FRANCIS XAVIER ENGINEERING COLLEGE

An NBA ACCREDITED COLLEGE

TIRUNELVELI

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

V SEMESTER

REGULATION 2013

ME 6511 DYNAMICS LAB MANUAL

 FRANCIS XAVIER ENGINEERING COLLEGE – TIRUNELVLEI

Department of mechanical engineering

ME 6511 – Dynamics of Laboratory

Year/ Sem: III / V

INDEX

Page Marks Faculty

Ex.No Date Name of the Experiment
No obtained signature

CYCLE- I

CYCLE - II

10

11

12
TABULATION:
 Actual Time, Tact Distance Theoretical Actual mass
Hole pivot from mass moment of
No. For 10 For one centre, L1 moment of inertia, Iact
oscillations oscillation (m) inertia, Ithe (kgm2)
(s) (s) (kgm2)

9
 COMPOUND PENDULUM

Aim:

To determine the actual mass moment of inertia of compound pendulum

and to compute with its theoretical value.

Apparatus Required:

 Experimental setup
 Stop watch

Formulae Used:

i. Actual mass moment of inertia, Iact = (t/2π)2mgL1, in kgm2.

where,

t = time taken for n oscillations in sec.

m = mass of the compound pendulum in kg

g = acceleration due to gravity in m/s2

L1 = length between centre and pivot in m

ii. Mass of compound pendulum, m = LBTρ, in kg

where,

L = length of the compound pendulum = 1m

B = breadth of the compound pendulum = 25mm

T = thickness of the compound pendulum = 6.13mm

ρ = density of the compound pendulum = 7860kg/m3

iii. Theoretical mass moment of inertia, Ithe = m[1/12(L2+B2)+L12], in

kgm2
Description:

Compound pendulum is a pendulum having distributed mass and hence

own moment of inertia is consists of rectangular bar pivoted at top. The
pendulum is having holes, size of bar. The weight of bar is 2.3kg.

Experimental Procedure:

1. Place the first hole of the bar on the knife edge.

2. Give small oscillation to the bar.
3. Measure time taken for n oscillation.
4. Calculate the time taken for one oscillation.
5. Calculate the moment of inertia using formula.
6. Compare the theoretical value and experimental value.
7. Do the same procedure for various holes.

Split-up
S.NO CONTENT MARKS (50)
1 Aim, apparatus required, Formula, procedure 10 marks
2 Tabulation 20 marks
3. Model Calculation/ Graph /result 15 marks
4. Viva voce 5 marks
Total

Result:

Thus the actual mass moment of inertia for given compound pendulum
was calculated and compared with its theoretical value.

Tabulation
 Mass Moment Theoretical
Time taken for of inertia of bar Theoretical mass
Object 1 oscillation (s) & given object mass moment moment of
name in Kg-m2 of inertia of bar inertia of the
I3 in Kg-m2 given object
t1 t2 I1 I2 I4 in Kg-m2
Circular
disc
Connectin
g rod
 DETERMINATION OF MOMENT OF INERTIA
BY OSCILLATION METHOD

Aim

To determine the moment of inertia for an unknown object by oscillation

method.

Apparatus Required

Experimental setup

Unknown object

Formulae

(i) Mass moment of inertia of bar

t1 2
I1 = ( )
2π
m 1 g L1 in kg-m2

Where,

t1 = time period without unknown object in sec

m1= mass of the bar in kg

g= acceleration due to gravity in m/s2

L1 = length between centroid and pivot in m

(ii) Mass moment of inertia of given unknown object

t2 2
I2= [( )
2π ]
( m1 +m2 ) g L1 − I 1

Where,

t2 = time period with unknown object in sec

m2 =mass of the unknown object (either connecting rod or circular
disc) in kg
 (iii) Theoretical mass moment of inertia of the bar

I3 = m1[ 1/12(a 2 +b 2)+ L21 ] in kg-m2

Where,
Length of the bar (a) = 1200mm
Breadth of the bar (b) = 50mm

(iv) Theoretical mass moment of inertia of given object

t2 2
I4 = [( )
2π ]
( m1 + m2 ) g L1 −I 3

Observation
Mass of the bar = 4.95 kg
Mass of the circular disc = 1.26 kg
Mass of connecting rod = 5 kg
Procedure
 Determine the time period of oscillation for bar alone
 Calculate the mass moment of inertia of bar
 Determine the time period of oscillation of object
 Calculate the mass moment of inertia of the unknown object
 Do the same procedure for the other objects
 Calculate the theoretical mass moment of inertia for the bar
 Calculate the theoretical mass moment of inertia of both objects
 Split-up
S.NO CONTENT MARKS (50)
1 Aim, apparatus required, Formula, procedure 10 marks
2 Tabulation 20 marks
3. Model Calculation/ Graph /result 15 marks
4. Viva voce 5 marks
Total

Result

Thus the mass moment of inertia of the unknown objet is found out by
the oscillation method.
TABULATION

Length Theoretical Actual

Static
between critical speed critical speed
S. No. deflection
centre, ‘l’ ‘Ntc’ ‘Nc’
‘m’
(mm) (rpm) (rpm)

WHIRLING OF SHAFT
Aim

To determine the critical whirling speed of given rotor. Also, to find the
static deflection of shaft at the critical speed.

Experimental Setup

This setup consists of a shaft ‘y’ diameter and central mass ‘m’. The shaft
is supported on two bearings and distance between bearings can be adjusted.
The shaft is driven by a variable speed motor. The whole arrangement is
mounted on the bed.

Apparatus Required

1. A Shaft
2. Variable speed motor
3. Speed indicator
4. Bearings
5. A weight with bearing arrangement

Formulae Used
0.4985
Nc =
√8

60
Ntc = ωn × 2 π

q
ωn =
√ m

48 EI
q = 0.75 × N/m
l3
 π
I = 64 × d4

Where,

Nc - Actual Critical Speed

Ntc - Theoretical Critical Speed

E - Young’s Modulus of Shaft = 2 × 1011 N/m2

L - Length between the supports in m

Procedure

1. Initially, set the distance between the pedestals as 850, 650 & 450 mm.
2. Run the shaft & gradually increase the speed.
3. Note the critical speed by observing the amplitude of the rotor.
4. Increase the speed & ensure that the amplitude decreases.
5. Calculate the theoretical critical speed.
6. Calculate static deflection from actual critical speed.
7. The observed critical speed will be equal to frequency of transverse
vibration. This is derived from Dunkerley method.
 Split-up
S.NO CONTENT MARKS (50)
1 Aim, apparatus required, Formula, procedure 10 marks
2 Tabulation 20 marks
3. Model Calculation/ Graph /result 15 marks
4. Viva voce 5 marks
Total

Result

Thus the critical whirling speed of given rotor and static deflection of
shaft was determined.

TABULATION:

S.NO SPRING SPRING ACTUAL THEORETICAL

 DEFLECTION FORCE (N) JUMP SPEED JUMP SPEED
(m) (rpm) (rpm)

CAM JUMP PHENOMENON

Aim
 To determine the speed at which cam jump occur for various spring
loading conditions.

Apparatus required

Experimental setup, spring.

Formula used

1. N=60/2π √(1/p(F/m +g))

2. F=k∂
3. k=Gd/8D³n

Where,

m- Mass of follower in kg

g-Acceleration due to gravity, m/s²

p-Eccentricity of cam in mm (5mm)

F-force required by spring=k∂

k-Stiffness of spring

∂-deflection in m

G-Rigidity modulus in N/m²

d-Diameter of coil in m

D-Mean diameter of spring in m

n-Number of coil in spring

General spring deflection= 10m

Theory

A reciprocating or oscillating cam is subjected to acceleration or angular

acceleration or retardation. During retardation the contact between the cam and
follower is maintained by spring force. The force required for retardation is
F=mf, where m is the mass of follower and f is the retardation force.

If F is less than mf, then the follower will not follow the cam profile and
gap will created. This phenomenon is called cam jump.

The retardation ‘f’ depends on the square of angular velocity of cam. In

other words, the angular speed is increased, occur corresponding to spring
setting. The minimum speed at which cam jump occurs can be determined.

Experimental procedure

1. Measure the dimensions of spring such as d, n, D and free length.

2. The motor is started. Initially the follower will follow the cam profile but
as the speed is increased, the follower starts jumping.
3. The speed of which the follower jumps is noted and is called the critical
speed.
4. Set various values of deflection and compare the calculated values.

Split-up
S.NO CONTENT MARKS (50)
1 Aim, apparatus required, Formula, procedure 10 marks
2 Tabulation 20 marks
3. Model Calculation/ Graph /result 15 marks
4. Viva voce 5 marks
Total

Result

Thus the speed at which the cam jumps occur was determined.

Tabulation:
S.No Speed Radius Sleeve Centrifuga Stiffness Spring Effort workdone
of displacemen l force of force
rotation t spring
 HARTNELL GOVERNOR
Aim

To draw the characteristics curve and to determine sensitivity and effort

of hartnell governor.

Apparatus required

1. Tachometer
2. Hartnell governor
 3. Autotransformer

Formula used

1. Radius of rotation(r)=r.+h(x/y)
Where,
r. = district of fulcrum from governor = 0.1775m
h=distance of sleeve in m
x=length of vertical arm = 75mm
y=length of horizontal arm = 130mm
2. Centrifugal force(Fc)=m r kgf
3. Stiffness of spring S =(2(Fc2-Fc1)(x/y))/(h2-h1) kgf/m
4. Sensitivity of governor= 2(N2–N1)/(N1+N2)
5. Spring force (F) = 2Fc(x/y)
6. Effort (p) = (F2–F1)/2
7. Power p*h watts

Theory

A hartnell governor is a spring loaded governor. It consists of two bell

crank lever pivoted at the end of frame. The frame is attached to the governor
spindle & therefore rotates with it. Each lever curries a ball at end of vertical
arm & a roller at end of horizontal arm. A helical spring in compression
provides equal downward forces on two rollers through, a collar on the sleeve.
The spring force may be adjusted by screwing a nut up or down on the sleeve.

As the speed increases, it moves away from spindle axis. The bell crank
lever moves on pivot & lift the sleeve against the spring force, if speed
decreases, the sleeve moves forward.

Procedure

1. The hartnell governor configure is setup with the given spring.

2. The distance r, x, y are measured.
3. Using the auto transformer, the governor is rotated at the given speed.
4. The deflection of sleeve (h) is noted.
5. The procedure is repeated for different speeds of the governor.
6. For each speed, r & f are calculated.
7. Stiffness & spring force are calculated.
 8. Sensitivity, effort & power are found using tabulated values using
corresponding relations.
9. Now, plot the graphs.
1) Deflection of sleeve vs speed
2) Effort vs speed

Split-up
S.NO CONTENT MARKS (50)
1 Aim, apparatus required, Formula, procedure 10 marks
2 Tabulation 20 marks
3. Model Calculation/ Graph /result 15 marks
4. Viva voce 5 marks
Total

Result

The stiffness of spring, sensitivity, effort & power of hartnell governor

are found.

Tabulation

Added mass Angle ‘θ’ Angular Angular

Applie Spee
velocity velocity
d Tim d of Gyroscopi
S.N of of spin
couple e ‘t’ disc c couple
O precisio ‘ω’
Mas ‘Ca’ (sec) ‘N; ‘c’ (N-m)
Weigh n ‘ωp’ (rad/sec
s (N-m) degre Radia (rpm)
t ‘W’ (rad/sec) )
‘m’ e n
(N)
(kg)
 1

Gyroscopic couple

Aim:

To verify the laws of gyroscope & find the gyroscopic couple

Apparatus Required:

1) Gyroscopic
2) Stopwatch
3) Dead Weights
4) Auto Transformer
5) Tachometer

Formula Used:

Applied Couple (Ca) =W x L N_m

Gyroscopic Couple

[C]= I.ω.ωp

Where,

M d4 4
I - Mass Moment of Inertia of Disc= ,m
8

ω– Angular Velocity of spin = (2πN)/60, rad/sec

ωp- Velocity precession = ϴ/t rad/sec

w- Weight of the disc in N

R - Radius of the disc in m

N - Speed of the disc in rpm

θ - Angle turned in radian

t- Time taken for angle turned in sec

Gyroscopic Laws

1. Axis of spin, precession & active gyroscopic couple are manually

perpendicular to each other.

2. Reactive gyroscopic couple is equal in magnitude & opposite reaction to

active gyroscopic couple.

Procedure
 1. Measure the distance I between the centre of disc and the point of
application of load.
2. Rotate the disc at a known speed say N rpm and measure it using
tachometer.
3. Add the load and note the time taken for the known angle of rotation (x)
of the disc about the axis of spin.
4. Angle of precessions (ω p) can be found using the relation, ω = (ϴ/t) and
the angular velocity of spin (ω) can be found out using the relation ω =
(2πN/60).
5. Calculate gyroscopic couple using C = I.ω.ω p.

Graph

Applied couple vs gyroscopic couple

Split-up
S.NO CONTENT MARKS (50)
1 Aim, apparatus required, Formula, procedure 10 marks
2 Tabulation 20 marks
3. Model Calculation/ Graph /result 15 marks
4. Viva voce 5 marks
Total

Result

Thus the gyroscopic couple of given gyroscope determined

Tabulation:
Sl. Mass Experimental Theoretical Theoretical Experimental Theoretical
added
No. Deflection Deflection Nat. freq. Stiffness Stiffness
m , kg
, m T, m fn , Hz K, N/m K, N/m
 TRANSVERSE VIBRATION - I

Aim:

To find the natural frequency of transverse vibration of the cantilever

beam.

Apparatus required:

Displacement measuring system (strain gauge) and Weights

Description:

Strain gauge is bound on the beam in the form of a bridge. One end of the
beam is fixed and the other end is hanging free for keeping the weights to
find the natural frequency while applying the load on the beam. This
displacement causes strain gauge bridge to give the output in milli-volts.
Reading of the digital indicator will be in mm.

Formulae used:

1. Natural frequency = 1/2(g/) Hz

where g= acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 and  = deflection in m.

2. Theoretical deflection = Wl3/3EI

Where, W= applied load in Newton, L= length of the beam in mm

E= young’s modules of material in N/mm2, I= moment of inertia in

mm4 =bh3/12

3. Experimental stiffness = W/ N-mm and Theoretical stiffness = W/

=3EI/l3 N/mm

Procedure:

1. Connect the sensors to instrument using connection cable.

2. Plug the main cord to 230v/ 50hz supply
3. Switch on the instrument
4. Keep the switch in the read position and turn the potentiometer till
displays reads “0”
5. Keep the switch at cal position and turn the potentiometer till display
reads 5
6. Keep the switch again in read position and ensure at the display shows
“0”
7. Apply the load gradually in grams
8. Read the deflection in mm
Graph:

Draw the characteristics curves of load vs displacement, natural

frequency

Draw the characteristics curves of displacement vs natural frequency

Observation: Cantilever beam dimensions: Length=30cm, Breadth=6.5cm and

Height=0.4cm

Split-up
S.NO CONTENT MARKS (50)
1 Aim, apparatus required, Formula, procedure 10 marks
2 Tabulation 20 marks
3. Model Calculation/ Graph /result 15 marks
4. Viva voce 5 marks
Total

Tabular column:
Sl. Mass Experimental Theoretical Theoretical Experimental Theoretical
added
No. Deflection Deflection Nat. freq. Stiffness Stiffness
m , kg
, m T, m fn , Hz K, N/m K, N/m
 TRANSVERSE VIBRATIONS - II

Aim:

To study the transverse vibrations of a simply supported beam subjected to

central or offset concentrated load or uniformly distributed load.

Apparatus Required:

 Trunnion bearings
 Beams and weights.

Procedure:
 1. Fix the beam into the slots of trunnion bearings and tighten.
2. Add the concentrated load centrally or offset, or uniformly distributed.
3. Determine the deflection of the beam for various weights added.

Formulae used:

Defection at the center, T= Wl3/48EI for central concentrated load.

Defection at the load point, T= Wa2b2/3EIl for offset concentrated load.

Defection at the center, T= 5wl4/384EI for uniformly distributed load.

I = bd3/12; b = width of the beam, d = depth of the beam, l = length of the

beam.

Natural frequency of transverse vibrations, fn= 1/2(g/) Hz

where g= acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 and  = deflection in m.

Observations: b = ,d= ,l= ,E=

Graphs:

1. Deflection Vs. load (N) from this get stiffness (graph)

2. Deflection Vs. Natural frequency

3. Load in N Vs. natural frequency

Stiffness experimental, K = load/deflection =W/δ = mg/δ N/mm

Stiffness theoretical, K = W/ δT = 48EI/l3 for centre load,

= 3EIl/a2b2 for offset load,

= 384EI/5l3 for uniformly distributed load,

Diagrams: Simply Supported beam with the given load and parameter.

Split-up
S.NO CONTENT MARKS (50)
1 Aim, apparatus required, Formula, procedure 10 marks
2 Tabulation 20 marks
3. Model Calculation/ Graph /result 15 marks
4. Viva voce 5 marks
Total

Result

The transverse vibrations of a simply supported beam subjected to central

or offset concentrated load or uniformly distributed load were determined and
tabulated.

Force
Speed of Force excited
transmitted Transmissibility
Motor No. of LED ‘Fe’
‘Ft’ ratio
(rpm) (N)
(N)
 VIBRATION TABLE
Aim

To determine the natural frequency and critical speed of the given

vibration table.

Apparatus Required

 Experimental setup
 Spring
 Power supply

Formulae used
Force Transmitted
1. Transmissibility ratio (ԑ) = Force Excited

Where,

Force excited = mω2e

 2 πN
ω = 60

e = eccentricity (2mm)

Force Transmitted = 0.125 × Number of blinking in LED

k
2. Theoretical Natural Frequency of system, ω n =
√ m

Where,

m - Mass of motor and base = 6.35 kg

G d4
k - Stiffness of spring =
8 D3 n

G - Modulus of rigidity (0.8 × 105 N/mm2)

d - Coil Diameter of spring (3mm)

D - Mean diameter of spring (25.3mm)

n - Number of Turns (3)

P - Force applied on spring in Newton

δ - Deflection of spring in mm

3. Theoretical critical speed,

ωn ×60
Nn = , in rpm
2π

2 π N cri
4. Actual Natural Frequency of the system =
60

Where,

Ncri = Actual critical speed of the system which is measured

from graph

Experimental Setup
 Experimental setup consists of variable speed motor mounted with disc
with provision to add known unbalance masses at predetermined values. The
speed is measured by electronic indicator. The motor with its base is mounted
on a spring which is guided to move in vertical direction only by ball bush. The
bottom of spring is resting on a load cell and the load is measured. In load cell,
both absolute load as well as amplitude of load can be measured by a selector
switch.

Experimental Procedure

2 Take out motor with unbalanced wheel, guide rod, etc and weight in a
balance, m = 6.35 kg
3 Measure dimension of spring used for vibration isolation d, D, n, free
length etc..,
4 Calculate stiffness of spring, natural frequency. Ensure that this is within
1200 rpm and fix the spring on the table.
5 Set the value in bar graph is zero.
6 Then increase the speed of motor and check the system in vibration mode
or not. If no vibration on spring, then adjust the counter weight added or
spring location.
7 Then run the motor in 200rpm. Now increase the speed of motor.
Simultaneously note the speed of motor for each increasing LED.
8 After reaching all (8) LED, increase the speed for additional 200 rpm.
9 Then reduce and simultaneously note the speed of the motor for each
increasing LED.
10 Do the same experiment with different spring as a function of speed
11 Find force excited, transmitted and transmissibility ratio.
12 Determine Ncri from graph and calculate ωc and compare with natural
frequency.

Split-up
S.NO CONTENT MARKS (50)
1 Aim, apparatus required, Formula, procedure 10 marks
2 Tabulation 20 marks
 3. Model Calculation/ Graph /result 15 marks
4. Viva voce 5 marks
Total

Result

Thus the natural frequency and critical speed of given vibration table was
determined.

1. Theoretical natural frequency =

2. Actual natural frequency =
3. Theoretical critical speed =
4. Actual critical speed =

CAM STUDY MODEL

Aim

a. To draw the displacement diagram experimentally

b. To verify the profile for given cam & follower

Apparatus Required

 Experimental setup
 Follower
 Cam profile

Description

This consists of a bevel gear box with 1:1 gear ratio on horizontal shaft,
the cam is mounted. The follower will have vertical movement. This movement
is traced on a paper placed on the drum mounted on vertical shaft. The obtained
graph can be verified with diagram obtained by graphical construction.
Procedure

1. Taking a tracing paper of size 40cm × 15cm.

2. Fix graph paper on drum.
3. Use scale for X-axis as 1cm = 100 for rotation of cam.
4. Take height of lift as 10cm.
5. Set 0° as starting point of lift.
6. Give gradual rotation to cam and plot displacement diagram on the graph.
7. Compare the results obtained by graphical method.

Split-up
S.NO CONTENT MARKS (50)
1 Aim, apparatus required, Formula, procedure 10 marks
2 Tabulation 20 marks
3. Model Calculation/ Graph /result 15 marks
4. Viva voce 5 marks
Total

Result

Thus the displacement diagram is drawn for given cam & follower & cam
profile for respective cam and follower verified.
 STUDY OF KINEMATICS OF VARIOUS MECHANISMS

Aim

To study about kinematics of four bar, slider crank, crank rocker, double
crank, double rocker, oscillating cylinder mechanisms.

Four bar chain mechanism:

Slider crank mechanism:

Crank rocker mechanism:

Double crank mechanism:

Double rocker mechanism:

Oscillating cylinder mechanism:

Result: