Assignment No: 04

EC 306 EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS

SUBMITTED BY:

NAME : SATINDER SINGH

ROLL NUMBER: 2K17/EC/150
1. Explain the application of still camera engine.
ANSWER:
All the image-processing and image-compression operations are performed in the DSC engine.
Most DSC systems also provide an NTSC/PAL video signal to view the captured images (also the
preview images) on a TV monitor.
Services such as Multimedia Messaging and Mobile Internet will contribute to make image
acquisition more pervasive (imaging enabled mobile phones), but at the same time will make
easier to access to remote imaging services through a link between DSC and wireless linked
mobile devices. The new JPEG2000 standard is promising a lot as far as compression efficiency
and features to be supported at a cost of a higher complexity with respect to JPEG. It provides a
new image representation with a rich set of features, all supported within the same
compressed bit-stream that can address a variety of existing and emerging compression
applications. In particular, the standard addresses some of the shortcomings of baseline JPEG
by supporting the following set of features: improved compression efficiency, lossy to lossless
compression, multiple resolution representation, embedded bit-stream (progressive decoding
and SNR scalability), tiling, region-of-interest (ROI) coding, error resilience, random code stream
access and processing, improved performance to multiple compression/ decompression cycles,
a more flexible file format. The complexity and the fact that in the range of visually lossless
compression factor the compression efficiency on JPEG2000 vs. JPEG is in the range 10~15%
higher, both make JPEG2000 attractive for its flexibility and features that must be exploited by a
killer application
Features allowing a number of different image effects are becoming increasingly common. This
allows the selection of monochrome, negative and sepia modes. Apart from their use for artistic
effect, the monochrome mode is useful for capturing images of documents for subsequent
optical character recognition (OCR). Some digital cameras also provide a ‘sports’ mode - which
adds sharpness to the captured images of moving objects - and a ‘night shooting’ mode that
allows for long exposures. Panoramic modes differ in their degree of complexity. At the simpler
end of the spectrum is the option for a letterbox aspect image that simply trims off the top and
the bottom edges of a standard image - taking up less storage space in the process. More
esoteric is the ability to produce pseudopanoramic shots by capturing a series of images and
then combining them into a single panoramic landscape using special-purpose software.

2. Describe the elements of Network Embedded System.

ANSWER:
As embedded systems are becoming more and more complex, the knowledge about various
disciplines like data processing, electronics, telecommunications, and networks becomes
mandatory for all. Nowadays, “network” plays a prominent role in embedded systems. A proper
understanding of networks is also equally important.
For example – routers, gateways, remote process controllers, and sensor networks interact
with the networks.
 The embedded system was originally designed to work on a single device. However, in the
current scenario, the implementation of different networking options has increased the overall
performance of the embedded system in terms of economy as well as technical considerations.
The most efficient types of the network used in the embedded system are BUS network and an
Ethernet network.
A BUS is used to connect different network devices and to transfer a huge range of data, for
example, serial bus, I2C bus, CAN bus, etc.
The Ethernet type network works with the TCP/IP protocol.
Examples of embedded networking include CAN, I2C, Component, sensor, and serial bus
networking.
Different types of networks generally have the following points in common:
 Servers: These are computers that provide the main information.
 Clients: These are computers or other devices that get access to shared resources.
 Connection medium: Connection medium defines the interlinking of different devices.
 Shared data: It refers to the information that is transmitted in a network and received
by the clients.
 Printers and other shared peripherals: Peripherals (devices) that are connected to the
client machines for processing and obtaining the information.

3. Describe various types of AMBA bus.

ANSWER:
The communication bus, known as advanced microprocessor bus architecture (AMBA), handles
low speed buses for serial communication and digital input output operations using a bridge.
This architecture meets the high-speed requirements of 32-bit processing, and relatively low
speed operations of low speed peripherals.

Types of AMBA:
 The advanced high-performance bus (AHB)
AHB is a bus protocol introduced in Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture version 2
published by ARM Ltd company.
In addition to previous release, it has the following features:
 large bus-widths (64/128/256/512/1024 bit).
A simple transaction on the AHB consists of an address phase and a subsequent data phase
(without wait states: only two bus-cycles). Access to the target device is controlled through
a MUX (non-tristate), thereby admitting bus-access to one bus-master at a time.
 AHB-Lite is a subset of AHB formally defined in the AMBA 3 standard. This subset simplifies the
design for a bus with a single master.
 The advanced system bus (ASB)
The ASB is a simplified version of the AHB and offers high performance for 16- and 32-bit
systems. Many of the same signal on an AHB are used for the ASB aside from certain control
signals that allow for split transactions.
The operation of the ASB starts with a master requesting access to the bus from the arbiter. The
arbiter grants the request and the transfer begins, the decoder decodes the address placed on
the bus and selects a slave. The slave responds back to the master and the data transfer takes
place.
 The advanced peripheral bus (APB)
APB is designed for low bandwidth control accesses, for example register interfaces on system
peripherals. This bus has an address and data phase similar to AHB, but a much reduced, low
complexity signal list (for example no bursts).
-It is interface for a low frequency system
 The AMBA extensible interface (AXI)
AXI, the third generation of AMBA interface defined in the AMBA 3 specification, is targeted at
high performance, high clock frequency system designs and includes features that make it
suitable for high speed sub-micrometer interconnect:
 separate address/control and data phases
 support for unaligned data transfers using byte strobes
 burst based transactions with only start address issued
 issuing of multiple outstanding addresses with out of order responses
 easy addition of register stages to provide timing closure.

4. Describe the rounding methods of DSP.

ANSWER:
Rounding: round to the nearest number or even number in case of a tie.
1 is added to the LSB position of the bits to be retained if there are a 1 in the MSB position
and/or subsequent bits being removed; in case of a 1 only in MSB, round to make LSB of the
retained bits a zero.
Von Neumann rounding: if bits to be removed are all 0, then no changes in the retained bit; if
any of the bits removed are 1, then LSB of the retained bits is set to 1
=> unbiased approximation
Chopping : Rounding a number by chopping amounts to dropping the extra digits. Here the
given number is truncated. Suppose that we are using a computer with fixed word length of
four digits. Then the truncated representation of the number 72.32451 will be 72.32. the digit
451 will be dropped.

5. Why does the DSP prefer circular addressing mode?

ANSWER:
In real time processing of signals, the input signal is continuously stored in memory. The
processed data is stored in another memory space continuously and may be written on to the
output device. In this case, the input as well as output program will be simple. However,
since the input as well as the output memory space is finite it would be exhausted after
processing the input signal for some time, if the data is written into the memory by using
linear addressing mode. This problem may be overcome by checking continuously whether
the range of either the input or the output memory space is exceeded. In that case, the new
data is to be stored starting from the beginning of the particular memory space. Checking
this condition is an overhead that can be overcome using the circular addressing mode.