Environmental

Pollution Control
CH-411
Lecture 1

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Books
1. Howard S. Peavy, Donald R.
Rowe, George Tchobanoglous
“Environmental Engineering”
2. Gerard Kiely “Environmental
Engineering”

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 Water & its Significance
for Natural life
Water is the one of the most important
substance on earth.
All plants and animals
must have water to
survive.
If there was no water there would be no
life on earth. 3
Water & its Significance for Human
The availability of water
supply adequate in terms
of both quantity and quality
is essential to human
existence.
Civilization developed around water
bodies that could support agriculture and 4
transportation as well as provide drinking
Water & its Significance for Human
Early people recognized the importance
of water from a quantity viewpoint. As
they could only judge water quality only
through the physical sense of;
Sight
Taste
Smell 5
Water & its Significance for Human
In 1854, Dr. John Snow a public health worker
in London noted a high correlation between
water consumption and human health.
By 1990 the concept of waterborne diseases
was well accepted.
Many chemicals used in industrial processes
and agriculture have been identified in water.
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Availability of Water

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Hydrological Cycle
Hydrological Cycle or Global water cycle,
describe the storage and movement of water in
different states
between the
Lithosphere
 Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
 Biosphere
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Hydrological Cycle

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Stages of Hydrological Cycle
A fundamental characteristic of the hydrologic
cycle is that it has no beginning and it has no end.
It can be studied by starting at any of the following
processes:
 Evaporation  Interception
 Transpiration  Percolation
 Sublimation  Infiltration
 Condensation  Runoff
 Precipitation  Storage 10
Hydrological Cycle
Evaporation
Evaporation occurs when the physical state of
water is changed from a liquid state to a
gaseous state.
A considerable amount of heat, about 600
calories of energy for each gram of water, is
exchanged during the change of state.
About 90% of water conversion into vapors in
atmosphere comes through evaporation by 11
oceans lakes and rivers.
Factor effecting that rate of natural
evaporation in different geographical
regions are
 Solar Radiation
 Wind
 vapor Pressure
 Air temperature
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Hydrological Cycle
Condensation
Water vapor condenses onto small airborne particles to form
dew, fog, or clouds.
Condensation is brought about by cooling of the air or by
increasing the amount of vapor in the air to its saturation
point.
The most active particles that form clouds are sea salts,
atmospheric ions caused by lighting, and combustion 13
products containing sulfurous and nitrous acids
Hydrological Cycle
Evapotranspiration / Transpiration
Plants transpire to move nutrients to the
upper portion of the plants and to cool the
leaves exposed to the sun.
Water inside of plants is transferred from the
plant to the atmosphere as water vapor
through numerous individual leave openings. 14
Hydrological Cycle
Sublimation
Mountain ice is prime candidate for
sublimation.
Factor which increase sublimation
Low pressure
Low humidity
High wind
Intense sunlight 15
Hydrological Cycle
Precipitation
At a certain point, the droplet will become big
enough that its mass will be subject to the
force of gravity at a rate faster than the force
of the updraft in the air around it. At this
point, the water falls to earth.
Precipitation is the process that occurs when
any and all forms of water particles fall from
the atmosphere and reach the ground. [16]
Hydrological Cycle
Interception
Interception is the process of
interrupting the movement
of water in the chain of
transportation events leading
to streams.
Infiltration
Infiltration is the physical process involving
movement of water through the boundary area 17

where the atmosphere interfaces with the soil

Hydrological Cycle
Typically, the infiltration rate depends on the
1.Puddling of the water at the soil surface by the impact of
raindrops
2.Texture and structure of the soil,
3.Initial soil moisture content,
4.Swelling of the wetted soils that in turn close cracks in
the soil.
5.Changes in the soil composition
6.Decreasing water concentration
as the water moves deeper into
the soil filling of the pores in the
soil matrices [18]
Hydrological Cycle
Percolation
Percolation is the movement of water
through the soil, and it's layers, by gravity
and capillary forces.
The prime moving force of groundwater is
gravity.
Water that is in the
zone of aeration
where air exists is
called vadose water. [19]
Hydrological Cycle
a

Water that is in the

zone of saturation is
called groundwater.
a

The boundary that

separates the vadose
and the saturation zones is called the water
table.
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Hydrological Cycle
Spring Occur when an groundwater becomes
oversaturated, and the excess water leaks out of the
soil onto the surface.
Most commonly, springs will emerge from cracks
in rocks and holes in the ground

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Hydrological Cycle
Ice Caps
They form when a large volume of snow falls
and is not evaporated or sublimated, the ice
compacts under its own weight to form these
caps.
As the atmosphere warms up slowly, more and
more of this ice melts and evaporates, releasing
more water into the hydrologic cycle. It is this
process which causes rises in the ocean levels. 22
Hydrological Cycle
Surface Runoff
 After heavy rainfall has saturated the soil it will
cease to absorb water and additional rainfall,
as well as melted snow and ice, will simply flow
off of the surface.
 The flow follows gravity down hills, mountains,
and other inclines to form streams and join
rivers. This is known as surface runoff.
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