Civics Group Index No.

Candidate Name:__________________

INNOVA JUNIOR COLLEGE

2007 JC2
Preliminary Examinations 2
CHEMISTRY 8872/02
Higher 1 19th Sept 2007

Paper 2 Structured 2 hours

Candidates answer Section A on the Question Paper

and Section B on separate paper
Additional Materials: Data Booklet.

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your name, civics group and index number in the spaces at the top of this page.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Section A
Answer all questions.

Section B
Answer any two questions.

You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
For Section B, start each question on a fresh sheet of writing paper.

This document consists of 19 printed pages

 INNOVA 2007

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 Section A (40 marks)

Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

1. Alcohols often have an odor described as 'biting' that 'hangs' in the nasal
passages. Alchohol in the form of beverages has been consumed by humans
since pre-historic times, for a variety of hygienic, dietary, medicinal, religious, and
recreational reasons. While infrequent consumption of alchohol (especially
ethanol) in small quantities may be harmless or even beneficial, larger doses
result in drunkenness or intoxication (which may lead to a hangover as the effect
wears off) and, depending on the dose and regularity of use, can cause acute
respiratory failure or death and with chronic use has medical repercussions.
Because alcohol impairs judgment, it can often be a catalyst for reckless or
irresponsible behavior. Below show the formulae of two different alcohols, A and
B.

CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 (CH3)3COH
A B

Describe one chemical test by which A could be distinguished from B. You should
state the reagents and conditions you would use and the observations you would
make with each compound undergoing the test. [3]

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2. Cinnamaldehyde is the main component in cassia oil as well as cinnamon bark oil
and is used in flavoring compounds to impart a cinnamon flavour. The
predominant application for cinnamaldehyde is in the flavor and fragrance
industries. It is used as flavouring for candies, ice cream, and beverages.

H1 O

C1 C2 C3 H

Cinnamaldehyde

(a) State the shape of the molecule at carbon atom C1 and give the bond angle of
H1C1C2. State the type of hybridization with respect to the carbon C2 and C3
respectively. [2]

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(b) Complete the table below by writing the observations and drawing the product(s)
formed when cinnamaldehyde is reacted with the various reagents. [3]

Reagent : Hot acidified potassium dichromate (VI)

Organic Product(s) Observations

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Reagent : 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
Organic Product(s) Observations

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Reagent : Alkaline solution of complex copper (II) ions

Organic Product(s) Observations

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3. A hydrocarbon with molecular formula of C14H12 has two structural isomers F and
G that contain two benzene rings respectively. G exhibits geometric isomerism but
F does not.

(a) Determine the structures of F and isomers of G to illustrate the isomerism. Label
your answers clearly. [3]

(b) Draw the structural formulae of the organic products when F reacts with each of
the following reagents : [3]

Reagent Organic product(s)

(i) Hot acidified potassium manganate

(ii) HBr

5 [Turn over
 (iii) Cl2 with FeCl3

4. The diagram below shows the values of the first ionisation energies of some of
the elements in Period 3.

(a) On the above diagram, use crosses to mark the approximate positions of the
values of the first ionisation energies for the elements Na, P and S. Complete the
diagram by joining the crosses. [3]

(b) Explain the general increase in the values of the first ionisation energies of the
elements from Na to Ar. [2]

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5. The equation for the formation of ammonia is shown below.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Experiment A was carried out starting with 1 mol of nitrogen and 3 mol of
hydrogen at a constant temperature and a pressure of 20MPa. Curve A shows
how the number of moles of ammonia present changed with time. Curves B, C
and D refer to similar experiments, starting with 1 mol of nitrogen and 3 mol of
hydrogen. Different conditions were used in each experiment.

(a) On curve A, mark the point that represents the time at which equilibrium is first
reached. Label this point as X. [1]

(b) Use Le Chatelier’s principle to identify which one of the curves B, C or D

represents an experiment carried out at the same temperature as experiment A
but at a higher pressure. Explain why this curve is different from curve A. [2]

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(c) What alteration to the original experimental conditions would produce curve C? [1]

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6. Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is manufactured on a large scale for many industrial

processes.

(a) Draw a diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of hydrogen peroxide. Hence,
state its shape and bond angle.

(b) Describe the intermolecular bonding present in hydrogen peroxide. Draw diagram
where appropriate.

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[3]

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7. Explain the graphs which show the variation of each of the following properties for
the elements of Period 3.

(a) Electrical conductivity

Electrical
Conductivity

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(b) Melting point

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[4]

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8. A barbed wire manufacturer wants to find out the total iron content in a wire.
2.83 g of the wire was dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid and a solution
of iron(II) ions was formed. This solution was then diluted to 250 cm3. 25.0 cm3 of
the diluted solution required 26.40 cm3 of 0.0200 mol dm-3 potassium
dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7, for complete reaction.

(a) Use the half-equations in the Data Booklet to construct a balanced equation for
the oxidation of iron(II) ions by dichromate(VI) ions under acidic conditions.
Calculate the number of moles of iron(II) ions present in 25.0 cm3 of solution that
reacted with dichromate(VI) ions. [2]

(b) Calculate the number of moles of iron(II) ions that is present in 250 cm3. [1]

(c) Calculate the percentage of total iron content in the wire. [2]

10 [Turn over
9. Sucrose, C11H22O11 is readily digested in the stomach into its component sugars
by acidic hydrolysis. A student carried out an experiment in which sucrose of initial
concentration 0.100 mol dm-3 is hydrolysed by 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.
From the data obtained, he plotted a graph of [sucrose] against time as shown
below :

(a) By using the graph above, determine the order of reaction with respect to sucrose.
[1]

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(b) The following table shows what happened to the initial rate of reaction when the
sucrose concentration remains constant at 0.100 mol dm-3 while the acid
concentration varied.

Concentration of HCl /mol dm-3 Initial rate of reaction /mol dm-3

0.20 1.24 x 10-4
0.40 2.48 x 10-4

(i) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to HCl. [1]

(ii) Write down the rate equation for this reaction. [1]

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(iii) Using the information above, find the value of the rate constant and give the
units. [2]

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 Section B (40 marks)
Answer two of the following three questions.

1(a) It was reported in July 2007 that the familiar White

Rabbit sweets sold in Singapore have been tested
by the Agri-food and Veterinary Authority (AVA),
after the milk candies were banned in the
Philippines for containing the potential cancer-
causing formaldehyde.
Formaldehyde is a chemical that is not permitted
for use as a food additive. However, formaldehyde, HCHO occurs naturally at low
levels in a wide range of foods. The World Health Organization (WHO) has
established a Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) of 5 x 10-6 mol kg-1 body weight for
formaldehyde. Tests have been conducted and AVA has assured the public that
the White Rabbit Creamy Candy available in Singapore is safe for consumption.

(i) What is the mass (in mg) of formaldehyde can a body with weight of 1 kg
tolerate according to the Tolerable Daily Intake by WHO?

(ii) Assume that each sweet contains 0.08 mg of formaldehyde. What is the
maximum number of sweets a child weighing 35 kg can consume in a day if
he follows the TDI for formaldehyde?

(iii) Formaldehyde can react with H2O2 to form water and carbon dioxide.
Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
If 3.0 x 10-3 mol of formaldehyde is oxidized to give 60 cm3 of carbon dioxide
at room temperature and pressure, what is the percentage efficiency of this
process?
[5]

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(b) A student performed two titrations of acid against base using phenolphthalein as
the indicator. He obtained the following results:

Titration Acid Base

Acid used Volume of acid Base used Volume of base
used in cm3 used in cm3
1 HCl 25.0 NaOH 17.50
2 CH3COOH 25.0 NaOH 17.50

(i) Given that the pH of hydrochloric acid used is 0.55, find its concentration.

(ii) If the concentration of ethanoic acid is the same as that of hydrochloric acid
calculated in part (i), explain why the pH of ethanoic acid is not 0.55.

(iii) Find the amount of acid used in experiment 1.

(iv) Calculate the concentration of the base used and hence, the pH of the base.

(v) His friend wants to use methyl orange (pH range of 3.1 to 5) as the indicator
instead of phenolphthalein (pH range of 8.3 to 10). Comment on the
feasibility of his suggestion.
[8]

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(c) Spices are often responsible for the flavour in many foods. Two types of
compounds present in one of the spices are shown below :

Substance E

OH H H O

H3C (H2C)4 C C C C (CH2)2

H H H CH3

Substance F

H O

H3C (H2C)4 C C C C (CH2)2

H H H CH3

What would be observed when the following reactions are carried out?
In each case, give the name or formula of the reaction product which is
responsible for the observation you have made.

(i) Substance E with PCl5.

(ii) Substance E with sodium metal.

(iii) Substance F with hot acidified potassium manganate (VII).

[6]

Suggest how E could be converted into F in the laboratory.

[1]

[Total : 20 marks]

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2(a) 50.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid solution was added to 50.0 cm3 of
1.00 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution in a polystyrene beaker. The initial
temperature of both solutions was 16.7 °C. After stirring and accounting for heat
loss the highest temperature reached was 23.5 °C. Calculate the enthalpy change
for neutralisation given that the heat capacity of the solution is 4.18 J g-1 K-1.
[4]

(b) A student used a simple calorimeter to determine the enthalpy change for the
combustion of ethanol.
C2H5OH (I) + 3O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (I)

thermometer

Stirrer with 250g of water

calorimeter

crucible containing ethanol

wooden block (placed vertical)

When 0.015 mol of ethanol was burnt, the temperature rose by 13.2 0C in 250 g of
water. Calculate ∆H for the reaction.
[2]

(c) By using the bond energies given in the Data Booklet, calculate the energy
change in the hydrogenation of ethene.
[2]

(d) The standard enthalpies of combustion of carbon, hydrogen and ethane are
-393, -286 and -890 kJ mol-1 respectively. Calculate the standard enthalpy change
of formation of ethane by using Hess’ Law.
[3]

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(e) Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is a brown gas that is a constituent of smogs caused by
cars in cities. In the gaseous state, NO2 can dimerise to form the colourless N2O4
as follows :
2NO2(g) N2O4(g) Kc = 1 at 328K
The enthaphy change for the reaction is – 58 kJ mol-1.

(i) Write the equilibrium constant expression, Kc.

(ii) Given that at 328K, the equilibrium concentration of NO2 is 0.5 mol dm-3.
Calculate the equilibrium concentration of N2O4.

(iii) Predict whether dimerisation is favoured at low or high temperature.

(iv) State and explain the visible change that takes place as a result of a
decrease in pressure, after equilibrium is re-established.

[5]

(f) P is a halogenoalkane containing 3 carbon atoms with a relative molecular mass

of 123. When P is refluxed with aqueous sodium hydroxide, it gives salt Q and
solution R. An acidified solution of Q gives a cream precipitate with silver nitrate
solution. R gives a yellow precipitate with aqueous alkaline iodine and R can also
be oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate to give S. S also gives a yellow
precipitate with aqueous alkaline iodine and reacts with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
but not with Tollen’s reagent.
Identify P, Q, R and S.
[4]

[Total : 20 marks]

17 [Turn over
3(a) (i) Describe briefly the physical states of the chlorides of sodium, aluminium
and silicon relating them to the structure and bonding in each chloride.
[3]

(ii) Describe the reactions, if any, of the chlorides of sodium, aluminium and
phosphorus with water, suggesting the pH of the resulting solutions and
writing equations where appropriate.
[4]

(b) Consider the following reaction sequence :

step 1 step 2 step 3 methanol

C4 H 7 N C4 H8 O 2 T
C3 H 6 C3H7Br conc. H2SO4

Give the reagents and conditions necessary for :

(i) Step 1

(ii) Step 2

(iii) Step 3
[3]

Draw the displayed structure of compound T.

[1]

(c) By comparing propene and propanoic acid, predict and explain which compound
has a higher boiling point relating to their type of bonding present in the
compounds.
[3]

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(d) The activation energy for the reaction is +335 kJ mol-1:

2N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g) ∆H = -92.2 kJ mol-1

However when it is carried out in the presence of tungsten, the value for the
activation energy is +60 kJ mol-1.

(i) State and explain the role of tungsten in this reaction.

[2]

(ii) Use the values given in the question to sketch the reaction pathway diagram
to illustrate your answer in (i).
[1]

(iii) Use the Maxwell Boltzmann distribution diagram to explain why tungsten
would affect the rate of reaction.
[2]

(iv) Predict whether tungsten has any effect on the rate constant.
[1]

[Total : 20 marks]

END OF PAPER

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