JOURNAL OF HE ALTH SCIENCE – VOLUME XX NUMBER XX ( YEARS) XXX - XXX

VALIDITY & RELIABILITY OF STUNTING QUESTIONNAIRE FOR TODDLERS IN

RURAL AREAS OF SOUTH WEST PAPUA
Nur Hafni Hasim
Master of Nursing, Ahmad Yani University, Cimahi, Bandung, Indonesia

ARTICLE INFORMATION A B S T R A C T
Received: Month, Date, Year Introduction: stunting can ruin the future of children. However, changes immediately impact
Revised: Month, Date, Year seriously on the stage of development child. This show needs to develop a valid and reliable
Available online: Month, Date, Year instrument that can be used for current causes of stunting in rural areas.
Purpose: The Papers try to analyze development instruments to find out the factors that cause
stunting in rural areas.
Methods: The study was conducted in a shape survey, with data analysis quantitative for get
KEYWORDS outlook measurement validity and reliability instrument built practically with the cross-
sectional method. Only mothers who have child age recruited toddlers to study this. Study this
using questionnaire. Reliability was counted using Cronbach's alpha.
Stunting, validity, reliability, rural Findings: The child's age, height, and weight are valid in determining biological factors in
stunting situations. Total room at home, job head family, and education Mother is a sub-
variable that does not describe socioeconomic factors that cause stunting. Family history
planned no is a supporting sub-variable for dig reason stunting behavior.
CORRESPONDENCE Conclusions: This project was conducted to design and evaluate questionnaire determination
of stunting factors in rural society. Investigation results show that the questionnaire is worthy
E-mail : nurhafni705@gmail.com
of identifying factor cause stunting in rural society. Findings will be interesting for holder
No. Phone : +6285238637222 policy and academic researchers. Limitations central to the study include a low interpretation
of society to be a respondent. Regardless of limitations, this study shows that biological,
socioeconomic, and behavioral factors cause stunting in rural regions. Far more necessary
work was conducted to dig and define stunting factors in the rural region. Because of it, there
is a definite need to do an in-depth interview.

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INTRODUCTION
Nutrition was very fundamental for determining the quality of something a nation. The problem of
stunting has been getting attention critical enough in various countries, including Indonesia. Decade final
has rapidly developed cases of stunting in many areas in Indonesia.
In 2021 the prevalence of stunting in Indonesia will reach 24.4%, and still taller than Vietnam (23%),
Malaysia (17%), Thailand (16%), and Singapore (4%)(Suratri et al., 2023). The government of Indonesia
has carried out many programs to reduce stunting figures through various interventions. However, in West
Papua, the prevalence of stunting (less chronic nutrition) in children under five years of age is a severe
health problem (Widiastuti et al., 2021). 
According to The Indonesian Nutritional Status Study (SSGI) conducted by the Ministry of Health's
Health Research and Development Agency in 2021, the national West Papua Province occupied ranks 16th
out of 34 provinces with the highest average stunting rate is as much as 26.2%. Whole regencies and cities
in West Papua Province, except Sorong City, have stunting rates that exceed the recommendation World
Health Organization namely Fakfak (26%), Manokwari (26.9%), Bintuni Bay (27.5%), South Manokwari
(28.5%), Kaimana (28.5%), District Sorong (28.7%), Teluk Wondama (31%), Raja Ampat (31.1%),
Maybrat (34.5%), Tambrauw (39.4%), South Sorong (39.6%), and Mountains Artifacts (40.1%)
(Litbangkes, 2022).
Now it is known with good that stunting can ruin future children. However, changes immediately
impact seriously on the stage of development child. A previous study has shown that stunted children will
experience disturbance development brain and cognitive development, so they will have difficulty
remembering, complete problems, and hiccups in involving activities of mental activity or the brain. The
problem that has become more urgent is recently the data by the World Population Review 2022, the
average IQ of children who achieve 78,49 make Indonesia must is ranked 130 out of 199 countries(World
Population Review, 2022).
Several studies on stunting focus on identifying the factors that cause stunting (Apriliani et al., 2020;
Ismail et al., 2016; Ramadhani et al., 2019; Veronica et al., 2021). However, until now, too little attention
has been given to developing instruments that do not verbose but could describe the factors that cause
stunting in the rural region. This shows the need to develop valid and reliable instruments that can be used
to know the causes of stunting in rural areas.
Paper this tries to analyze development instruments to find out the factors that cause rural stunting in
the area. A study was done in a shape survey, with data collected through interviews directly with parents
and toddlers to give an outlook new about the simple instrument in study cause of stunting in the region
countryside in the province of southwest Papua.

METHOD
There are several available instruments for measuring stunting in toddlers. However, this study uses
quantitative analysis to measure the validity and reliability of instruments built practically with the cross-
sectional method. Only mothers who have child age recruited toddlers to study this. For control bias,
measurement is done by students nursing that has through the equation process perception Among
researchers and them. Participants interviewed use a completed questionnaire made. The assistant
researcher has provided a tool gauge for the necessary measurement of height and weight. The
questionnaire asks to identify the circumstances physical child as age, gender, height, and weight of the
child. At the same time, parental demographics are measured: age, education, jobs, and income.
Circumstances of nutrition identified by the child were duration of breastfeeding, duration of weaning,
illness, treatment of toddler pain, history of use of contraception, and quantity of room in the house.
Reliability was counted using Cronbach's alpha. Related responses with weaning characteristics are
subjective and susceptible to memory bias.

RESEARCH RESULTS

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A total of 149 respondents participate with the mean age is 31 years. Characteristics socio-
demographic detailed from respondent presented in Table 1 below.
Table 1 Characteristics sociodemography respondent
CHARACTERISTICS N min MAX %
Child Age, Mean (SD) (Months) 28.7(16.9) 1 60
Type Child Gender
man 74 49.7 %
woman 75 50.3 %
Child Height (SD) (CM) 85.4(18.1) 33 130
Weight, Mean (SD) (KG) 13.3(9.34) 2.70' 91
Duration Giving Breastfeeding, Mean (SD) 12.5(11) 0 43
(Month)
Current Child Age Weaned, Mean (SD) 15.5(12.6) 0 57
(Months)
Duration Weaning, Mean (SD) Month 13(16.6) 0 70
Number of Children Under Five, Mean 1.54(0.740) 1 4
(SD)
Habit Pain, Mean (SD) (Kali) 1.93(2.72) 0 16
Treatment
Buy drug at the pharmacy / store 28 18.8 %
Doctor practice 33 22.1 %
Request drug from midwife / nurse 2 1.3 %
Public health center 74 49.7 %
Hospital 12 8.1 %
Number of Rooms, Mean (SD) 2.54(0.976) 1 6
Mother Age, Mean (SD) (Years ) 31.4(7.68) 19 59
Mother's Education
Not School 2 1.3 %
Elementary School 8 5.4 %
Junior High School 19 12.8 %
Senior High School 89 59.7 %
College 31 20.8 %
Head family
Wife 5 3.4 %
Husband 144 96.6 %
Head family last education
Not School 3 2.0 %
SD 8 5.4 %
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL 14 9.4 %
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 104 69.8 %
College 20 13.4 %
Head family occupation
Employees (public/ private ) 53 35.6 %
Self-employed 86 57.7 %
Retired 1 0.7 %
Not work 9 6.0 %
Income
<3.28 million 75 50.3 %
>3.28 million 44 29.5 %
3.28 million 30 20.1 %
Expenditure

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3.28 million 16 10.7 %

<3.28 million 79 53.0 %
>3.28 million 54 36.2 %
Family history
Not 57 38.3 %
Yes 92 61.7 %
Ownership Home
Not 35 23.5 %
Yes 114 76.5 %

Variables Before item deleted After item

deleted
Pearson's r Cronbach's α Cronbach's α
Biological factors 0.705 0.705
Age Child 0.531***
Height 0.529***
Weight _ 0.320***
Socioeconomic factors 0.0819 0.101
Room in House 0.078
Ownership house 0.128*
Amount child toddler 0.15**
Head education family 0.122**
Profession head family 0.035
Household Income 0.152**
Expenditure 0.201***
Mother's Age 0.668***
Mother's Education 0.085
Behavior factors 0.372 0.402
Duration breastfeeding 0.404***
Sick history child 0.113*
Age weaning 0.473***
Treatment 0.425***
Family history -0.004
Note. * p <.05, ** p <.01, *** p <.001
In all items age, height, and weight of the child are very valid in determining biological factors in stunting
situations. Total room at home, job head family, and education Mother is sub-variables that do not describe
socioeconomic factors cause stunting. Family history planned no is a supporting sub-variable for dig
reason stunting behavior.

DISCUSSION
Several reports have shown that the development of stunting instruments has been conducted to find
factors that influence the incidence of stunting in rural areas. However, the study's variables only focus on
anthropometry, knowledge, and attitudes. Study this leave to evaluate the importance of factors causing
stunting in rural circumstances.
Studies found that biological, socioeconomic, and behavioural factors could considerably determine
stunting conditions in rural society. The biological factor could influence stunting conditions in rural
society because malnutrition, infection, and deficiency in nutrition during pregnancy could cause the
growth of physically disabled infants and children. Socioeconomic factors could influence due to stunting
conditions, such as limited access to nutritious food, clean water, and health care, as well level low
education could also increase stunting risk. Behavior such as eating what you do not healthy, habits of
smoking, and lack of physical activity influence stunting conditions(Mulyaningsih et al., 2021).
We are surprised that total room in the home, job head family, and education Mother no is a
supporting sub-variable determination of the influence of socioeconomic factors on stunting in the rural
area. Besides that, the history of following the family program does not plan either as a sub-variable
determining behavioral factors to the incidence of stunting in the rural area. A history of participating in

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family programs is not considered a factor in determining the incidence of stunting in the area rural
because the family program generally focuses on controlling the population and planning pregnancy, not
on the growth of the influencing factor physical child. The family program planned more on efforts to
reduce the number of births, raise healthy mothers and babies, and well-being families. Other factors like
malnutrition, infection, deficiency nutrition, limited access to food nutrition and care health, and
socioeconomic factors can influence stunting conditions.
This result mirrors (Cheah et al., 2009) who also found that generalization could only be carried out at
another location with similar characteristics. Somewhat results are contradictory, possibly caused by the
level of knowledge, distribution socioeconomic Among study earlier with a study this different. Because
of that, results in this need interpreted with be interpreted carefully.
It could hypothesize that a questionnaire could be used to identify the causative factors incidence of
stunting in rural areas. Findings this Certain will many researched. However, several possible conclusions
live dependably for life. Identify the factors that cause stunting in the area rural, that is, biological factors,
factor socioeconomic and factors treated. Studies further consider variables this is necessary conducted
that is factor substitute knowledge factor mother's education.

CONCLUSION
This project was conducted to design and evaluate questionnaire determination of stunting factors in rural
society. Investigation results show that the questionnaire is worthy of identifying factors that cause
stunting in rural society. Findings will be interesting for holder policy and academic researchers.
Limitations central to the study include a low interpretation of society to be a respondent. Regardless of
limitations, this study shows that biological, socioeconomic, and behavioural factors cause stunting in
rural regions. Far more necessary work was conducted to dig and define stunting factors in the rural
region. Therefore, there is a definite need to do interview deep.

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