Keberlanjutan Kualitas Lingkungan 2:

11
Limbah & Lingkungan Perkotaan
BI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan
 Macam-macam limbah dan
permasalahan yang terkait
 Isu-isu lingkungan perkotaan:
Urbanisasi/kependudukan, transportasi,
dll
 Solusi berkelanjutan
 Contoh-contoh kasus di Indonesia

Pustaka Utama : Miller & Spoolman (2012); Botkin & Keller

(2011); Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2012
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 Menjelaskan macam-macam limbah dan permasalahan

yang terkait
 Menjelaskan isu-isu lingkungan perkotaan :
urbanisasi/kependudukan, transportasi, dll
 Menjelaskan alternatif solusi yang berkelanjutan
 What are solid waste and hazardous
waste, and why are they problems?
3

Concept 1. Solid waste contributes to pollution and

represents the unnecessary consumption of resources;
hazardous waste contributes to pollution as well as to
natural capital degradation, health problems, and
premature deaths.
 Solid Waste and Hazardous/Toxic Waste
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- Solid waste divided into two types :

1. Industrial solid waste
2. Municipal solid waste (trash/garbage)

- Hazardous/toxic waste : threatens human health or

environment because it is poisonous, dangerously
chemically reactive, corrosive, or flammable.
e.g industrial solvent, medical waste, dry cell batteries.
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 How Should We Deal with Solid Waste?
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Concept 2, A sustainable approach to solid waste is first to

reduce it, then to reuse or recycle it, and finally to safely dispose
of what is left.
There are three method to deal Waste reduction is based on
with solid waste : three Rs:
1. Waste management 1. Reduce
2. Waste reduction 2. Reuse
3. Integrated waste 3. Recycle
management
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 What are the major population trends in
urban areas?
10
Concept X. Urbanization Continuous to increase steadily and the numbers and sizes
of urban areas are growing rapidly, especially in less-developed countries
- Urbanization is creation and
growth of urban and suburban
area
- Urban growth is the rate of
increase of urban population.
- Urban areas grow in two ways
: natural increase (more births
than deaths) and immigration,
mostly from rural area (in
search of jobs, food, housing,
educational opportunities, etc)
 Why Are Reusing and Recycling Materials
So Important?
11

Concept 3, Reusing items decreases the consumption of matter

and energy resources, and reduces pollution and natural capital
degradation; recycling does so to a lesser degree

We can reprocess such materials in two ways :

1. Primary or closed loop recycling
2. Secondary recycling
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What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages
of Burning or Burying Solid Waste?
13

Concept 4, Technologies for burning and burying solid

wastes are well developed, but burning contributes to air
and water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and
buried wastes eventually contribute to the pollution and
degradation of land and water resources.
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A state-of-the-art
sanitary landfill is
designed to
eliminate or
minimize
environmental
problems that
plague older
landfills.
 The Trade-offs of waste-to energy
incineration and sanitary landfills
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How Should We Deal with Hazardous Waste?
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Concept 5, A sustainable approach to hazardous waste is

first to produce less of it, the to reuse or recycle it, then to
convert it to less hazardous materials, and finally to safely
store what is left.
 We Can Use Integrated Manageent of
Hazardous Waste
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 We Can Detoxify Hazardous Wastes
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Steps in dealing with hazardous and

toxic wastes from industries and
households :
1. Collect them
2. Detoxifying with physical
methods
3. Detoxifying with chemical
methods

e.g Bioremediation,
phytoremediation, plasma arc
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 We Can Store Some Forms of Hazardous
Waste
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 How Can We Make The Transition to a
More Sustainable Low-Waste Society?
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- Providing Environmental Justice for everyone is an important goal : Environmental justice is an

ideal whereby person is entitled to protection from environmental hazards regardless of race,
gender, age, national origin, income, social class, or any political factor.
- International treaties have reduced hazardous waste : Since 1992, Basel Convention has been in
effect. It banned the more-developed countries that participate in the treaty from shipping
hazardous waste to or through other countries without their permissions. In 1995, the treaty was
amended to outlaw all transfers of hazardous wastes from industrialized countries to less-
developed countries.
- Make a Transition to low-waste societies : to prevent pollution and reduce wastes, there are
some principles key to follow :
1. everything is connected
2. there is no away, as in to throw away, for wastes we produces
3. Pollutes and producers should pay for wastes they produces
4. We can mimic nature by reusing, recycling, composting, or exchanging most of the
municipal solid wastes we produces
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 What Are the Major Population Trends in
Urban Areas?
25

Concept 6, Urbanization continues to increase steadily and

the numbers and sizes of urban areas are growing rapidly,
especially in less-developed countries
- Urbanization is the creation and growth of urban and suburban
areas. Measured as the percentage of the people in a country
or in the world living in such areas
- Urban growth is the rate of increase of urban population.
 Four major trends in urban population
dynamics :
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 The proportion of the global population living in urban

areas is increasing
 The numbers and sizes of urban areas are mushrooming.
 Urban growth is much slower in more-developed
countries than in less-developed countries.
 Poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized, mostly in
less-developed countries.
 Some Undesirable impacts of urban
sprawl or car-dependent development
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 What are the major urban resource and
environmental problems?
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Concept 7, Most cities are unsustainable because of high levels of
resource use, waste, pollution, and poverty
Urbanization has advantages : Urbanization has disadvantages :
1. From an economic standpoint, cities are 1. Cities have huge ecological footprint
centers of economic development, 2. Most cities lack vegetation
innovation, education, technological 3. Cities often have water problems
advances, and jobs. 4. Cities concentrate pollution and health
2. High accessibility to medical care, family problems
planning, education, and other social 5. Cities have excessive noise
services. 6. Cities affect local climates and cause
3. Environmental advantages, such as light pollution
recycling. High concentrating people in
cities helps to preserve biodiversity by
reducing the stress on wildlife habitats.
Central cities also can save energy if
residents rely more on energy-efficient
mass transportation, walking and
bicycling.
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 How does transportation affect urban
environmental impacts?
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Concept 8, In some countries, many people live in widely dispersed urban areas
and depend mostly on motor vehicles for their transportation, which greatly
expands their ecological footprints.
 Transportation as a source of
outdoor air pollution
 Motor vehicle have helped create
urban sprawl and the car commuter
culture
 congestion
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 How Important Is Urban Land-Use Planning?
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Concept 9, Urban land-use planning can help to reduce

uncontrolled sprawl and slow the resulting degradation of
air, water, land, biodiversity, and other natural resources.
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 How Can Cities Become More Sustainable
and Livable?
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Concept 10, An ecocity allows people to choose walking,

biking, or mass transit for most transportation needs; to
recycle or reuse most of their wastes; to grow much of their
food; and to protect biodiversity by preserving
surrounding land.
 New Urbanism
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Goals of New Urbanism :

1. Walkability
2. Mixed-used and diversity
3. Quality urban design
4. Environmental sustainability
5. Smart transportation
 Contoh Kasus di Indonesia
37

Akumulasi dari limbah padat

dan limbah industri di sungai –
sungai jakarta. Menghasilkan
masalah-masalah tersendiri
baik dari aspek kesehatan
maupun bencana alam seperti
banjir dll.
 Contoh Kasus di Indonesia
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Urbanisasi dalam rangka mencari

kesempatan hidup lebih baik,
menyebabkan peningkatan
kepadatan penduduk di DKI
Jakarta. Gaya hidup yang car-
centered dan belum adanya
transportasi publik yang baik
menjadi salah satu dari faktor
penyebabnya. Kemacetan ini
menyumbangkan lebih dari 80%
pencemaran udara di DKI
Jakarta
 Contoh Kasus di Indonesia : Pembangunan
PLTSa Gedebage.
39

- Banyaknya sampah yang dihasilkan

di Kota Bandung, menyebabkan
akumulasi sampah dan timbulnya
permasalahan ruang untuk
menimbun.
- Pemerintah Kota Bandung mencoba
untuk mengubah sampah-sampah
yang dihasilkan menjadi energi
menggunakan metode waste to
energy dengan membangun PLTSa
(Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Sampah)
- Namun, muncul dukungan dan
penolakan akan pembangunan
PLTSa terkait kajian mengenai
dampak pembangunan PLTSa
terhadap lingkungan bandung
 Contoh Kasus
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- Nokia and WWF partnership to decrease Nokia’s

ecological footprints.
- Nokia and WWF campaigns to promote take-back
program to make sure valuable material gets reused
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V0G662N2Pwk#t=
119
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylAr03ePuIc
 Tugas
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Cari Isu terkini mengenai permasalahan lingkungan di

wilayah perkotaan. Berikan analisa kalian untuk
menyelesaikan permasalahan tersebut.
 Daftar Pustaka
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 Botkin, Daniel B. 2011.Environmental science : earth as a

living planet. Chapter 22.
 Miller, G Taylor. Spoolman. 2012. Living in the
environment. Chapter 21 & 22.