J. L.

Depaynos, MA AS
Math 100
Statistics is the science of designing studies or
experiments, collecting data and modeling/analyzing
data for the purpose of decision making and scientific
discovery when the available information is both
limited and variable. That is, statistics is the science
of Learning from Data.
 FACTORS TO TEACHER EVALUATION:
A STRUCTURAL EQUATION
MODELING ANALYSIS
Statistics is the 1. What are the latent factors of teaching
science of COPAI as based on the results of the evaluation
of data. of students to teachers?
2. What are the significant factors that
Problem affect the general evaluation of students
 COLLECTION
to teachers?
 ORANIZATION
 PRESENTATION
3. What is the extent and direction of
 ANALYSIS influence of the factors to the general
 INTERPRETATION evaluation to teachers when associated
according to the sex of the evaluators?
 A population (N) is the
entire set of people or
observations in which you
are interested or which are
being studied.

A sample (n) is a subset of

the population.

*Parameters and Statistics

 Descriptive Statistics
 The process of directly describing the characteristics
of either populations or samples.

 Inferential Statistics
 The process of using samples to estimate the
characteristics of populations.
 A variable is a characteristic that has a quantity
or quality that varies.
 Examples are:
Sex, Religion, Marital Height, Number of
Status, Residence, Registered Cars,
Highest Educational Household Size,
Attainment, Level of Crime Index
Influence, Crime by Type
1. Nominal
 Qualitative
 No natural or obvious ordering

2. Ordinal
 Qualitative
 Can be ranked in a significant order
3. Interval
 Quantitative
 Can assume negative values

4. Ratio
 Quantitative
 There exists a meaningful zero
1. Number of family members who are working
2. Level of difficulty of this activity
3. Length of longest call made on each cellphone
4. Hotel room number
5. Amount spent in pesos on food in one week
6. Occupation of household head
7. Total family income
8. Acceleration of a car
9. Access of family members to social media
10. Organizational hierarchy of UC employees
Consider:

Q: How did your classmates do on that economics

test you took today?
A: Angela received an 85, Balmond a 79, Clint a 95,
Dyrroth a 75, Estes a 90, …

statistics
A tabular presentation of qualitative or quantitative data
grouped into
CATEGORIES or
NON-OVERLAPPING NUMERICAL INTERVALS
called
CLASSES
together with the number of observations (frequency) and
percent equivalent (%) per category/class.
 CITY/PROVINCE FREQUENCY (𝑓) %
Abra 41 10.12
Apayao 10 2.47
Baguio City 281 69.38
Benguet 45 11.11
Ifugao 10 2.47
Source:
Kalinga 11 2.72 Department of
Health
Mt. Province 7 1.73 Epidemiology
Bureau
TOTAL 405 100
 MODE 𝑓 %
Sex with males & females 107 26.42
Heterosexual 89 21.98
Male to male sex 200 49.38
Mother to child 3 0.74
Source:
Transfusion 1 0.25 Department of
Unknown 5 1.23 Health
Epidemiology
TOTAL 405 100 Bureau
YEAR COUNT %
2013 731 19.41
2014 756 20.07
2015 732 19.44
2016 521 13.83
2017 468 12.43
2018 558 14.82
TOTAL 3,766 100
1. Obtain the class size 𝑐.

𝐻𝑉 − 𝐿𝑉
𝑐=
𝑛
2. Construct the class intervals starting with the
lowest value as the lower limit of the lowest class
interval. Then, complete the frequency
distribution.
The following are the ages of the newest inmates in
the Correctional Institute for Women (Mandaluyong)
as of 2019.

35, 43, 28, 29, 55, 60, 47, 33, 32, 36, 34, 38,
37, 39, 24, 27, 52, 60, 44, 51, 50, 40, 35, 30,
29, 36, 37, 38, 39, 49, 41, 58, 63, 23, 37, 43
The Nuremberg trials were a series of military
tribunals held after World War II by the Allied forces
under international law and the laws of war. The
trials were most notable for the prosecution of
prominent members of the leadership of Nazi
Germany. The following are the IQ scores of the
defendants.
138, 130, 124, 130, 124, 138, 120, 127, 113, 129,
125, 134, 134, 129, 127, 118, 143, 130, 141, 128, 106