Design of U Trough without Bridge Loading

Finite element model of the U trough is done using beam elements in staad. The wall thickness varies
with 750 mm at the top and 1500 mm at the base, for which the average thickness of 1125 mm is used
in the analytical model. Base slab of 1500 mm is considered in the model.

Finite Element Model of Barrel; Rendered View

1. Self-weight: the dead load of the structural components is automatically calculated by Staad.

2. Surcharge: A uniform surcharge load of 9 kN/sq m is applied on the wall face

3. Earth Pressure: Triangular Lateral pressure on the walls with a friction angle of 32 degree and at
rest pressure coefficient of ko = 1-sin φ =0.47

Loading:1. Self-weight; 2. Surcharge

 Loading:3. Earth Pressure

Bending Moment & Shear Force

Section Capacity of wall section at base as per EC2(Autodesk Structural Bridge
Design 2018)
Neutral axis free to rotate
Neutral axis angle (applied loads) = 0.0° (clockwise from yy)

This analysis ignores the contribution of all reinforcement in compression.

depth in compression = 136.95129 mm

MAXIMUM Strains:
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
Material Property Strain Stress location
MPa y z
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
C35/45 Ecm 34.1 0.0035 19.833333 1000.0 1500.0
Grade 450 Es 200.0 0.0019411 388.21031 928.57143 1439.0

MINIMUM Strains:
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
Material Property Strain Stress location
MPa y z
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
C35/45 Ecm 34.1 -0.034835 0.0 0.0 0.0
Grade 450 Es 200.0 -0.033276 -391.3043 71.428571 61.0

LOADING relative to centroidal axes:

———————————————————————————————————————————————————
Applied Applied Spare (Internal
Loads Strains Resistance Forces)
———————————————————————————————————————————————————
My kN.m 0.0 none 3044.0526 3044.0526
Mz kN.m 0.0 none n/a -2.082E-11
Ax kN 0.0 none n/a -0.0158509
 —————————
Spare resistance for Y Moment - Positive = 3044.0526 kN.m

Summary of Internal Forces

—————————————————————
Force Acting
Height
kN mm
—————————————————————
compression force, Fcd
- concrete 2202.9236 1442.82
- reinforcement (ignored)
- combined 2202.9236 1442.82
tension force, Ftd
- reinforcement -2202.939 61.0

inner lever arm, z = 1442.82 - 61.0 = 1381.819 mm

Note: Moments arising from eccentricity of axial loads are relative to the
centroidal axis of the section.
The transformed section centroid is used.

End

Shear Capacity Calculations of wall section at base as per EC2(Autodesk

Structural Bridge Design 2018)

WARNING - This analysis assumes that all tension steel (As) is adequately
anchored to resist the required tensile forces.
(Refer to clause 6.2.1(7), Figure 6.3, and clause 6.2.3(7) of EN1992-1-1).

All reinforcement is assumed to be parallel, and to be perpendicular to the

cross section.

Analysis:
Shear Forces and associated Bending Moments
Ultimate Limit State: Persistent / Transient - EN 1990 Eqn 6.10

————————————————————————————————
SUMMARY OF ACTION EFFECTS
————————————————————————————————
Moment My 3044.05 kN.m Shear Vz 773.0 kN
Moment Mz 0.0 kN.m Shear Vy 0.0 kN
Neutral Axis angle 0.0°
Resolved Moment 3044.05 kN.m
Resolved Shear 773.0 kN
Axial Load 0.0 kN

———————————————————————————————————————————————————————
Clause 6.2.2(1)
Shear Resistance with no design shear reinforcement
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————

The design value for shear resistance is given by:

VRd,c = [CRd,c .k(100.ρl .fck )1/3 + k1 .σcp ].bw .d Expression (6.2a)

with a minimum of

VRd,c = (vmin + k1 .σcp ).bw .d Expression (6.2b)

characteristic strength of concrete fck = 35.0 MPa

material partial factor γc = 1.5
ULS concrete strength coefficient, αcc = 0.85
design strength of concrete fck /γc *αcc , fcd = 19.8333 MPa
smallest width of section in tensile area, bw = 1000.0 mm
effective depth, d = 1439.0 mm
axial force in cross section, NEd = 0.0 kN
area of concrete cross section, Ac = 1.555E6 mm²
concrete compressive stress NEd /Ac , σcp = 0.0/1.555E6
= 0.0 MPa
which is less than 0.2*fcd (i.e. 3.96667)
area of tensile reinforcement, Asl = 5629.73 mm²[1]
reinforcement ratio, ρl = Asl /(bw .d) <= 0.02
= 5629.73/(1000.0*1439.0)
ρl = 0.00391
depth parameter, k = 1 + √(200.0/d) <= 2.0
= 1 + √(200.0/1439.0)
= 1.37281
which is not greater than 2.0, therefore, k = 1.37281

CRd,c = 0.18/γc
= 0.18/1.5
= 0.12

vmin = 0.035*k(3/2) .√fck

= 0.035*1.373(3/2) *√35.0
= 0.33305 MPa

k1 = 0.15

CRd,c .k(100.ρl .fck )(1/3)

= 0.12*1.37281*(100*0.00391*35.0)(1/3)
= 0.39411
which is not less than vmin, therefore,
VRd,c = (0.39411 + k1 .σcp ).bw .d
= (0.39411 + 0.15 * 0.0 )* 1000.0 * 1439.0
= 567.131 kN

Since VEd > VRd,c design shear reinforcement is required at this location.

Compression shear component, Vccd = 0.0 kN

Tension shear component, Vtd = 0.0 kN
for clause 6.2.1(6),
VEd - Vccd - Vtd = 773.0-0.0-0.0 = 773.0 kN
 This section is within a distance d from the face of a support. The
following clauses therefore apply:

Clause 6.2.1(8)
The design shear reinforcement is taken as that which is required at the
section a distance d from the face of the support.
A check is carried out below that VEd does not exceed VRd,max.

Clause 6.2.2(6) and 6.2.3(8)

The load reduction factor β is not readily applicable to typical bridge
loading, and it is conservative to ignore this clause.

———————————————————————————————————————————————————————
Clause 6.2.3(103) and 6.2.3(4)
Shear Resistance with design shear reinforcement
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————

characteristic strength of shear rft, fywk = 450.0 MPa

material partial factor γs = 1.15
design strength of shear rft fywk /γs , fywd = 391.304 MPa
characteristic strength of concrete fck = 35.0 MPa
material partial factor γc = 1.5
ULS concrete strength coefficient, αcc = 0.85
design strength of concrete fck /γc *αcc , fcd = 19.8333 MPa
angle between compression strut & beam axis, θ = 21.8014 °
cotθ = 2.5
angle between shear rft and beam axis, α = π/2 rad
effective depth, d = 1439.0 mm
distance from edge of support, a = 0.0 mm

—————————————————————————
Maximum Shear Force Value
—————————————————————————
The maximum value of shear resistance is given by:

VRd,max = αcw .bw .z.υ1 .fcd (cotθ + cotα)/(1 + cot²θ) Expression (6.14)

compression chord stress coefficient, αcw : (Note 3)

for section that is not prestressed, αcw = 1.0

minimum width between tension and compression chords,

bw = 1000.0 mm
inner lever arm, z = 1381.82 mm[2]
strength reduction factor, υ1 :
υ1 = 0.6[1.0-fck /250] Expression
(6.6N)
= 0.6*(1.0-35.0/250.0)
= 0.516

αcw .bw .z.υ1 .fcd = 1.0*1000.0*1381.82*0.516*19.8333

= 14141.5 kN
since α = π/2, the expression (6.14) reduces to:

VRd,max = αcw .bw .z.υ1 .fcd /(cotθ + tanθ) Expression

(6.9)
= 14141.5/(2.5 + 0.4)
= 4876.39 kN
 which is greater than VEd - Vccd - Vtd (773.0 kN) and therefore OK.

——————————————————————————
Design Shear Reinforcement
——————————————————————————

From clause 6.2.1(5):

VEd <= VRd
From clause 6.2.1(2) Expression (6.1):
VRd = VRd,s + Vccd + Vtd
hence,
VRd,s >= VEd - Vccd - Vtd

i.e.
VRd,s >= 773.0 kN

From Expression (6.8) for vertical shear reinforcement:

Asw
VRd,s = ——— . z.fywd .cotθ
s
hence,
Asw /s = 773.0/(1381.82*391.304*2.5)
= 0.5718388 mm²/mm

———————————————————————————
Minimum Shear Reinforcement
Clause 9.2.2(5)
———————————————————————————

The minimum shear reinforcement ratio is given by Expression (9.5N) as

ρw,min = (0.08√fck )/fywk
= (0.08√35.0)/450.0
= 0.00105
From Expression (9.4)
ρw = Asw /(s.bw .sinα)

hence,
(Asw /s),min = ρw,min .bw .sinα
= 0.00105*1000.0*1.0
= 1.05175 mm²/mm

therefore, Asw /s = 1.05175 mm²/mm

Link arrangement:
———————————————————————————————————————————————
diameter Maximum spacing mm
mm 2 legs 4 legs
———————————————————————————————————————————————
6.0 53.7664 107.533
8.0 95.5847 191.169
10.0 149.351 298.702
12.0 215.066 430.131
16.0 382.339 764.678

Maximum longitudinal spacing between shear assemblies

Clause 9.2.2(6)
sl,max = 0.75*d(1+cotα) Expression (9.6N)
 = 0.75*1439.0*1.0
= 1079.25 mm

Maximum transverse spacing of legs in shear links

Clause 9.2.2(8)
st,max = 0.75*d Expression (9.8N)
= 0.75*1439.0
= 1079.25 mm
but <= 600.0 mm
so st,max = 600.0 mm

———————————————————————————————————————————————————————
Longitudinal Reinforcement for Shear
Clause 6.2.3(107)
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————

The additional tensile force in the longitudinal reinforcement is

calculated from Expression (6.18)

ΔFtd = 0.5*VEd (cotθ-cotα)

= 0.5*773.0*(2.5-0.0)
= 966.25 kN

When this tensile force is added to the reinforcement at this location,

the reduced moment resistance is calculated as:
MRd = 1739.96 kN.m
which is less than MEd, therefore additional longitudinal reinforcement
is
required.

________
[1] The 'tensile reinforcement' is taken here to be the reinforcement below
the
elastic neutral axis of the section, based on the transformed section
properties. In some cases (for example in the presence of high axial
load)
some or all of this reinforcement may in fact be in compression.
[2] The inner lever arm is derived by analysing the section for the design
moment and dividing the moment by the reinforcement tension force

End

Section Capacity of wall section @ 0.5H as per EC2(Autodesk Structural Bridge

Design 2018)
Neutral axis free to rotate
Neutral axis angle (applied loads) = 0.0° (clockwise from yy)

This analysis ignores the contribution of all reinforcement in compression.

depth in compression = 71.519033 mm

MAXIMUM Strains:
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
Material Property Strain Stress location
MPa y z
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
C35/45 Ecm 34.1 0.0035 19.833333 1000.0 1125.0
Grade 450 Es 200.0 6.8606E-4 137.21275 916.66667 1067.5

MINIMUM Strains:
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
Material Property Strain Stress location
MPa y z
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
C35/45 Ecm 34.1 -0.051555 0.0 0.0 0.0
Grade 450 Es 200.0 -0.048741 -391.3043 83.333333 57.5

LOADING relative to centroidal axes:

———————————————————————————————————————————————————
Applied Applied Spare (Internal
Loads Strains Resistance Forces)
———————————————————————————————————————————————————
My kN.m 0.0 none 1195.7377 1195.7377
Mz kN.m 0.0 none n/a -1.053E-12
 Ax kN 0.0 none n/a 0.01297596
—————————
Spare resistance for Y Moment - Positive = 1195.7377 kN.m

Summary of Internal Forces

—————————————————————
Force Acting
Height
kN mm
—————————————————————
compression force, Fcd
- concrete 1152.4994 1095.02
- reinforcement (ignored)
- combined 1152.4994 1095.02
tension force, Ftd
- reinforcement -1152.486 57.5

inner lever arm, z = 1095.02 - 57.5 = 1037.5226 mm

Note: Moments arising from eccentricity of axial loads are relative to the
centroidal axis of the section.
The transformed section centroid is used.

End

Shear Capacity Calculations of wall section as per EC2(Autodesk Structural

Bridge Design 2018)

WARNING - This analysis assumes that all tension steel (As) is adequately
anchored to resist the required tensile forces.
(Refer to clause 6.2.1(7), Figure 6.3, and clause 6.2.3(7) of EN1992-1-1).

All reinforcement is assumed to be parallel, and to be perpendicular to the

cross section.

Analysis:
Shear Forces and associated Bending Moments
Ultimate Limit State: Persistent / Transient - EN 1990 Eqn 6.10

————————————————————————————————
SUMMARY OF ACTION EFFECTS
————————————————————————————————
Moment My 1195.74 kN.m Shear Vz 371.0 kN
Moment Mz 0.0 kN.m Shear Vy 0.0 kN
Neutral Axis angle 0.0°
Resolved Moment 1195.74 kN.m
Resolved Shear 371.0 kN
Axial Load 0.0 kN

———————————————————————————————————————————————————————
Clause 6.2.2(1)
Shear Resistance with no design shear reinforcement
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————

The design value for shear resistance is given by:

VRd,c = [CRd,c .k(100.ρl .fck )1/3 + k1 .σcp ].bw .d Expression (6.2a)

with a minimum of

VRd,c = (vmin + k1 .σcp ).bw .d Expression (6.2b)

characteristic strength of concrete fck = 35.0 MPa

material partial factor γc = 1.5
ULS concrete strength coefficient, αcc = 0.85
design strength of concrete fck /γc *αcc , fcd = 19.8333 MPa
smallest width of section in tensile area, bw = 1000.0 mm
effective depth, d = 1067.5 mm
axial force in cross section, NEd = 0.0 kN
area of concrete cross section, Ac = 1.154E6 mm²
concrete compressive stress NEd /Ac , σcp = 0.0/1.154E6
= 0.0 MPa
which is less than 0.2*fcd (i.e. 3.96667)
area of tensile reinforcement, Asl = 2945.24 mm²[1]
reinforcement ratio, ρl = Asl /(bw .d) <= 0.02
= 2945.24/(1000.0*1067.5)
ρl = 0.00276
depth parameter, k = 1 + √(200.0/d) <= 2.0
= 1 + √(200.0/1067.5)
= 1.43284
which is not greater than 2.0, therefore, k = 1.43284

CRd,c = 0.18/γc
= 0.18/1.5
= 0.12

vmin = 0.035*k(3/2) .√fck

= 0.035*1.433(3/2) *√35.0
= 0.35514 MPa

k1 = 0.15

CRd,c .k(100.ρl .fck )(1/3)

= 0.12*1.43284*(100*0.00276*35.0)(1/3)
= 0.36614
which is not less than vmin, therefore,
VRd,c = (0.36614 + k1 .σcp ).bw .d
= (0.36614 + 0.15 * 0.0 )* 1000.0 * 1067.5
= 390.86 kN

Since VEd < VRd,c minimum shear reinforcement only may be provided at this
section, to comply with clause 6.2.1(4)

Compression shear component, Vccd = 0.0 kN

Tension shear component, Vtd = 0.0 kN
for clause 6.2.1(6),
VEd - Vccd - Vtd = 371.0-0.0-0.0 = 371.0 kN
 This section is within a distance d from the face of a support. The
following clauses therefore apply:

Clause 6.2.1(8)
The design shear reinforcement is taken as that which is required at the
section a distance d from the face of the support.
A check is carried out below that VEd does not exceed VRd,max.

Clause 6.2.2(6) and 6.2.3(8)

The load reduction factor β is not readily applicable to typical bridge
loading, and it is conservative to ignore this clause.

———————————————————————————————————————————————————————
Clause 6.2.3(103) and 6.2.3(4)
Shear Resistance with design shear reinforcement
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————

characteristic strength of shear rft, fywk = 450.0 MPa

material partial factor γs = 1.15
design strength of shear rft fywk /γs , fywd = 391.304 MPa
characteristic strength of concrete fck = 35.0 MPa
material partial factor γc = 1.5
ULS concrete strength coefficient, αcc = 0.85
design strength of concrete fck /γc *αcc , fcd = 19.8333 MPa
angle between compression strut & beam axis, θ = 21.8014 °
cotθ = 2.5
angle between shear rft and beam axis, α = π/2 rad
effective depth, d = 1067.5 mm
distance from edge of support, a = 0.0 mm

—————————————————————————
Maximum Shear Force Value
—————————————————————————
The maximum value of shear resistance is given by:

VRd,max = αcw .bw .z.υ1 .fcd (cotθ + cotα)/(1 + cot²θ) Expression (6.14)

compression chord stress coefficient, αcw : (Note 3)

for section that is not prestressed, αcw = 1.0

minimum width between tension and compression chords,

bw = 1000.0 mm
inner lever arm, z = 1037.52 mm[2]
strength reduction factor, υ1 :
υ1 = 0.6[1.0-fck /250] Expression
(6.6N)
= 0.6*(1.0-35.0/250.0)
= 0.516

αcw .bw .z.υ1 .fcd = 1.0*1000.0*1037.52*0.516*19.8333

= 10618.0 kN
since α = π/2, the expression (6.14) reduces to:

VRd,max = αcw .bw .z.υ1 .fcd /(cotθ + tanθ) Expression

(6.9)
= 10618.0/(2.5 + 0.4)
= 3661.38 kN
 which is greater than VEd - Vccd - Vtd (371.0 kN) and therefore OK.

———————————————————————————
Minimum Shear Reinforcement
Clause 9.2.2(5)
———————————————————————————

The minimum shear reinforcement ratio is given by Expression (9.5N) as

ρw,min = (0.08√fck )/fywk
= (0.08√35.0)/450.0
= 0.00105
From Expression (9.4)
ρw = Asw /(s.bw .sinα)

hence,
(Asw /s),min = ρw,min .bw .sinα
= 0.00105*1000.0*1.0
= 1.05175 mm²/mm

therefore, Asw /s = 1.05175 mm²/mm

Link arrangement:
———————————————————————————————————————————————
diameter Maximum spacing mm
mm 2 legs 4 legs
———————————————————————————————————————————————
6.0 53.7664 107.533
8.0 95.5847 191.169
10.0 149.351 298.702
12.0 215.066 430.131
16.0 382.339 764.678

Maximum longitudinal spacing between shear assemblies

Clause 9.2.2(6)
sl,max = 0.75*d(1+cotα) Expression (9.6N)
= 0.75*1067.5*1.0
= 800.625 mm

Maximum transverse spacing of legs in shear links

Clause 9.2.2(8)
st,max = 0.75*d Expression (9.8N)
= 0.75*1067.5
= 800.625 mm
but <= 600.0 mm
so st,max = 600.0 mm

———————————————————————————————————————————————————————
Longitudinal Reinforcement for Shear
Clause 6.2.3(107)
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————

No design shear reinforcement is required at this location, and

additional
tensile force in longitudinal reinforcement therefore need not be
considered.
 ________
[1] The 'tensile reinforcement' is taken here to be the reinforcement below
the
elastic neutral axis of the section, based on the transformed section
properties. In some cases (for example in the presence of high axial
load)
some or all of this reinforcement may in fact be in compression.
[2] The inner lever arm is derived by analysing the section for the design
moment and dividing the moment by the reinforcement tension force

End

Section Capacity of base slab section as per EC2(Autodesk Structural Bridge

Design 2018)