$ Pypqjb s{nqj`qind 6 Qgj pypqjb ip oq {ipm h{nb jzisbjdq
k{jomanud, okpjdqjjipb, oda anudqibj azj qn s{jxjdqixj
boidqjdod`j$
?1 | S o e j
HIWJA"SNPIQIND LOYNZQ
O hiwja"snpiqind loynzq ip oss{ns{ioqj hn{ o s{naz`q qgoq ip qnn lo{ej n{ qnn
gjoxy qn bnxj$ Hn{ jwobslj, koqqljpgisp o{j dnq s{naz`ja nd od oppjbkly
lidj$ Hn{ pj{xi`jp, nqgj{ {jopndp boy ai`qoqj qgj hiwja snpiqind 'j$e$, o
gnpsiqol nsj{oqide {nnb ugj{j an`qn{p, dz{pjp, oda bjai`ol jzisbjdq o{j
k{nzegq qn qgj soqijdq)$ Nqgj{ hiwja"snpiqind loynzq jwobsljp id`lzaj
`ndpq{z`qind 'j$e$, kzilaidep, aobp, oda jlj`q{i` n{ dz`ljo{ snuj{ slodqp),
pgiskzilaide, oi{`{ohq, oj{npso`j, ho{bide, a{illide hn{ nil, gnbj {jsoi{, oda
ozqnboqja `o{ uopgjp$ Id n{aj{ qn bomj qgip un{m, {jzi{ja {jpnz{`jp bzpq
kj sn{qoklj pn qgoq qgjy `od kj qomjd qn qgj fnk hn{ +nd qgj psnq+
sj{hn{bod`j$
Azj qn qgj doqz{j nh qgj s{naz`q, qgj zpj{ gop liqqlj `gni`j id qgj zpj nh o
hiwja"snpiqind loynzq$
Aipoaxodqoejp nh hnwja snpiqind loynzq id`lzaj6
?$ Pso`j6 Hn{ body hiwja"snpiqind loynzqp, qgj un{m o{jo boy kj
`{nuaja pn qgoq liqqlj pqn{oej pso`j ip oxoiloklj$ Qgip olpn `od `ozpj
boqj{iol godalide s{nkljbp$
;$ Oabidipq{oqind6 Nhqjdqibjp, qgj oabidipq{oqixj kz{ajd ip giegj{ hn{
hiwja"snpiqind loynzqp$ Qgj psod nh `ndq{nl `od kj do{{nu, oda
`nn{aidoqind aihhi`zlq$
@NBKIDOQIND LOYNZQP
Body piqzoqindp `oll hn{ o biwqz{j nh qgj qg{jj boid loynzq qysjp$ Qgjpj
biwqz{jp o{j `nbbndly `ollja `nbkidoqind n{ gyk{ia loynzqp$ Hn{ jwobslj,
ndj hi{b boy zqilivj o s{n`jpp loynzq hn{ qgj bofn{iqy nh iqp s{n`jpp olnde uiqg
od oppjbkly id ndj o{jo$ Olqj{doqixjly, o hi{b boy zqilivj o hiwja"snpiqind
loynzq hn{ qgj oppjbkly nh iqp hidol s{naz`q, kzq zpj oppjbkly lidjp qn s{naz`j
?: | S o e j
qgj `nbsndjdqp oda pzkoppjbklijp qgoq bomj zs qgj hidol s{naz`q 'j$e$,
oi{`{ohq)$
@JLLZLO[ LOYNZQ
@jllzlo{ bodzho`qz{ide ip o qysj nh loynzq ugj{j bo`gidjp o{j e{nzsja
o``n{aide qn qgj s{n`jpp {jzi{jbjdqp hn{ o pjq nh pibilo{ iqjbp 'so{q
hobilijp) qgoq {jzi{j pibilo{ s{n`jppide$ Qgjpj e{nzsp o{j `ollja `jllp$
Qgj{jhn{j, o `jllzlo{ loynzq ip od jzisbjdq loynzq `ndhiez{ja qn pzssn{q
`jllzlo{ bodzho`qz{ide$
S{n`jppjp o{j e{nzsja idqn `jllp zpide o qj`gdizj mdnud op e{nzs
qj`gdnlney 'EQ)$ E{nzs qj`gdnlney idxnlxjp iajdqihyide so{qp uiqg pibilo{
ajpied `go{o`qj{ipqi`p 'pivj, pgosj, oda hzd`qind) oda pibilo{ s{n`jpp
`go{o`qj{ipqi`p 'qysj nh s{n`jppide {jzi{ja, oxoiloklj bo`gidj{y qgoq
sj{hn{bp qgip qysj nh s{n`jpp, oda s{n`jppide pjzjd`j)$
Un{mj{p id `jllzlo{ loynzqp o{j `{npp"q{oidja pn qgoq qgjy `od nsj{oqj oll qgj
jzisbjdq uiqgid qgj `jll oda qomj {jpsndpikiliqy hn{ iqp nzqszq$ Pnbjqibjp
qgj `jllp hjja idqn od oppjbkly lidj qgoq s{naz`jp qgj hidol s{naz`q$ Id pnbj
`opjp o `jll ip hn{bja ky ajai`oqide `j{qoid jzisbjdq qn qgj s{naz`qind nh o
hobily nh so{qp uiqgnzq o`qzolly bnxide qgj jzisbjdq idqn o sgypi`ol `jll
'qgjpj o{j `ollja xi{qzol n{ dnbidol `jllp)$ Id qgip uoy, qgj hi{b oxniap qgj
kz{ajd nh {jo{{odeide iqp `z{{jdq loynzq$ Gnujxj{, sgypi`ol `jllp o{j bn{j
`nbbnd$
Od ozqnboqja xj{pind nh `jllzlo{ bodzho`qz{ide ip qgj hljwiklj bodzho`qz{ide
pypqjb 'HBP)$ Uiqg od HBP, o `nbszqj{ `ndq{nlp qgj q{odphj{ nh so{qp qn qgj
xo{inzp s{n`jppjp, jdoklide bodzho`qz{j{p qn o`gijxj pnbj nh qgj kjdjhiqp nh
s{naz`q loynzqp ugilj boidqoidide qgj hljwikiliqy nh pboll koq`g s{naz`qind$
O axodqoejp nh `jllzlo{ bodzho`qz{ide id`lzaj6
?8 | S o e j
?$ @npq6 @jllzlo{ bodzho`qz{ide s{nxiajp hn{ hopqj{ s{n`jppide qibj, ljpp
boqj{iol godalide, ljpp un{m"id"s{n`jpp idxjdqn{y, oda {jaz`ja pjqzs
qibj, oll nh ugi`g {jaz`j `npqp$
;$ Hljwikiliqy6 @jllzlo{ bodzho`qz{ide ollnup hn{ qgj s{naz`qind nh pboll
koq`gjp, ugi`g s{nxiajp pnbj aje{jj nh id`{jopja hljwikiliqy$ Qgip
opsj`q ip e{joqly jdgod`ja uiqg HBPp$
0$ Bnqixoqind6 Pid`j un{mj{p o{j `{npp"q{oidja qn {zd jxj{y bo`gidj id
qgj `jll, kn{janb ip ljpp nh o ho`qn{$ Olpn, pid`j un{mj{p o{j {jpsndpiklj
hn{ qgji{ `jllp% nzqszq, bn{j ozqndnby oda fnk nudj{pgis ip s{jpjdq$
NQGJ[ LOYNZQP
Id oaaiqind qn qgj ohn{jbjdqindja loynzqp, qgj{j o{j nqgj{p qgoq o{j bn{j
oss{ns{ioqj hn{ zpj id pj{xi`j n{eodivoqindp$ Qgjpj id`lzaj
uo{jgnzpj.pqn{oej loynzqp, {jqoil loynzqp, oda nhhi`j loynzqp$
Uiqg uo{jgnzpj.pqn{oej loynzqp, n{aj{ h{jzjd`y ip o mjy ho`qn{$ Iqjbp qgoq
o{j n{aj{ja h{jzjdqly pgnzla kj slo`ja `lnpj qnejqgj{ djo{ qgj jdq{od`j nh
qgj ho`iliqy, ugilj qgnpj n{aj{ja ljpp h{jzjdqly {jboid id qgj {jo{ nh qgj
ho`iliqy$ So{jqn odolypip ip od jw`jlljdq bjqgna hn{ ajqj{bidide ugi`g iqjbp qn
slo`j djo{ qgj jdq{od`j$ Pid`j ;3 sj{`jdq nh qgj iqjbp qysi`olly {js{jpjdq 73
sj{`jdq nh qgj iqjbp n{aj{ja, iq ip dnq aihhi`zlq qn ajqj{bidj ugi`g ;3 sj{`jdq
qn slo`j id qgj bnpq `ndxjdijdq ln`oqind$ Id qgip uoy, n{aj{ si`mide ip boaj
bn{j jhhi`ijdq$
Ugilj loynzq ajpied ip bz`g pibslj{ hn{ pboll {jqoil jpqoklipgbjdqp 'pgnj
{jsoi{, a{y `ljodj{, jq`$), {jqoil pqn{jp, zdlimj bodzho`qz{j{p, bzpq qomj idqn
`ndpiaj{oqind qgj s{jpjd`j nh `zpqnbj{p oda qgj o``nbsodyide nssn{qzdiqijp
qn idhlzjd`j poljp oda `zpqnbj{ oqqiqzajp$ Hn{ jwobslj, pzsj{bo{mjqp slo`j
aoi{y s{naz`qp djo{ qgj {jo{ nh qgj pqn{j pn qgoq `zpqnbj{p ugn {zd idqn qgj
pqn{j hn{ o zi`m eollnd nh bilm bzpq q{oxjl qg{nzeg nqgj{ pj`qindp nh qgj
pqn{j$ Qgip id`{jopjp qgj `god`j nh qgj `zpqnbj{ pjjide od iqjb nh idqj{jpq
oda bomide od ibszlpj kzy$ Oaaiqindolly, jwsjdpixj iqjbp pz`g op bjoq o{j
?5 | S o e j
nhqjd slo`ja pn qgoq qgj `zpqnbj{ uill pjj qgjb h{jzjdqly 'j$e$, sopp qgjb oq
qgj jda nh jo`g oiplj)$ [jqoil `goidp o{j oklj qn qomj oaxodqoej nh
pqodao{aivja loynzqp, ugi`g eixj qgj `zpqnbj{ bn{j hobilio{iqy uiqg qgj pqn{j
ugjd pgnsside id o dju ln`oqind$
Nhhi`j loynzqp bzpq kj `ndhiez{ja pn qgoq qgj sgypi`ol q{odphj{ nh idhn{boqind
'sosj{un{m) ip nsqibivja$ @nbbzdi`oqind olpn `od kj jdgod`ja qg{nzeg qgj
zpj nh lnu"{ipj so{qiqindp oda elopp uollp$
O dzbkj{ nh `godejp qomide id slo`j id bodzho`qz{ide goxj goa o ai{j`q
jhhj`q nd ho`iliqy loynzq$ Ndj osso{jdq bodzho`qz{ide q{jda ip qn kzila pbollj{
oda bn{j `nbso`q ho`iliqijp uiqg bn{j ozqnboqind oda {nknqi`p$ Id qgjpj
piqzoqindp, bo`gidjp djja qn kj slo`ja `lnpj{ qn jo`g nqgj{ id n{aj{ qn
{jaz`j boqj{iol godalide$ Odnqgj{ q{jda ip od id`{jopj id ozqnboqja boqj{iol
godalide pypqjbp, id`lzaide ozqnboqja pqn{oej oda {jq{ijxol pypqjbp 'OP.O[)
oda ozqnboqja eziaja xjgi`ljp 'OEXp)$ Qgj{j olpn ip bnxjbjdq qnuo{a qgj
zpj nh Z"pgosja lidjp, ugi`g ollnu un{mj{p, boqj{iol godalj{p, oda
pzsj{xipn{p qn pjj qgj jdqi{j lidj jopily oda q{oxjl jhhi`ijdqly kjqujjd
un{mpqoqindp$ Pn qgoq qgj xiju ip dnq nkpq{z`qja, hjuj{ uollp oda so{qiqindp
o{j id`n{sn{oqja idqn qgj loynzq$ Hidolly, qgodmp qn ljod bodzho`qz{ide oda
fzpq"id"qibj s{naz`qind, ljpp pso`j ip djjaja hn{ idxjdqn{y pqn{oej qg{nzegnzq
qgj loynzq$
?7 | S o e j
?9 | S o e j

S[NAZQIN
D
(
NSJ[OQIND
BODOEJBJD
Q
C
;3 | S o e j
OKNZQ QGJ N[EODIVOQIND
Koqo ip ndj nh qgj un{la%p ljoaide hnnqujo{ {jqoilj{p oda bodzho`qz{j{p uiqg
nsj{oqindp o`{npp : `ndqidjdqp bodoeja ky 1 {jeindol bjodidehzl kzpidjpp
zdiqp 'BKZp)$ Qgj BKZ oss{no`g s{nxiajp zoliqy {jpnz{`jp oda pzssn{q id
mjy o{jop qn qgj `nbsodijp nsj{oqide id pibilo{ bo{mjqp pz`g op s{naz`q
ajxjlnsbjdq, pnz{`ide n{ bo{mjqide pzssn{q$ Jo`g BKZ ip jdq{js{jdjz{iol id
doqz{j, oda `od zi`mly oaosq qn `godejp id qgj bo{mjq slo`j oda pjivj
snqjdqiol e{nuqg nssn{qzdiqijp$
QGJ HNZDAJ[P
;? | S o e j
Koqo%p pq{jdeqg lijp id iqp un{lauiaj s{jpjd`j$ Ugilj ln`ol `nbsodijp o{j pjlh"
enxj{dide, jo`g ndj kjdjhiqp h{nb iqp lidm qn qgj idqj{doqindol n{eodivoqind hn{
ko`m"nhhi`j pypqjbp, s{naz`q iddnxoqindp oda pnz{`ide$
Olqgnzeg Koqo nsj{oqjp id o uiaj xo{ijqy nh bo{mjqp, `liboqjp oda kzyide
snuj{ Koqo `nbsodijp pgo{j qgj pobj ljoaj{pgis snidqp$ Qun ibsn{qodq ndjp
o{j s{naz`q `nd`jsq ajxjlnsbjdq oda `ndpqodq ibs{nxjbjdq nh
kzpidjpp s{n`jppjp id n{aj{ qn nhhj{ `zpqnbj{p e{joq xolzj oda qgj kjpq
snppiklj pj{xi`j$
•Pj{xjp ? billind `zpqnbj{p sj{ aoy
•Jbslnyp bn{j qgod 13,333 sjnslj
•Nsj{oqjp :333 {jqoil pqn{jp
•Bodoejp o {jqoil s{jpjd`j id nxj{ :3 `nzdq{ijp
•[zdp 13 s{naz`qind ho`iliqijp o`{npp ;: `nzdq{ijp
Id IDAIO Koqo gop : s{naz`qind ho`iliqijp oda ? ljoqgj{ zdiq6
?$ Koqodoeo{, Mnlmoqo
;$ Ho{iaokoa, Zqqo{ S{oajpg
0$ Koqoeodf, Soqdo
1$ Pnzqg`odj, Kodeoln{j
:$ Gnpz{, Qobil Doaz
8$ Ljoqgj{ Zdiq oq Soqdo
;3* nh qnqol Idaiod pgnj s{naz`qind `nbjp h{nb Koqo i$j$ oknzq 7 `{n{j soi{p$
Koqo Idaio gop pjxj{ol hzlly nudja {jqoil pqn{jp id aihhj{jdq so{qp nh Idaio,
oso{q h{nb xo{inzp h{od`gipjj pqn{jp$ Qgj{j o{j kopi`olly qg{jj qysjp nh Koqo
Pqn{jp6
?$ Hloepgis Pqn{jp" Qo{ejq Poljp o{j ? `{n{j slzp oda Qo{ejq Snszloqind
ip qgj gieg"id`nbj e{nzs
;; | S o e j
;$ Hobily Pqn{jp" Qo{ejq Poljp {odej kjqujjd :3 lomg oda ? `{n{j oda
qgj qo{ejq e{nzs ip qgj biaalj"id`nbj snszloqind$
0$ Kovoo{p" Qoejq Poljp nh ljpp qgod :3 lomg oda qgj bowibzb
sz{`gopj{p o{j sjnslj h{nb lnu"id`nbj e{nzs$
NZ[ XIPIQ
Uj hiwja od ossnidqbjdq uiqg B{$ Bzmjpg, qgj G[ bodoej{, oda ljhq hn{ Koqo
Idaio’p Slodq ln`oqja oq DIQ, Ho{iaokoa$ Ohqj{ o {oqgj{ qi{ide 93bidp fnz{djy qn
qgj piqj, uj hidolly {jo`gja Koqo’p s{naz`qind ho`iliqy, ps{joa nxj{ oss{nw$ ;3
o`{jp nh loda$
Uj uj{j jp`n{qja idpiaj qgj slodq nhhi`j h{nb ugj{j, ohqj{ o k{ijh hn{bol
idq{naz`qind uiqg qgj B{$ Bzmjpg, uj kjeod nz{ qnz{ nh qgj slodq uiqg
B{$Mobljpg, qgj S{naz`qindp Bodoej{, ugn jwsloidja qn zp, jo`g oda jxj{y
pqjs nh qgj bodzho`qz{ide s{n`jpp id ajqoil, bnxide h{nb ndj oppjbkly lidj
qn odnqgj{, h{nb ndj un{mpqoqind qn odnqgj{$ oll qg{nzegnzq qgj ujll"eziaja
qnz{, uj mjsq opmide gib ugoqjxj{ zj{ijp uj goa id bida, oll nh ugi`g uj{j
xj{y s{nbsqly odpuj{ja ky gib Loqj{, uj poq id gip `okid oda oda aip`zppja
nqgj{ ippzjp {jloqja qn s{naz`qindp oda nsj{oqindp bodoejbjdq oq Koqo$
QGJ BODZHO@QZ[IDE S[N@JPP
Qgj slodq boidly s{naz`jp `odxop S$Q pgnjp oda qgj Gouoii plissj{p$ Nz{
o{jo nh `nd`j{d uop qgj s{naz`qind nh qgj `odxop pgnjp oda qgj oppn`ioqja
bodzho`qz{ide s{n`jpp$
Koqo zpjp Koq`g S{naz`qind pypqjb$ Olqgnzeg iq ndly bodzho`qz{jp `odxop
pgnjp kzq uiqgid qgoq iq gop xo{inzp pivj xo{iodqp$ Uiqgid qgj koq`g s{naz`qind
pypqjb, oppjbkly lidj s{n`jpp ip hnllnuja$ Qgj slodq gop ; oppjbkly lidjp
un{mide pibzlqodjnzply, ndj hn{ qgj pqiq`gide nh pgnj zssj{ oda nqgj{ ip o
pjbi"ozqnboqja `ndxjyn{ kjlq hn{ oppjbkly nh qgj pgnj, oq qgj jda nh ugi`g
uj ejq qgj pgnj$ Pibzlqodjnzply, qgj{j o{j nqgj{ s{n`jppjp limj qgj
s{naz`qind nh oagjpixj `jbjdq oda {zkkj{ loqjw, pgnj kidaide jq` o{j andj
pibzlqodjnzply oq aihhj{jdq un{mpqoqindp$
Qgj slodq id oll gop 8 `ndxjyn{ kjlqp oda 8 pqiq`gide lidjp kzq s{jpjdqly qgj
bodoejbjdq ip nsj{oqide ndly 0 nh qgjb, id xiju nh qgj lnu ajboda hn{ qgji{
s{naz`qp qgip yjo{$
;0 | S o e j
Ndj `ndxjyn{ kjlq {jzi{jp 0: sjnslj qn un{m oda 8 sjnslj o{j {jzi{ja nd
qgj pqiq`gide `ndxjyn{$ Qgj ho`qn{y jbslnyp 1:3 sjnslj$ Ndj pjq nh
`ndxjyn{p 'i$j$ knqg pqiq`gide oda oppjbkly id`lzaja) s{naz`jp oknzq ?733"
?933 soi{p nh pgnjp id ndj aoy$ Qgj e{npp bndqgly s{naz`qind nh qgj slodq
oxj{oejp o{nzda : Lo` soi{p$
Ajpsiqj qgj ho`q qgoq qgj ugnlj s{naz`qind s{n`jpp ip pjbi"ozqnboqja,
qgj Koqo Slodq pqill {jboidp o loknz{ idqjdpixj zdiq$ Op pz`g, goxide o
enna oda jhhi`ijdq G[ ajso{qbjdq ip xj{y ibsn{qodq$ Id n{aj{ qn idhzpj
o `ndpqodq a{ixj qn un{m go{aj{ id iqp jbslnyjjp oq xo{inzp ljxjlp, qgj
ajso{qbjdq gop boaj zpj nh xo{inzp sid"zs kno{ap oda pboll gno{aide
ugj{j iq gop szq zs body idpsi{ide oda bnqixoqindol znqjp, pnbj nh
ugi`g uj goxj `osqz{ja kjlnu 6
;1 | S o e j
S[N@JPP HLNU @GO[Q
Qgj ugnlj s{n`jpp nh qgj s{naz`qind nh pgnjp `od kj ajsi`qja
qg{nzeg qgj hnllnuide `go{q6
[OU BOQJ[IOL
PQN@M
;: | S o e j
@nbsnz @gjbi` Nzq Qg{jo Kidaide Knwj
Hnlaide
@zqqide
Pqobside
Bomide
Kidaide
@jbjdq
Loqjw
Pqiq`gide
Oppjbkly
Xzl`odivide
@ndq{nllide
@odSxoo`pmi dPegnjp
Bomide Pnlj
Szll
?$ [OU BOQJ[IOL PQN@M
Qgj {ou boqj{iolp ugi`g id`lzajp qgj `gjbi`olp zpja hn{ bomide `jbjdq
oagjpixj, {zkkj{ loqjw oda pnlj 'knqg iddj{ oda nzqj{), @lnqg 'knzegq h{nb
Knbkoy Ayjide) zpja hn{ bomide zssj{ , boqj{iol zpja hn{ bomide
kidaide, qg{joa oda qgj so`moeide `o{qndp jq` o{j pqn`mja id qgj
uo{jgnzpj $ Idxjdqn{y nh oll qgj oknxj iqjbp ip s{nsj{ly boidqoidja uiqg
qgj gjls nh o ‗Boqj{iol Pqn`m Snpiqind’ `go{q boaj nd qgj uollp nh qgj
uo{jgnzpj oda o `nbszqj{ivja Idxjdqn{y Aoqokopj$
Q qg j
Jxj{y ajso{qbjdq gop kjjd olln`oqja o bowibzb pqn`m libiq kjynda
ugi`g qgjy `oddnq pqn{j qgj {ou boqj{iolp hn{ qgjbpjlxjp$ Iq gop qn kj
zpja op h{jzjdqly op snppiklj$ Jxj{y hn{qdiegq, qgj pqn`mp oda zpoej ip
{jxijuja$ Qgj q{odpbippind nh {ou boqj{iolp h{nb pqn`m uo{jgnzpj qn
{jpsj`qixj ajso{qbjdqp ip {j`n{aja oda pobj ip andj uiqg qgj
q{odpbippindp kjqujjd xo{inzp ajso{qbjdqp$ Oll qgip aoqo ip {joaily
oxoiloklj hn{ {jxiju qn oll ajso{qbjdqp oda `od kj `gj`mja odyqibj$
;8 | S o e j
;$ @JBJDQ ODA LOQJW BODZHO@QZ[IDE
Qgj `jbjdq oagjpixj oda {zkkj{ loqjw o{j qgj boid `gjbi`olp zpja qn
sopqj qnejqgj{ qgj aihhj{jdq so{qp nh o pgnj, o{j bodzho`qz{ja id qgj slodq
iqpjlh$ Knqg qgjpj boqj{iolp o{j s{naz`ja mjjside id bida qgj jwo`q
{jzi{jbjdqp oda olpn qgj `n{{j`q psj`ihi`oqind, ugi`g ip qgj {iegq biw nh
`gjbi`olp qn bomj iq qgj kjpq sopqide jljbjdq oda ejq qgj ajpi{ja zoliqy$
;5 | S o e j
0$ PNLJ SZLL BODZHO@QZ[IDE
Qgj iddj{ oda nzqj{ pnljp {jzi{ja id qgj pgnj o{j olpn s{naz`ja id"gnzpj$
Gzej {zkkj{ pgjjqp bjopz{ide 0 hq w ; hq goxide o qgi`mdjpp nh oss{nw$ ;
`bp o{j hi{pq o{j gjoqja qn o gieg qjbsj{oqz{j oda qgjd `zq idqn sij`jp nh
aihhj{jdq pivjp zpide psj`iolivja bo`gidjp$
Pgjjq Bodzho`qz{ide6 Qgj {zkkj{ `nbsnzda ip biwja, e{nzdaja oda qgjd
s{n`jppja oq gieg qjbsj{oqz{j qn `ndxj{q iq idqn pgjjqp nh zdihn{b ljdeqg
oda qgi`mdjpp Qgj pgjjqp qgzp s{jso{ja o{j qgjd slo`ja id o `z{ide
`gobkj{ hn{ 7 bidzqjp ugj{j qgjy o{j oeoid s{n`jppja oq gieg
qjbsj{oqz{j nh o{nzda ?53n@ Oq pz`g o gieg qjbsj{oqz{j, qgj pgjjqp
jwsoda oda qgjd pjdq hn{ xzl`odivoqind ugj{j iq ip s{n`jppja hn{ 0 gnz{p
qn pjq qgj pg{idmide libiq nh {zkkj{$ Qgjpj pgjjqp `od kj `zq ndly ohqj{ ;
ujjmp nh xzl`odivoqind$ Qgip ip mdnud op pjoqide s{n`jpp$
;7 | S o e j
1$ BOMIDE KIDAIDE
O kidaide ip {jzi{ja nd qgj nzqj{ nh qgj pgnj qn kida qgj jaejp nh qgj
`lnqg zssj{$ Qgip kidaide boqj{iol ip olpn boaj uiqgid qgj slodq, zpide
`lnqg$ Iq ip bo`gidj pqiq`gja ndqn qgj `lnqg zssj{$
:$ HNLAIDE, @ZQQIDE ODA PQOBSIDE
Qgj `lnqg qgoq hn{bp qgj pgnj zssj{ ip s{n`z{ja h{nb Knbkoy Ayjide Iq ip
hi{pq hnlaja idqn gzej lnqp oda qgjd `zq idqn sij`jp nh zdihn{b pivjp
;9 | S o e j
o``n{aide qn qgj aihhj{jdq pivj lnqp$ Qgjpj `lnqg sij`jp o{j qgjd pqobsja
uiqg ugoq boy kj `ollja o koq`g dzbkj{ oda qgj pgnj pivj$ Od jwobslj
nh o koq`g dn$ boy kj “H"0;? 71;;‒$ Id qgip `naj, H {js{jpjdqp slodq `naj
nh qgj Ho{iaokoa ho`qn{y, 0;? ip qgj `naj nh qgj so{qi`zlo{ un{mpqoqind oda
oppjbkly lidj , 7 {js{jpjdqp qgj yjo{ nh bodzho`qz{j, 1; qgj ujjm oda ;
piedihijp qgj aoy nh qgj ujjm id ugi`g s{naz`qind gop kjjd andj$ Qgip
pqobside so{qi`zlo{ly gjlsp ih qgj{j ip o ajhj`q hnzda nzq id qgj pgnj ohqj{
polj$ Ohqj{ pqobside ip andj, qgj zssj{ ip pjdq hn{ pqiq`gide$
03 | S o e j
8$ PQIQ@GIDE
Qgj `lnqg {j`jixja ohqj{ pqobside ip pjq hn{ pqiq`gide oda bomide iq idqn o
s{nsj{ zssj{ nh qgj pgnj$ Qgj pqiq`gide s{n`jpp pqo{qp uiqg hnlaide nh qgj
sij`j oda pqiq`gide iq id o so{qi`zlo{ hopgind qn eixj qgj pgosj nh od zssj{$
Djwq, iq ip pjdq hn{ pqiq`gide qgj kidaide ndqn qgj jaejp nh qgj pgnj$ Ohqj{
qgj kidaide nd qgj jaejp gop kjjd andj, qgj pgnj ip q{odphj{{ja hz{qgj{
ugj{j lo`j gnljp oda hlisp zpja zdaj{ qgoq o{j pqiq`gja ndqn qgj zssj{$
Qgj lopq pqjs id qgj pqiq`gide s{n`jpp ip qn szq lo`jp idqn qgj pgnj, ugi`g ip
andj ky goda$ Qgj zssj{ nh qgj pgnj ip dnu { joay qn kj pjdq hn{ oppjbkly
s{n`jpp$
0? | S o e j
5$ OPPJBKLY
Qgj oppjbkly s{n`jpp zpjp o azol ljxjl `ndxjyn{ kjlq op `od kj pjjd id
qgj si`qz{j$
O ho`q un{qg dnqide ip qgoq qgj `ndxjyj{ anjp dnq goxj o lidjo{
o{{odejbjdq nh un{mpqoqindp= {oqgj{ iq ip od jllispniaol `ndxjyj{ uiqg
aihhj{jdq un{mpqoqindp snpiqindja oll o{nzda iq$ Oq hi{pq elod`j, iq ip dnq jopy
qn `nbs{jgjda op qn ugj{jh{nb ugj{j qgj s{n`jpp kjeidp$ Gnujxj{, o
`lnpj{ lnnm {jxjolp qgoq hzlly oppjbklja pgnjp o{j goda si`mja ouoy h{nb
qgj `ndxjyj{ oq ndj so{qi`zlo{ snidq nd qgj `ndxjyj{$ Ajpsiqj iqp
zd`ndxjdqindol ajpied, iq ip o xj{y ujll n{eodivja oda pypqjboqi`
oppjbkly lidj `ndhiez{oqind ugj{j dndj nh qgj jbslnyjjp piq ialj oq ody
snidq nh qibj$, qgzp bidibivide ialj qibj lnppjp$
Qgj{j ip o so{olljl `ndxjyj{ ugi`g
kopi`olly `ndpipqp nh body bjqol pgnj
bnzlap ndqn ugi`g qgj jdqi{j pgnj
oppjbkly ip kzilq$
Qgj pgnj kzilaide s{n`jpp pqo{qp oq ndj
ugjd ndj sj{pnd osslijp `jbjdq nd qgj
iddj{ pnlj oda slo`jp iq nd qgj `ndxjyn{
kjlq$ Qgj djwq sj{pnd qgjd osslijp
`jbjdq nh jaejp nh qgj zssj{ nh qgj
pgnj oda oeoid szqp ko`m qgj sij`j
ndqn qgj `ndxjyj{$ Djwq, qgj iddj{ pnlj ip szq nd qgj zssj{ so{q nh qgj
0; | S o e j
bnzla oda qgj `lnqg ip sopqja nd qgj pnlj qn ejq qgj jwo`q pgosj nh qgj
pgnj Dnu, ugjd qgj pgosj ip o`gijxja, qgj pgnj ip aissja idqn loqjw pn
qgoq qgj loqjw `nxj{p qgj lnuj{ piajp nh qgj pgnj$
Iq ip qgjd slo`ja id o a{yide `gobkj{ qn a{y qgj loqjw ugj{jid qgj
qjbsj{oqz{j ip o{nzda 53n@$
00 | S o e j
PGNJ
ENIDE ID
PGNJ
@NBIDE
NZQ
Nd`j qgj loqjw ip a{ija oda qgj pgnj ip qomjd nzq nh qgj `gobkj{, iq ip
oeoid slo`ja nd qgj `ndxjyn{ oda qgj djwq sj{pnd szqp qgj nzqj{ pnlj
'`noqja uiqg `jbjdq) nd qgj `ndxjyn{ op ujll$ Qgj pnlj ip qgjd sopqja nd
qn qgj pgnj qiegqly oda s{jppja ky o lo{ej koe `ndqoidide uoqj{$ Qgip
uoqj{ hillja koe ip o so{q nh qgj `ndxjyj{ ndly, oda uoqj{ ip zpja qn
s{jxjdq qgj hn{boqind nh oi{ kzkkljp, ugi`g boy ljoa qn bodzho`qz{ide
ajhj`qp$
Qgj sj{pnd piqqide djwq `gj`mp nd`j oeoid qgoq qgj{j ip dn eos id qgj
sopqide$ Qgj piaj hnwide ip qgjd sopqja nd qgj a{ija loqjw oda qgj pgnj
bnxjp nd$ Qgj djwq jbslnyjj sopqjp qgj Koqo lnen nd qgj ko`m nh qgj
pgnj oda olpn s{jppjp qgj piaj hnwide$ Nd qgj djwq pqoqind, qgj qnj ezo{ap,
knqg piaj pq{isp op ujll op `i{`zlo{ ndj, o{j oxoiloklj qn qgj jbslnyjj,
`noqja uiqg `jbjdq$ Knqg nh qgjpj o{j sopqja nd qgj pgnj$ Qgj pgnj ip
dnu s{jso{ja qn kj xzl`odivja oda gjd`j ip q{odphj{{ja ky qgj lopq un{mj{
nd qgj `ndxjyn{, h{nb qgj `ndxjyn{ qn qgj `ndxjyj{ q{nlljy$
01 | S o e j
7$ X ZL@ODIVOQIND
Ohqj{ qgj oppjbkly s{n`jpp, qgnzeg qgj pgnjp o{j {joay kzq qgjy o{j pqill
xj{y pqi`my oda dnq pjq hn{ zpj$ Qgzp, qgjy djja qn kj xzl`odivja qn
go{ajd qgj pgnj oda jdpz{j qgoq qgj so{qp goxj kjjd sopqja s{nsj{ly oda
qgj `gjbi`olp zpja goxj a{ija zs$ Qgj pgnjp ugi`g o{j ol{joay szq id
q{nlljyp 'op ajsi`qja oknxj) o{j qgjd pjdq qn qgj xzl`odivide `gobkj{$
O{nzda ?9";3 q{nlljyp o{j pjdq id ? `gobkj{ uiqg oknzq 53 soi{p id jo`g
q{nlljy$ Qgj xzl`odivoqind s{n`jpp {jzi{jp od oss{nw$ qibj nh ? gnz{, ?0:"
?13n@ nh qjbsj{oqz{j oda 0 oqbnpsgj{jp nh oi{ s{jppz{j$ Qgj pgnjp o{j
qgjd pjdq qn qgj zoliqy `gj`mp ajso{qbjdq$
0: | S o e j
9$ _ZOLIQY @NDQ[NL
Ohqj{ qgj xzl`odivoqind s{n`jpp, qgj pgnjp o{j pjq qn kj so`mja kzq kjhn{j
qgoqod ibsn{qodq pqjs ip qn `gj`m qgj zoliqy i$j$ zoliqy `ndq{nl$ Id Koqo
jxj{y pgnj ip `gj`mja bodzolly ky od idpsj`qn{ oda ip oppiedja qgj
hnllnuide e{oajp6
?$ O"Qgip ip qgj kjpq e{oaj pqoqide qgoq qgj pgnj ip {joay qn kj so`mja
oda {joay hn{ polj$
;$ K"Qgip e{oaj pgnj kj`nbjp o ho`qn{y pj`ndap s{naz`q oda qgzp ip pnla
oq lnu s{i`jp$
08 | S o e j
0$ @"Qgip ip qgj lnujpq e{oaj ugi`g `od djiqgj{ kj pnla id pj`ndap lnq dn{
{jsoi{ja oda ip qgzp `zq oda aipsnpja nhh$
?3$ SO@MIDE
Qgj pgnjp nd`j `gj`mja o{j qgjd so`mja xj{y qgnzegqhzlly qn s{nqj`q qgj
pgnj h{nb ody mida nh aoboej$ Jo`g soi{ ip hi{pq {nllja idpiaj slopqi`
pgjjqp oda qgjd szq idqn `o{akno{a knwjp, boaj jwo`qly qn pivj$ Qgjpj
pboll knwjp o{j qgjd szq idqn lo{ej ndjp, qgj bopqj{ `o{qndp hn{
q{odpsn{qoqind sz{snpjp$ Jo`g knw ip lokjlja uiqg iqp ajpqidoqind oaa{jpp
oda nqgj{ ajqoilp pz`g op koq`g, bodzho`qz{ide idhn{boqind jq`$
05 | S o e j
Qgjpj knwjp o{j dnq pqn{ja oq qgj slodq hn{ bn{j qgod ; aoyp$ Qgjy o{j
ibbjaioqjly ajlixj{ja qn qgji{ ajpqidoqind {jqoil pqn{jp ugi`g pqn`m iq
qgjbpjlxjp$
07 | S o e j
[JPJO[@G ( AJXJLNSBJDQ
AJSO[QBJDQ
Qgj [jpjo{`g ( Ajxjlnsbjdq uide oq Koqo Ho{iaokoa ajpiedp dju pgnjp,
plissj{p, podaolp jq`$
Qgip [(A uide ndly un{mp nd {zkkj{ kopja s{naz`qp= iq anjp dnq ajpied
ljoqgj{ Hnnqujo{p$ Qgjy ajpied hnnqujo{ boidly hn{ qgj qjjdoej e{nzs$
Gnu Qgj Ajso{qbjdq Hzd`qindp6"
Ugjdjxj{ qgj [(A ajso{qbjdq ajpiedp o dju s{naz`q, iq bzpq hi{pq ejq iq
oss{nxja h{nb qgj id gnzpj Qjpqide Lokn{oqn{y, ugi`g qgn{nzegly qjpqp qgj
s{naz`q qn `gj`m ugjqgj{ iq Ip hiq qn godalj {jol un{la hnnqujo{ q{joqbjdq$
Qgip ip o pn{q nh o s{j"`nbbj{`iolivoqind qjpq nh qgj s{naz`q$ Qgj lokn{oqn{y
gop xo{inzp bo`gidjp pnbj nh ugi`g o{j6
?$ Ndj ugi`g azsli`oqjp qgj bnxjbjdqp nh qgj hnnq ugjd o sj{pnd uolmp$
Qgjy boidqoid qgoq ody s{naz`q pgnzla kj enna jdnzeg hn{ oq ljopq :
billind pz`g bnxjbjdqp kjhn{j odyqgide gossjdp qn iq$
09 | S o e j
;$ Ndj ip o bo`gidj ip qn qjpq qgj pnlj nh qgj pgnj$ Iq ip jdpz{ja qgoq qgj
pnlj pz{xixjp ?$: lomg pgnqp, kjhn{j iq kj`nbjp zdhiq hn{ zpj$
0$ Qgjd qgj{j ip olpn o ajxi`j qn `gj`m qgj zoliqy nh qgj knwjp id ugi`g
so`mide nh qgj pgnjp ip qn kj andj$
1$ Qgjy olpn `gj`m qgj ok{opind nh {zkkj{ `nbsndjdq
:$ O `j{qoid bnipqz{j ljxjl gop qn kj boidqoidja id qgj s{naz`qind nh
pgnjp oda qgip ip olpn `gj`mja id qgip ajso{qbjdq$
13 | S o e j
8$ Qgj pg{idmoej nh qgj {zkkj{ pnlj ip olpn qjpqja gj{j id od nxjd$ Iq
pgnzla kj o``n{aide qn qgj psj`ihija dn{bp$
$
5$ Qgj qjwqilj oda qg{joa zpja id qgj s{naz`qind ip olpn qjpqja oda djjap
qn kj oss{nxja$
1? | S o e j
Qgjpj bo`gidjp o{j olpn zpja qn `gj`m qgj bodzho`qz{ja pgnjp pnbjqibjp
limj nd`j id o bndqg$ Ndj pgnj ip si`mja h{nb qgj lnq oda ip qjpqja nd oll
qgjpj so{objqj{p$ Qgip `od kj {jeo{aja op o so{q nh zoliqy `ndq{nl$
Ohqj{ qgj dju s{naz`q gop kjjd oss{nxja ky qgj lokn{oqn{y iq enjp qn qgj
bodoejbjdq, ugi`g aj`iajp nd qgj qo{ejq bo{mjq hn{ qgj dju s{naz`q, qgj
s{i`j nh qgj s{naz`q, qgj hjopikiliqy nh s{naz`ide qgoq s{naz`q, qgj idxjpqbjdq
{jzi{ja, jq`$ Qgip ip o `{z`iol pqoej id qgj ajxjlnsbjdq nh o s{naz`q$ Qgj
bodoejbjdq gop qn `o{jhzlly jxolzoqj ujoqgj{ s{naz`ide qgj s{naz`q uill
yijla poqipho`qn{y s{nhiqp n{ dnq, ih dnq qgjd qgj s{naz`q ip a{nssja qgjd oda
qgj{j$ Qn hida qgip nzq ugoq Koqo anjp ip qgoq idpqjoa lozd`gide o s{naz`q id
qgj jdqi{j bo{mjq, iq lozd`gjp iq id o pboll pjebjdq nh qgj bo{mjq qn qjpq qgj
{jpsndpj nh qgj `zpqnbj{p pn op qn bidibivj lnppjp ih ody$
Iq ip ndly ohqj{ o s{naz`q gop kjjd oss{nxja ky qgj bodoejbjdq, `od iq en
idqn s{naz`qind$ Ugj{j hi{pq ody dju bo`gidj{y {jzi{ja hn{ qgj s{naz`qind
gop qn kj o`zi{ja oda qgjd qgj s{naz`q ip hidolly s{naz`ja$
O[JOP UGI@G [J_ZI[J IBS[NXJBJDQ
?$ Qgj pso`j oxoiloklj uop xj{y zdaj{"zqilivja$
;$ Qgj{j uop ndly ndj zoliqy idpsj`qn{$
0$ Dnqgide dnqi`joklj kzq uj pjdpja o qihh kjqujjd qgj loknz{
zdindp oda qgj bodoejbjdq$
1; | S o e j
Qg{joa Q jpqide Qjwqilj Q jpqide
10 | S o e j
[JHJ[JD@JP
?$ B{$ Bzmjpg, qgj G[ bodoej{
;$ B{$Mobljpg, qgj S{naz`qindp Bodoej{
Ujkpiqjp
uuu$Ennelj$`n$id
uuu$Koqoidaio$`nb
Knnmp
11 | S o e j
Oq
Nsj{oqind
Bodoejbjdq ky
Gjivj{ ( [jdaj{
(
S{naz`qind oda
Nsj{oqindp

Bodo jbjdq k K$