Refrigeration Cycles

BITS Pilani
Dubai Campus
TWO CATEGORIES OF THERMAL PLANTS[DEVICES]

WORK PRODUCING WORK CONSUMING

HEAT ENGINE HEAT PUMPS

( I.C ENGINE, REFRIGERATORS,
GAS TURBINE COMPRESSORS
STEAM TURBINE) PUMPS

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 DEFINITION
• REFRIGERATION is the cooling of air/liquids, thus providing
lower temperatures to preserve food, cool beverages, make ice and for
many other applications.

• AIR CONDITIONING :SIMULTANIUS CONTROL OF

TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, CLEANLINESS AND AIR MOTION.

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 REFRIGERATOR & HEAT PUMPS
 Generally heat flows in the direction of
decreasing temperature
 i.e from higher temperature regions to low
temperature ones.
 This heat transfer process occurs in nature
without requiring any devices.
 The reverse process, however, cannot occur by
itself.
 The transfer of heat from a low temperature
region to a high temperature one requires special
devices called Refrigerators/Heat pumps

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 DEFINITION
 REFRIGERATION- PRODUCTION OF COOL CONFINEMENT WITH RESPECT TO
SURROUNDINGS.

 ARTIFICIAL WITHDRAWAL OF HEAT, PRODUCING A TEMPERATURE LOWER

THAN THAT WHICH WOULD EXIST.

 SCIENCE OF PROVIDING & MAINTAINING TEMPERATURES BELOW THAT OF

SURROUNDINGS.
 REFRIGERATION MACHINERY WHICH DOES HEATING IS CALLED A HEAT PUMP.

 REFRIGERATION- PUMPING OF HEAT OUT OF THE SYSTEMS

 HEAT PUMP – PUMPING OF HEAT FROM THE SURROUNDINGS INTO THE SYSTEMS

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 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REFRGERATION & HEAT PUMP

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 HEAT ENGINE
Q?

BOILER

TURBINE WORK
PUMP

CONDENSER

QL SYSTEM BOUNDARY

A HEAT ENGINE INVOLVING STEADY-STATE, STEADY FLOW PROCESSES.

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 HEAT ENGINE

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 HEAT PUMP & REFRIGERATOR

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REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE

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 Most of the commercial refrigeration is produced by the
evaporation of a liquid called refrigerant.
 Mechanical refrigeration depends upon the evaporation of liquid
refrigerant and its circuit
 And its circuits includes the equipments naming evaporator,
compressor, condenser and expansion valve.
 It is used for preservation of food, manufacture of ice, solid
carbon dioxide and control of air temperature and humidity in the
air-conditioning system.

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Important refrigeration applications :
1. Ice making
2. Transportation of foods above and below freezing
3. Industrial air-conditioning
4. Comfort air-conditioning
5. Chemical and related industries
6. Medical and surgical aids
7. Processing food products and beverages
8. Oil refining and synthetic rubber manufacturing
9. Manufacturing and treatment of metals
10. Freezing food products
11. Miscellaneous applications :
(i) Extremely low temperatures
(ii) Plumbing
(iii) Building construction etc.
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 REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
The various refrigeration systems may be enumerated as

below :

1. Ice refrigeration

2. Air refrigeration system

3. Vapour compression réfrigération system

4. Vapour absorption refrigeration system

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• The rating of a refrigeration machine is obtained by refrigerating effect
or the amount of heat extracted in a given time from a body or space.

• One tonne of refrigeration is defined as the refrigerating effect (amount

of heat extracted ) produced by melting 1 tonne of ice from and at 00C in
24 hours.

• We know that latent heat of fusion of ice = 336 kJ/kg.

• Refrigerating effect of this heat in terms of tonne in 24 hours is rated as

• tonne of refrigeration

1T.R = 336x 1000/ 24 = 14000kJ/hr.

= 210kJ/min. = 3.85 kJ/se

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 COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE

• Performance of the refrigerator is desired output

COPR 
determined by using co- efficient of required input
performance which is defined as
• the ratio of heat absorbed by the
Wnet , in  QH  QL
refrigerant while passing through the
evaporator to the work input required
to compress the refrigerant in the QL
COPR 
compressor ; QH – QL
• in short it is the ratio between heat
extracted and work done
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 VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

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 P-H CHART

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