The Gender Division of Labor:

What has GAD got to do with it?

July 2, 2018, Gender Fair Education Course

Presented by: Melanie Reyes

Instructions
Group yourself according to female and
male

In the female and male group, sub-divide

yourself according to:
Married/partnered with children
Married/partnered without children
Single/Divorce/Widow
Solo parent
Individual Activity (5 minutes)
You will be given a sheet of paper with a
24 hour clock
Pinpoint the time you usually wake up
and the time you usually go to sleep.
Write down the thing you do within the
24-hour period on a MONDAY and
SATURDAY
 Group Activity (10 minutes)

Compare calendars with your

group mates and find similarities
and differences

Choose a rapporteur to report your

sharing in the plenary
Who wakes up early?
Who sleeps late?
Who has many “me” time or leisure
time?
Who spends more time doing
“productive” work?
Who spends more time doing
“reproductive” work?
 24 Hour Clock: Your GDL Story
• Earliest wake up time (i.e. preparation-time/geographical)
• Number of tasks per day (i.e. multiple tasks)
• Coverage of work/preparation? (i.e. self and others)
• How much would you pay a task?
• Leisure time/wellness?(i.e. house based, out of house,
quality time with family, quality time with partner)
• Cost as value? (i.e. measure)
• How about love as priceless?
• Reproductive work as contribution to the economy (i.e.
development)
 REPRODUCTION refers to
• both biological reproduction
and tasks usually associated
with it such as child rearing,
housekeeping, etc. that are
necessary for survival but
given no economic value.
• usually the women’s world,
and often known simply as
the private sphere.
• frequently a replication of
their tasks in the private
sphere, such as domestic
work and care giving.
• identical work in the private
sphere is not given any
economic value.
PRODUCTION refers to the
• production of goods and
services for exchange rather
than for personal or
immediate consumption.
• goods or services usually
have a corresponding fee,
salary or economic value.
• considered a male sphere,
and generally known as the
public sphere (e.g.,
construction work, factory
work, office work, etc.)
• Paid labor
 Gender and Reproduction
• “care or social reproduction has always been
overlooked, or simply assumed to be a
household function. But the quality of care in
the household, as supported by care available
in the market and services provided by
government, nurtures the capabilities and well
being of humans to participate in meaningful
roles in society” (WAGI/UN Country Team,
2003, p.49)
 An Ice-Berg View of the
Economy
Source: Kabeer, N. (2003) Gender
Mainstreaming in Poverty Eradication
and MDGs: A Handbook for
Policymakers and other stakeholders, Formal sector
London: IDRC

Informal sector

Subsistence

Reproduction and care

Formal labour: Between 1995 and 2015, the global female labour force participation rate
decreased from 52.4 to 49.6 per cent. (ILO, 2016)
Projected Life Expectancy

Women Men
75.9 years 69.6 years
 EDUCATION
Women Men
Functional Literacy Rate (%) 10-64 years old 92.0 88.7
Basic Literacy Rate (%) 10 years and over 97.0 96.1
Distribution of the Population 6 Years Old and Over

by Highest Educational Attainment (%)

No Education 4.2 4.6

Some elementary 20.5 24.9
Completed elementary 10.9 11.4
Some highschool 14.7 15.5
Completed highschoolc/ 23.2 22.1
Post secondary 3.6 3.1
College or higher 22.7 18.4
Most Common Field of Study Information Technology Business Administration
and Related Courses

Enrolment in Tertiary Education 1,596,629 1,992,855

Figure 1. Labor Force Participation Rate by Sex: Philippines, 2005-2015
Table 3. Female Share in Occupational Employment by Major Occupation Group: Ph
 Overseas Filipino Workers

WOMEN MEN
Number of Overseas Filipino Workers
(in thousands) 1,200 1,040
Age Group with the Largest 25-29 45 and over
Proportion of OFWs
Most Common Destination of OFWs UAE Saudi Arabia

Most Common Occupation of OFWs Elementary Plant and

occupations machine
operators and
assemblers
Total remittance in cash and in kind (in 78,086 124,831
million pesos)l/
Average remittance in cash and in 71 132
kind per OFW (in thousand pesos)l/
 Issues associated with the concept of global
care chain
• Domestic work is done almost universally by women
(traditional gender division of labor where women
responsible for the care work in households)
• Domestic work not seen as “work” (invisibility) –
reflected in low wages given to domestic care workers
• question of private sphere/privacy of (migrant) domestic
workers as well as social benefits
• Household responsibilities of migrant women often
transferred to women members or relatives in the family
 Gender Inequality and Work

• Wage gap: disparity between women’s

and men’s earnings
– Pay equity: equal pay for work of equal or
comparable (worth of the job) worth
• Years of work experience – women are more
likely to have interruption in their work
histories
• Hiring and promotion practices
• For minority women, there is even a larger
wage gap
 GENDER PAY GAP

Weekly wage in the US of full-time workers

Women’s lower earnings are due to a number of factors, including lower

earnings in occupations done mainly by women; lack of paid family leave
and subsidized child care; and discrimination in compensation,
recruitment, and hiring
 Average wage & gender wage gap in the Philippines (2011)

ADB, ILO, PCW, 2013

 Table 2. Gender Wage Gap by Major Occupation Group: Philippines, 2001-2015

Source: Decent Work Statistics Online Database, Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA).
 Getting to Equal 2018: Closing the Gender
Pay Gap Report (Accenture)
FACTORS TO CONSIDER
◦ Not asking employees to conform to
a dress or appearance code;
◦ Giving employees the freedom to
work from home, particularly on days
they have personal commitments;
◦ Having an active women’s network
with participation from men and
women;
◦ Widespread use of virtual technology
practices to limit overseas travel;
◦ Providing training to keep
employees’ skills relevant
◦ Equal parental leave
Accenture’s research also
found that in companies
where the 40 workplace
factors are most common,
everyone benefits:
* 98 percent of employees
are satisfied with their
career progression
* 95 percent of employees
aspire to get promoted
* 93 percent aspire to
become senior leaders in
their organisations
GDL: WHAT GAD HAS TO DO WITH IT?
GDL and GAD are inextricably linked: a key to
economic and social development of both women and
men
increases gender equality and women’s empowerment
contributes to the achievement of international and
national commitments such as the SDGs, CEDAW,
MCW, etc
compliance to NEDA-DBM-PCW-DILG Joint Circulars
and COA observations on the use of GAD budget
In the name of Development
 Capacity to do Capacity to be
✓ to eat ✓ to be well-nourished
✓ to wash ✓ to be clean
✓ to have a home ✓ to be safe and secured
✓ to study and learn ✓ to be aware and
✓ to work knowledgeable
✓ to consult with/ be ✓ to be productive & free to
treated by a health express one’s creativity
professional ✓ to be free from illness/ be
✓ to play, have rest and healthy
recreation ✓ to be refreshed and
✓ to participate renewed
✓ to make decisions ✓ to be heard and to belong
✓ to be empowered
 Development is a right.

Rights are universal.

Therefore, development is for all.

 PH GAD Principles
Equality between women and men is a key
women’s human right
Participation in development is crucial to the
empowerment of women and men
Gender equality means promoting equal
participation of women as agents of economic,
social, and political change
Achieving equality between women and men may
involve the introduction of specific measures
designed to eliminate gender inequalities and
inequities
 DepEd’s mandate?

To protect and promote the right of every Filipino to quality,

equitable, culture-based, and complete basic education where:
Students learn in a child-friendly, gender-sensitive, safe, and
motivating environment.
Teachers facilitate learning and constantly nurture every
learner.
Administrators and staff, as stewards of the institution,
ensure an enabling and supportive environment for effective
learning to happen.
Family, community, and other stakeholders are actively
engaged and share responsibility for developing life-long
learners.
 Initial GAD work
• Sex disaggregate or gender disaggregate
data and identification of gender issues
• Mapping GM in policies and programs
• Plotting GFPS/Gender office in the
structures
• Review of curricula and syllabi
• Teachers’ training on gender integration
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