Gr 8. Unit 1.1 a 29.09.

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Every material is made of a pure substance or a mixture
of substances.
A pure substance is a type of matter with a fixed
composition.
A substance can be either an element or a compound.
Some substances you might recognize are helium, alu-
minum, water, and salt.
An element is matter that is composed of one type of
atom, which is the smallest piece of matter that still
retains the property of the element. For example, the
element silver is composed of only silver atoms, and the
element hydrogen is composed of only hydrogen atoms.
To date, we know of 115 distinct kinds of atoms. Of
these, about 90 are found in nature. The remaining kinds
of atoms have been created in the laboratory.
A compound is a pure substance in which the atoms of
two or more elements are combined in a fixed proportion.
For example, water is a compound in which two atoms of
the element hydrogen combine with one atom of the
element oxygen
A compound has different properties than the substances
it contains. For example, hydrogen and oxygen are gases
at room temperature. But when they combine chemically,
they form liquid water.
 Another example is table salt, or sodium chloride. It
contains sodium and chlorine. Sodium is a silvery solid
that reacts explosively with water, and chlorine is a
poisonous gas (see Figure below). But together, sodium
and chlorine form a harmless, unreactive compound that
you can safely sprinkle on food.
A particle consisting of two or more atoms that are
bonded together is called a molecule. Oxygen in the air,
as an example, is a diatomic (two-atom) molecule. A
molecule is a basic unit of a molecular compound.
Structure :
Atoms are composed of subatomic particles called
protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons and neutrons are found in a small, positively-
charged center of the atom called the nucleus, which is
surrounded by a cloud containing electrons.
Protons : A proton is a particle in the nucleus of an
atom that has a positive electric charge. No two
elements have atoms with the same number of protons.
Neutrons are neutral particles that do not have an
electrical charge. Atoms of an element often have the
same number of neutrons as protons.
Electrons An electron is a particle outside the nucleus
of an atom that has a negative electric charge.
The Nucleus
At the center of an atom is the nucleus.
The nucleus contains most of the atom’s mass. However,
in size, it’s just a tiny part of the atom. If an atom were
the size of a football stadium, the nucleus would be only
about the size of a pea.

Negative electrons are attracted to positive protons. This

force of attraction keeps the electrons moving about the
nucleus
The Changing Atomic Model :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4Us5PTb4J8

The Electron Cloud Model By 1926, scientists had

developed the electron cloud model of the atom that is in
use today. An electron cloud is the area around the
nucleus of an atom where its electrons are most likely
found. The electron cloud is 100,000 times larger than the
diameter of the nucleus. In contrast, each electron in the
cloud is much smaller than a single proton.
The nucleus contains most of the mass of an atom because
protons and neutrons are far more massive than electrons.
The mass of a proton is about the same as that of a
neutron
The mass of each is approximately 1,836 times greater
than the mass of an electron. An electron’s mass is so
small that it is considered negligible when finding the
mass of an atom.

Protons Identify an Element

The number of protons in an atom is equal to a number
called the atomic number.
If you are given any one of the following— the name of
the element, the number of protons in the element, or the
atomic number of the element—you can determine the
other two.
The mass number of an atom is the sum of the number of
protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus of the
atom.
number of neutrons = mass number -atomic number
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of
neutrons are called isotopes.
Ions and Isotopes
The number of protons per atom is always the same for a
given element. However, the number of neutrons may
vary, and the number of electrons can change.
Ions
Sometimes atoms lose or gain electrons. Then they
become ions. Ions have a positive or negative charge.
That’s because they do not have the same number of
electrons as protons. If atoms lose electrons, they become
positive ions, or cations. If atoms gain electrons, they
become negative ions, or anions.