DESIGN PROBLEM

I. DESIGN THE SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION:

1). Show the distribution map of the following:

1.1 The location of the prospective customers
1.2 The location of the distribution poles so that all prospective
will be serve.
1.3 Tie service wire from the poles to the customer’s house
1.4 The location of multiple streetlights
2) Determine the capacity and the location of the distribution of transformers required to serve
the different groups of customers including the streetlights within the area. Indicate the location
and rating of the transformers.
3). Determine the size of the secondary wires to be used:
3.1 Conductors should have adequate current carrying capacity.
3.2 Voltage drop shall be between 3% and 5% of the secondary
distribution system voltage. Its voltage drop should be
adequate up to the load of each branch of the secondary line.

II. DESIGN THE PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1) Determine the site of the primary distribution wire to be used

1.1 Size should determine not only for adequate current
carrying capacity but also for the voltage drop. The voltage
drop from the power plant to the primary distribution line
should not exceed 5% of the primary distribution system
voltage.
1.2 Apply AC drop factor for the method for the section of the
primary lines similar to the se4condary line voltage drop
calculations.
2) Show on the distribution map the route of the primary distribution
system indicating the site of the primary wire used and whether primary lines are single
phase or three-phase.

3) On a separate sheet, draw the schematic one-line diagram of the primary distribution system
from the powerhouse to all the distribution transformer showing:

3.1 Number, sizes and length of wires

3.2 Indicate in which phase each distribution transformer is connected. Prepare a load
schedule of the power system.
3.4 Show the isolating disconnecting switches whenever they are needed.

III. DESIGN THE TRANSFORMER VAULT OF THE INDUSTRIAL CUSTOMER

Requiring an “INDOOR TYPE SUBSTATION” and whose service is to be metered on the

secondary side of the transformer bank consisting of three single-phase transformers. This is
located on one side of the transformer with the following power factor requirements.

220 volts Lighting Load ------------------------------------------75 KW

Demand Factor for lighting --------------------------------------75%
220 Volts, Three Phase Motor Load ----------------------------400 KW
Demand Factor for Motor ----------------------------------------72%
Diversity Factor ----------------------------------------------------1.5 KW
Average power Factor ---------------------------------------------85%

1. Determine the size or rating of the following electrical equipment which may be
required:
1.1 Primary power cables and power conduits
1.2 Primary distribution type lighting arresters
1.3 Primary porcelain fuse-cutouts or fuse disconnecting switches
 1.4 Potential and current transformers for metering
1.5 Single phase, 60 cycle distribution transformer
1.6 Secondary bus bars, etc.

2. Draw the electrical layout and schematic wiring diagram of the transformer vault
showing all electrical equipment properly labeled. The construction of the
transformer vault shall conform with all the requirements of the Philippine
Electrical Code.

IV. DETERMINE THE SWITCHBOARD FOR THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

1. Draw the schematic single line diagram from the generator to
the feeder or feeders.
2. Draw the schematic three-line diagram
3. Draw the front view of the switchboard showing the necessary meters,
instruments, control and transfer switches, and other necessary equipment.
4. Draw all types of poles, towers, insulations, and supports.

V. SUBSTATION DESIGN

VI. POLE DESIGN AND SAG CALCULATIONS

VII. THE FAULT ANALYSIS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................ I
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL ...................................................................................................... II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................III

DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................. IV

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... V

DESIGN PROBLEM .................................................................................................................... VI

PART-I: LOAD COMPUTATION FOR RESIDENTIAL

Feeder-1
Form 1 ......................................................................................................................................8
Form 2 ......................................................................................................................................9
Form 3 ....................................................................................................................................24
Form 4 ....................................................................................................................................39
Form 5 ....................................................................................................................................54
Form 6 ....................................................................................................................................55
Feeder-2
Form 2 ....................................................................................................................................56
Form 3 ....................................................................................................................................66
Form 4 ....................................................................................................................................76
Form 5 ....................................................................................................................................86
Form 6 ....................................................................................................................................87
PART-I: LOAD COMPUTATION FOR COMMERCIAL
Feeder-3
Form 5 ....................................................................................................................................91
Form 6 ....................................................................................................................................93
Form 7 ....................................................................................................................................94
PART-I: LOAD COMPUTATION FOR INDUSTRIAL
Feeder-4
Form 5 ..................................................................................................................................155
Form 6 ..................................................................................................................................157
 Form 7 ..................................................................................................................................158

Figures and Working Drawings ...................................................................................................198

Substation Design ........................................................................................................................238

Fault Calculation ..........................................................................................................................273

Sag Calculation ............................................................................................................................277

Glossary of Terms ........................................................................................................................279

Appendices...................................................................................................................................317

References ....................................................................................................................................321

Resume (w/ latest picture) ...........................................................................................................322

LOAD COMPUTATION FOR RESIDENTIAL

Residential Load Type A 14656 VA

Total Maximum Demand

Residential Load Type B 11615 VA

Total Maximum Demand

Residential Load Type C 9654 VA

Total Maximum Demand

Residential Load Type D 7655 VA

Total Maximum Demand

Residential Load Type E 5756 VA

Total Maximum Demand

Residential Load Type F 4508 VA

Total Maximum Demand
RESIDENTIAL LOAD OF TYPE A

I. GENERAL LIGHTING LOAD (G.L.L.)

G.L.L. = 250 sq.mts x 24 VA/ sq.mts = 6000 W

2- 150 W Chandelier = 300 W

30 - 3 W LED Lamp = 90 W
20 - 5 W LED Lamp = 100 W
20 - 9 W LED Lamp = 180 W
5- 15 W LED Lamp = 75 W
Total G.L.L. = 745 W

II. SMALL APPLIANCE LOAD (S.A.L.)

2 - 210 W 42" TV = 420 W
2 - 160 W 32" TV = 320 W
5- 80 W 16" Stand Fan = 400 W
1 - 160 W Ceiling Fan = 160 W
3- 92 W Exhaust Fan = 276 W
1 - 300 W Blender = 300 W
1 - 1000 W Rice Cooker 3L = 1000 W
1 - 225 W Computer w/ Monitor = 225 W
1 - 175 W Computer Printer = 175 W
1 - 600 W Flat Iron Standard = 600 W
1 - 1150 W Washing Machine = 1150 W
1 - 245 W 14 c.u. ft. Refrigerator = 245 W
1- 92 W Rangehood = 92 W
1 - 3300 W Range (2 Burner) 3300 W
Total S.A.L. = 8663 W

III. GENERAL POWER SERVICE (G.P.S.)

1 - 1600 W Water Heater = 1600 W
1 - 1252 W 1.5 HP ACU = 1252 W
1 - 944 W 1.0 HP ACU 944 W
2 - 727 W 0.5 HP ACU 1454 W
Total G.P.S. = 5250 W

TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD OF TYPE A = 14658 W

RESIDENTIAL LOAD OF TYPE B

I. GENERAL LIGHTING LOAD (G.L.L.)

G.L.L. = 230 sq.mts x 24 VA/ sq.mts = 5520 W

2- 150 W Chandelier = 300 W

30 - 3 W LED Lamp = 90 W
20 - 5 W LED Lamp = 100 W
20 - 9 W LED Lamp = 180 W
3- 15 W LED Lamp = 45 W
Total G.L.L. = 715 W

II. SMALL APPLIANCE LOAD (S.A.L.)

2 - 210 W 42" TV = 420 W
1 - 160 W 32" TV = 160 W
5- 80 W 16" Stand Fan = 400 W
1 - 160 W Ceiling Fan = 160 W
1- 92 W Exhaust Fan = 92 W
1 - 300 W Blender = 300 W
1 - 650 W Rice Cooker 1.8L = 650 W
1 - 225 W Computer w/ Monitor = 225 W
1 - 175 W Computer Printer = 175 W
1 - 600 W Flat Iron Standard = 600 W
1 - 585 W Washing Machine = 585 W
1 - 215 W 14 c.u. ft. Refrigerator = 215 W
1- 92 W Rangehood = 92 W
1 - 3300 W Range (2 Burner) 3300 W
Total S.A.L. = 7374 W

III. GENERAL POWER SERVICE (G.P.S.)

1 - 1600 W Water Heater = 1600 W
1 - 1252 W 1.5 HP ACU = 1252 W
1 - 944 W 1.0 HP ACU 944 W
Total G.P.S. = 3796 W

TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD OF TYPE B = 11885 W

RESIDENTIAL LOAD OF TYPE C

I. GENERAL LIGHTING LOAD (G.L.L.)

G.L.L. = 210 sq.mts x 24 VA/ sq.mts = 5040 W

1- 150 W Chandelier = 150 W

25 - 5 W LED Lamp = 125 W
20 - 9 W LED Lamp = 180 W
3- 15 W LED Lamp = 45 W
Total G.L.L. = 500 W

II. SMALL APPLIANCE LOAD (S.A.L.)

2 - 210 W 42" TV = 420 W
4- 80 W 16" Stand Fan = 320 W
1 - 140 W Ceiling Fan = 140 W
1- 92 W Exhaust Fan = 92 W
1 - 650 W Rice Cooker 1.8L = 650 W
1 - 600 W Flat Iron Standard = 600 W
1 - 585 W Washing Machine = 585 W
1 - 215 W 14 c.u. ft. Refrigerator = 215 W
1- 92 W Rangehood = 92 W
1 - 2900 W Stove 2900 W
Total S.A.L. = 6014 W

III. GENERAL POWER SERVICE (G.P.S.)

1 - 1252 W 1.5 HP ACU = 1252 W
2 - 944 W 1.0 HP ACU 1888 W
Total G.P.S. = 3140 W

TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD OF TYPE C = 9654 W

RESIDENTIAL LOAD OF TYPE D

I. GENERAL LIGHTING LOAD (G.L.L.)

G.L.L. = 190 sq.mts x 24 VA/ sq.mts = 3600 W

1- 150 W Chandelier = 150 W

20 - 5 W LED Lamp = 100 W
20 - 9 W LED Lamp = 180 W
2- 15 W LED Lamp = 30 W
Total G.L.L. = 460 W

II. SMALL APPLIANCE LOAD (S.A.L.)

2 - 210 W 42" TV = 420 W
4- 80 W 16" Stand Fan = 320 W
1 - 160 W Ceiling Fan = 160 W
1- 92 W Exhaust Fan = 92 W
1 - 650 W Rice Cooker 1.8L = 650 W
1 - 600 W Flat Iron Standard = 600 W
1 - 280 W Washing Machine = 280 W
1 - 185 W 12 c.u. ft. Refrigerator = 185 W
1- 92 W Rangehood = 92 W
1 - 2200 W Stove 2200 W
Total S.A.L. = 4999 W

III. GENERAL POWER SERVICE (G.P.S.)

1 - 1252 W 1.5 HP ACU = 1252 W
1 - 944 W 1.0 HP ACU 944 W
Total G.P.S. = 2196 W

TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD OF TYPE D = 7655 W

RESIDENTIAL LOAD OF TYPE E

I. GENERAL LIGHTING LOAD (G.L.L.)

G.L.L. = 175 sq.mts x 24 VA/ sq.mts = 3600 W

1- 150 W Chandelier = 150 W

20 - 5 W LED Lamp = 100 W
15 - 9 W LED Lamp = 135 W
2- 15 W LED Lamp = 30 W
Total G.L.L. = 415 W

II. SMALL APPLIANCE LOAD (S.A.L.)

1 - 210 W 42" TV = 210 W
4- 80 W 16" Stand Fan = 320 W
1 - 160 W Ceiling Fan = 160 W
1- 92 W Exhaust Fan = 92 W
1 - 650 W Rice Cooker 1.8L = 650 W
1 - 600 W Flat Iron Standard = 600 W
1 - 280 W Washing Machine = 280 W
1 - 185 W 12 c.u. ft. Refrigerator = 185 W
1- 92 W Rangehood = 92 W
1 - 1500 W Stove 1500 W
Total S.A.L. = 4089 W

III. GENERAL POWER SERVICE (G.P.S.)

1 - 1252 W 1.5 HP ACU = 1252 W
Total G.P.S. = 1252 W

TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD OF TYPE E = 5756 W

RESIDENTIAL LOAD OF TYPE F

I. GENERAL LIGHTING LOAD (G.L.L.)

G.L.L. = 150 sq.mts x 24 VA/ sq.mts = 3600 W

1- 150 W Chandelier = 150 W

20 - 5 W LED Lamp = 100 W
15 - 9 W LED Lamp = 135 W
2- 15 W LED Lamp = 30 W
Total G.L.L. = 415 W

II. SMALL APPLIANCE LOAD (S.A.L.)

1 - 210 W 42" TV = 210 W
4- 80 W 16" Stand Fan = 320 W
2 - 160 W Ceiling Fan = 320 W
2- 92 W Exhaust Fan = 184 W
1 - 650 W Rice Cooker 1.8L = 650 W
1 - 600 W Flat Iron Standard = 600 W
1 - 280 W Washing Machine = 280 W
1 - 185 W 12 c.u. ft. Refrigerator = 185 W
1- 92 W Rangehood = 92 W
Total S.A.L. = 2841 W

III. GENERAL POWER SERVICE (G.P.S.)

1 - 1252 W 1.5 HP ACU = 1252 W
Total G.P.S. = 1252 W

TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD OF TYPE F = 4508 W

FORM 1: RESIDENTIAL LOADS

Maximum G.L.L. & Demand General Maximum Expected

Type of No. S.A.L. Power Service Demand Per No. of
Customer Customer (KVA)

A 1934.94857 4131.944444 7137.521195

2A 3869.897143 8263.888889 14275.04239
3A 5804.845714 12395.83333 21412.56359
4A 7739.794286 16527.77778 28550.08478
5A 9674.742857 20659.72222 35687.60598
B 1608.48000 2987.592593 5407.144227
2B 3216.96 5975.185185 10814.28845
3B 4825.44 8962.777778 16221.43268
4B 6433.92 11950.37037 21628.57691
5B 8042.4 14937.96296 27035.72113
C 1340.02286 2471.296296 4483.904886
2C 2680.045714 4942.592593 8967.809773
3C 4020.068571 7413.888889 13451.71466
4C 5360.091429 9885.185185 17935.61955
5C 6700.114286 12356.48148 22419.52443
D 1122.99429 1728.333333 3354.503081
2D 2245.988571 3456.666667 6709.006162
3D 3368.982857 5185 10063.50924
4D 4491.977143 6913.333333 13418.01232
5D 5614.971429 8641.666667 16772.51541
E 926.53714 985.3703704 2249.302957
2E 1853.074286 1970.740741 4498.605913
3E 2779.611429 2956.111111 6747.90887
4E 3706.148571 3941.481481 8997.211827
5E 4632.685714 4926.851852 11246.51478
F 650.88000 985.3703704 1925.000436
2F 1301.76 1970.740741 3850.000871
3F 1952.64 2956.111111 5775.001307
4F 2603.52 3941.481481 7700.001743
5F 3254.4 4926.851852 9625.002179
FEEDER 1
FORM 2: RESIDENTIAL LOADS

Transformer No. 1
NO. & TYPE OF MAXIMUM NUMBER OF
POLE NUMBER KVA SPAN
CUSTOMERS DEMAND SPAN
P-1 2A+2B 25.34 2 50.68
P-2 2B+C 15.547 1 15.547
P-3 A+2B+C 22.685 1 22.685
P-4 2A+C 19.009 1 19.009
P-5 A+B+2C 21.761 2 43.522
Total Maximum Demand of Transformer: 104.342 KVA
USE: 167 KVA

Selection of Transformer Location

P-1 P-2 P-3 P-4 P-5

T-1

Transformer No. 1 is installed at Pole No. 3

Left Side
Pole Number KVA/Pole No. of Span KVA Span
P-1 25.34 2 50.68
P-2 15.547 1 15.547
P-3 22.685 1 22.685
Total 40.887 66.227

Right Side
Pole Number KVA/Pole No. of Span KVA Span
P-3 22.685 1 22.685
P-4 19.009 1 19.009
P-5 21.761 2 43.522
Total 40.77 62.531
FEEDER 1
FORM 3: RESIDENTIAL LOADS

For T - 1

Use 167 KVA / 34.5 kV / 230 V / 115 V, grounded, 60 Hz distribution transformer

with 5% impedance.

Total Maximum Demand of Transformer

% Loading = x 100%
KVA Rating of Transformer
104.342
= x 100% = 0.6248 x 100%
167
= 62.48 %

1) I (full load) = KVA rating of transformer / (34.5 kV)

= 167 / (34.5 kV)
= 4.841 Amps

2) The maximum setting of the over-current protection device in the primary.

Im = 3 x IFL = 3x 4.841
Im = 14.522 Amps

3) The KVA short circuit in the primary.

= KVA of transformer
(% impedance)
= 167 / 0.05
= 3340 KVA

4) The symmetrical short circuit in the primary.

KVA of transformer
I (s.c. sym) =
(% impedance x kV)
= 167 / (34.5 x 0.05)
= 96.812 Amps

5) The asymmetrical short circuit in the primary is:

I (s.c. asym) = 1.6 x Isym = 154.899 Amps

The rating of the transformer shall be 167 KVA / 34.5 kV / 230 V / 115 V, 60 Hz,
single-phase distribution transformer with 5% impedance, the total expected load is 62.48 %,
the rating of the fuse cutout shall be 15 ampere fuse link. The maximum setting is 14.522 amp;
the L.A. shall be line type rated 27 kV.
FEEDER 1
FORM 4: RESIDENTIAL LOADS

SECONDARY WIRE COMPUTATION

KVA SPAN LEFT SIDE
To determine the size of wire of the secondary line, assume Vdrop = 5% of the operating voltage
for number of span for 1Ø system wire to wire.
From pole 1 to 3 : Total load = 66.627 KVA
I = Load KVA/230 = 66.627 / 230 = 289.683 amp.
Distance = number of span x 100 = 2 x 100 = 200 ft.
Total Load KVA:
200 ft. span, 11 volts, assume voltage drop at 5%.
Refer to Table:
24 x 200 x 289.683 = 126407 CM
CM =
11 USE: 133077 CM
Refer to Table:
Actual DC voltage drop, 50°C, 60Hz, 8" spacing
R= 0.481 / mile Xa = 0.12 / mile Xsf = -0.049/ mile
X = Xa + (-0.049) = 0.12 + (-0.049) = 0.148
R 0.481
Actual DC Voltage Drop = ( 24 x d x I) / CM
= 24 x 200 x 289.683 / 133077 = 10.449 volts
Actual Voltage Drop Factor @ 0.85 d.f. = 0.94
Voltage Regulation = ( AVD x d.f / 230) x 100% = 10.449 x 0.94 / 230 )
= 4.270 %
USE: 133077 CM. Hard Drawn Conductor

KVA SPAN RIGHT SIDE

To determine the size of wire of the secondary line, assume Vdrop = 5% of the operating voltage
for number of span for 1Ø system wire to wire.
From pole 3 to 5 : Total load = 62.531 KVA
I = Load KVA/230 = 62.531 / 230 = 271.874 amp.
Distance = number of span x 100 = 2 x 100 = 200 ft.
Total Load KVA:
200 ft. span, 11 volts, assume voltage drop at 5%.
Refer to Table:
CM = 24 x 200 x 271.874 = 118636 CM
11 USE: 133077 CM
Refer to Table:
Actual DC voltage drop, 50°C, 60Hz, 8" spacing
R= 0.481 / mile Xa = 0.12 / mile Xsf = -0.049/ mile
X = Xa + (-0.049) = 0.12 + (-0.049) = 0.148
R 0.481
Actual DC Voltage Drop = ( 24 x d x I) / CM
= 24 x 200 x 271.874 / 133077 = 9.806 volts
Actual Voltage Drop Factor @ 0.85 d.f. = 0.94
Voltage Regulation = ( AVD x d.f / 230) x 100% = 9.806 x 0.94 / 230 )
= 4.008 %
USE: 133077 CM. Hard Drawn Conductor
FEEDER 1
FORM 2: RESIDENTIAL LOADS

Transformer No. 2
NO. & TYPE OF MAXIMUM NUMBER OF
POLE NUMBER KVA SPAN
CUSTOMERS DEMAND SPAN
P-6 2C+D 12.57 1 12.57
P-7 B+C+D+E 15.743 1 15.743
P-8 B+C+D 13.494 1 13.494
Total Maximum Demand of Transformer: 41.807 KVA
USE: 75 KVA

Selection of Transformer Location

P-6 P-7 P-8

T-2

Transformer No. 2 is installed at Pole No. 7

Left Side
Pole Number KVA/Pole No. of Span KVA Span
P-6 12.57 1 12.57
P-7 15.743 1 15.743
Total 12.57 12.57

Right Side
Pole Number KVA/Pole No. of Span KVA Span
P-7 15.743 1 15.743
P-8 13.494 1 13.494
Total 13.494 13.494
FEEDER 1
FORM 3: RESIDENTIAL LOADS

For T - 2

Use 75 KVA / 34.5 kV / 230 V / 115 V, grounded, 60 Hz distribution transformer

with 5% impedance.

Total Maximum Demand of Transformer

% Loading = x 100%
KVA Rating of Transformer
41.807
= x 100% = 0.5574 x 100%
75
= 55.74 %

1) I (full load) = KVA rating of transformer / (34.5 kV)

= 75 / (34.5 kV)
= 2.174 Amps

2) The maximum setting of the over-current protection device in the primary.

Im = 3 x IFL = 3x 2.174
Im = 6.522 Amps

3) The KVA short circuit in the primary.

= KVA of transformer
(% impedance)
= 75 / 0.05
= 1500 KVA

4) The symmetrical short circuit in the primary.

KVA of transformer
I (s.c. sym) =
(% impedance x kV)
= 75 / (34.5 x 0.05)
= 43.478 Amps

5) The asymmetrical short circuit in the primary is:

I (s.c. asym) = 1.6 x Isym = 69.565 Amps

The rating of the transformer shall be 75 KVA / 34.5 kV / 230 V / 115 V, 60 Hz,
single-phase distribution transformer with 5% impedance, the total expected load is 55.74 %,
the rating of the fuse cutout shall be 15 ampere fuse link. The maximum setting is 6.522 amp;
the L.A. shall be line type rated 27 kV.
FEEDER 1
FORM 4: RESIDENTIAL LOADS

SECONDARY WIRE COMPUTATION

KVA SPAN LEFT SIDE
To determine the size of wire of the secondary line, assume Vdrop = 5% of the operating voltage
for number of span for 1Ø system wire to wire.
From pole 6 to 7 : Total load = 12.57 KVA
I = Load KVA/230 = 12.57 / 230 = 54.652 amp.
Distance = number of span x 100 = 1 x 100 = 100 ft.
Total Load KVA:
100 ft. span, 11 volts, assume voltage drop at 5%.
Refer to Table:
24 x 100 x 54.652 = 11924.1 CM
CM =
11 USE: 16510 CM
Refer to Table:
Actual DC voltage drop, 50°C, 60Hz, 8" spacing
R= 3.79 / mile Xa = 0.153 / mile Xsf = -0.049/ mile
X = Xa + (-0.049) = 0.153 + (-0.049) = 0.027
R 3.79
Actual DC Voltage Drop = ( 24 x d x I) / CM
= 24 x 100 x 54.652 / 16510 = 7.945 volts
Actual Voltage Drop Factor @ 0.85 d.f. = 0.94
Voltage Regulation = ( AVD x d.f / 230) x 100% = 7.945 x 0.94 / 230 )
= 3.247 %
USE: 16510 CM. Hard Drawn Conductor

KVA SPAN RIGHT SIDE

To determine the size of wire of the secondary line, assume Vdrop = 5% of the operating voltage
for number of span for 1Ø system wire to wire.
From pole 7 to 8 : Total load = 13.494 KVA
I = Load KVA/230 = 13.494 / 230 = 58.670 amp.
Distance = number of span x 100 = 1 x 100 = 100 ft.
Total Load KVA:
100 ft. span, 11 volts, assume voltage drop at 5%.
Refer to Table:
CM = 24 x 100 x 58.670 = 12800.6 CM
11 USE: 16510 CM
Refer to Table:
Actual DC voltage drop, 50°C, 60Hz, 8" spacing
R= 3.79 / mile Xa = 0.153 / mile Xsf = -0.049/ mile
X = Xa + (-0.049) = 0.153 + (-0.049) = 0.027
R 3.79
Actual DC Voltage Drop = ( 24 x d x I) / CM
= 24 x 100 x 58.670 / 16510 = 8.529 volts
Actual Voltage Drop Factor @ 0.85 d.f. = 0.94
Voltage Regulation = ( AVD x d.f / 230) x 100% = 8.529 x 0.94 / 230 )
= 3.486 %
USE: 16510 CM. Hard Drawn Conductor
 TABLE 1
CHARACTERISTICS OF COPPER CONDUCTORS HARD DRAWN
97.3 PERCENT CONDUCTIVITY

Xa’ Ra’ Xsf

Approx.
Size of Conductor
Medium Outside Max. Reactance Per mile Per mile
Of Wire Diameter Current
Circular Circular
Carrying 50⁰C 1 sp
Mils Mils
1,000,000 --- 61 1.152 1,300 0.0901 0.0685 0.4
900,000 --- 61 1.093 1,220 0.0946 0.0752 0.406
800,000 --- 61 1.031 1,130 0.0934 0.0837 0.417
750,000 --- 61 0.998 1,090 0.0943 0.0888 0.421
700,000 --- 61 0.964 1,040 0.0954 0.0947 0.432
600,000 --- 37 0.891 941 0.0977 0.107 0.443
500,000 --- 37 0.841 842 0.1 0.13 0.458
400,000 --- 19 0.725 730 0.104 0.123 0.476
300,000 --- 19 0.628 607 0.108 0.215 0.487
250,000 --- 19 0.574 540 0.111 0.257 0.497
211,600 0 19 0.528 485 0.113 0.303 0.504
211,600 0 7 0.522 484 0.113 0.303 0.518
167,806 0 7 0.464 416 0.117 0.382 0.532
133,077 0 7 0.414 359 0.12 0.481 0.546
105,585 0 7 0.368 309 0.124 0.607 0.56
83,693 1 7 0.328 266 0.127 0.765 0.574
66,371 2 7 0.32 235 0.131 0.964 0.578
66,371 2 7 0.392 235 0.12 0.959 0.585
52,635 3 3 0.26 198 0.134 1.22 0.585
52,635 3 7 0.285 182 0.131 1.21 0.599
41,741 4 3 0.254 172 0.135 1.52 0.609
41,741 4 3 0.204 166 0.142 1.5 0.613
33,102 5 3 0.226 150 0.138 1.92 0.622
33,102 5 1 0.132 143 0.145 1.89 0.628
26,251 6 3 0.211 130 0.142 2.41 0.628
26,251 6 1 0.162 123 0.148 2.39 0.637
20,820 7 1 0.144 106 0.152 3.01 0.654
16,510 8 1 0.12 92 0.153 3.79 0.663
 TABLE 2
ALTERNATING DROP FACTORS

RATIO OF POWER FACTOR

REACTANCE
TO 1 0.9 0.9 0.85 0.8 0.7
RESISTANCE DROP FACTOR

0.1 1 1 1 0.94 0.88 0.8

0.2 1 1.01 1.01 0.98 0.92 0.86
0.3 1 1.05 1.05 1.02 0.99 0.93
0.4 1 1.08 1.1 1.08 1.04 1
0.5 1 1.11 1.14 1.13 1.1 1.07
0.6 1.01 1.15 1.16 1.19 1.15 1.14
0.7 1.02 1.18 1.23 1.24 1.21 1.2
0.8 1.02 1.21 1.28 1.29 1.28 1.27
0.9 1.03 1.25 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.32
1 1.04 1.28 1.37 1.39 1.4 1.41
1.1 1.05 1.32 1.41 1.44 1.45 1.48
1.2 1.06 1.35 1.46 1.5 1.53 1.53
1.3 1.07 1.39 1.51 1.57 1.57 1.62
1.4 1.08 1.43 1.55 1.61 1.64 1.7
1.5 1.1 1.47 1.6 1.62 1.7 1.77
1.6 1.1 1.51 1.65 1.74 1.77 1.85
1.7 1.13 1.55 1.7 1.79 1.84 1.92
1.8 1.15 1.59 1.76 1.85 1.91 1.99
1.9 1.17 1.63 1.82 1.91 2.98 2.06
2 1.18 1.68 1.87 1.96 2.04 2.14
2.1 1.2 1.7 1.87 2.03 2.1 2.21
2.2 1.22 1.72 1.95 2.09 2.17 2.29
2.3 1.26 1.82 1.99 2.1 2.23 2.37
2.4 1.26 1.87 2.05 2.2 2.3 2.44
2.5 1.27 1.91 2.1 2.26 2.37 2.53
2.6 1.3 1.95 2.2 2.3 2.44 2.6
2.7 1.32 1.99 2.26 2.42 2.51 2.65
2.8 1.35 2.05 2.32 2.45 2.57 2.76
2.9 1.37 2.1 2.39 2.52 2.64 2.85
3 1.4 2.15 2.45 2.6 2.72 2.9
Standard Rating Of Transformer (KVA) Standard Rating Of Transformer (MVA)

5 5
10 7.5
15 10
20 12.5
25 15
37.5 17
50 5
75 20
100 22.5
167 25
200 27.5
225 30
250
333
500

Standard rating of Fuses: 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250,
300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 800, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1600, 2000, 2500, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000.

CIRCUIT BREAKERS

No. of
Frame size Trip setting (Amp) Voltage
poles
50 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 240 1-3

100 15, 20, 30, 40, 240 1-3

50, 70, 90, 100 600 1-3

225 70, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 600 1-3

400-600 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600, 600 1-3

800-1200 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 600 1-3

1600 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1600 600 2-3

 CREDITS TO: MS Deanna Charis A. Lopez

REFERENCES:

ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ENGINEERING

By: TuranGonen

PRINCIPLES OF POWER SYSTEM

By: V.K. Metha

TECHNICAL PAPERS (24TH IIEE MID-YEAR CONVENTION)

By: B.S. Jimenez

STANDARD HANDBOOK FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (12TH EDITION)

By: D.G. Fink & H.W. Beaty

INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTIVE RELAYING

By: A.T. Evangelista

KENT’S MECHANICAL ENGINEER’S HANDBOOK

(POWER VOLUME)
By: J. Kenneth Salisbury

POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

By: Frederick T. Morse