MC Opamp 3 PDF

Op-Amp Circuits: Part 3
M. B. Patil
mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in
www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~sequel
Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Introduction to filters
Consider v (t) = v1 (t) + v2 (t) = Vm1 sin ω1 t + Vm2 sin ω2 t .
1
v1
v
v2
0
−1
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
t (msec) t (msec)
1
v1
v
v2 v LPF vo = v1
−1
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
t (msec) t (msec)
A low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency ω1 < ωc < ω2 will pass the low-frequency component v1 (t) and
remove the high-frequency component v2 (t).
1
v1
v
v2 v LPF vo = v1
v HPF vo = v2
−1
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
t (msec) t (msec)
A high-pass filter with a cut-off frequency ω1 < ωc < ω2 will pass the high-frequency component v2 (t) and
remove the low-frequency component v1 (t).

1
v1
v
v2 v LPF vo = v1
v HPF vo = v2
−1
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
t (msec) t (msec)
A high-pass filter with a cut-off frequency ω1 < ωc < ω2 will pass the high-frequency component v2 (t) and
remove the low-frequency component v1 (t).
There are some other types of filters, as we will see.

Ideal low-pass filter
H(jω)
vi (t) H(jω) vo (t)
0 ω
0
ωc
Vo (jω) = H(jω) Vi (jω) .

H(jω)
0 ω
0
ωc
Vo (jω)
Vi (jω)
LPF
ω ω
0 0
ωc ωc

H(jω)
0 ω
0
ωc
Vo (jω)
Vi (jω)
LPF
ω ω
0 0
ωc ωc

All components with ω < ωc appear at the output without attenuation.
All components with ω > ωc get eliminated.
(Note that the ideal low-pass filter has ∠H(jω) = 1, i.e., H(jω) = 1 + j0 .)
Ideal filters
Low−pass
H(jω)
0 ω
0
ωc
Ideal filters
Low−pass High−pass
1 1
H(jω)
H(jω)
0 ω 0 ω
0 0
ωc ωc
Ideal filters
1 1
H(jω)
H(jω)
0 ω 0 ω
0 0
ωc ωc
Band−pass
1
H(jω)
0 ω
0
ωL ωH
Ideal filters
1 1
H(jω)
H(jω)
0 ω 0 ω
0 0
ωc ωc
Band−pass Band−reject
1 1
H(jω)
H(jω)
0 ω 0 ω
0 0
ωL ωH ωL ωH

Ideal low-pass filter: example
1
v1
v2
Filter transfer function Filter output
0
1
v3 1
H(jω)
−1
0
1.5
0 −1
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 5 10 15 20
f (kHz) t (msec)
−1.5
0 5 10 15 20
t (msec)

Ideal high-pass filter: example
1
v1
v2
0
1
v3 1
H(jω)
−1
0
1.5
0 −1
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 5 10 15 20
f (kHz) t (msec)
−1.5
0 5 10 15 20
t (msec)

Ideal band-pass filter: example
1
v1
v2
0
1
v3 1
H(jω)
−1
0
1.5
0 −1
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 5 10 15 20
f (kHz) t (msec)
−1.5
0 5 10 15 20
t (msec)

Ideal band-reject filter: example
1
v1
v2
0
1.5
v3 1
−1 H(jω)
0
1.5
0 −1.5
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 5 10 15 20
f (kHz) t (msec)
−1.5
0 5 10 15 20
t (msec)

Practical filter circuits
* In practical filter circuits, the ideal filter response is approximated with a suitable H(jω)
that can be obtained with circuit elements. For example,
1
H(s) =
a 5 s 5 + a4 s 4 + a3 s 3 + a2 s 2 + a1 s + a0
represents a 5th -order low-pass filter.

1
H(s) =
a 5 s 5 + a4 s 4 + a3 s 3 + a2 s 2 + a1 s + a0
* Some commonly used approximations (polynomials) are the Butterworth, Chebyshev, Bessel,
and elliptic functions.

1
H(s) =
a 5 s 5 + a4 s 4 + a3 s 3 + a2 s 2 + a1 s + a0
* Some commonly used approximations (polynomials) are the Butterworth, Chebyshev, Bessel,
and elliptic functions.
* Coefficients for these filters are listed in filter handbooks. Also, programs for filter design
are available on the internet.

Practical filters
|H| Low−pass |H| Amax |H| High−pass |H| Amax

1
111111111111
000000000000 1
111111111111
000000000000
Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
Practical Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Practical
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
ωc ωc ωs ωc ωs ωc

Practical filters

1
111111111111
000000000000 1
111111111111
000000000000
Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
Practical Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Practical
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
* A practical filter may exhibit a ripple. Amax is called the maximum passband ripple, e.g., Amax = 1 dB.

Practical filters

1
111111111111
000000000000 1
111111111111
000000000000
Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
Practical Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Practical
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
* Amin is the minimum attenuation to be provided by the filter, e.g., Amin = 60 dB.

Practical filters

1
111111111111
000000000000 1
111111111111
000000000000
Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
Practical Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Practical
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
* ωs : edge of the stop band.

Practical filters

1
111111111111
000000000000 1
111111111111
000000000000
Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
Practical Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Practical
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
* ωs /ωc (for a low-pass filter): selectivity factor, a measure of the sharpness of the filter.

Practical filters

1
111111111111
000000000000 1
111111111111
000000000000
Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
Practical Ideal
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Amin
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
Practical
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
0
0 ω
0 000000000000 ω
111111111111
0
* ωs /ωc (for a low-pass filter): selectivity factor, a measure of the sharpness of the filter.
* ωc < ω < ωs : transition band.

Practical filters
1
For a low-pass filter, H(s) = n .
X
ai (s/ωc )i
i=0
Coefficients (ai ) for various types of filters are tabulated in handbooks. We now look at |H(jω)| for two
commonly used filters.

Practical filters
1
X
ai (s/ωc )i
i=0
Butterworth filters:
1
|H(jω)| = p .
1 + (ω/ωc )2n
2

Practical filters
1
X
ai (s/ωc )i
i=0
1
|H(jω)| = p .
1 + (ω/ωc )2n
2
Chebyshev filters:
1
|H(jω)| = p where
1 + 2 Cn2 (ω/ωc )
Cn (x) = cos n cos−1 (x) for x ≤ 1,

Cn (x) = cosh n cosh−1 (x) for x ≥ 1,


Practical filters
1
X
ai (s/ωc )i
i=0
1
|H(jω)| = p .
1 + (ω/ωc )2n
2
Chebyshev filters:
1
|H(jω)| = p where
1 + 2 Cn2 (ω/ωc )
Cn (x) = cos n cos−1 (x) for x ≤ 1,

Cn (x) = cosh n cosh−1 (x) for x ≥ 1,

H(s) for a high-pass filter can be obtained from H(s) of the corresponding low-pass filter by (s/ωc ) → (ωc /s) .

Practical filters (low-pass)
1 ǫ = 0.5 0
n=1
|H| (dB)
n=1 2
|H|
2 3
3
4 5 4
−100
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
ω/ωc ω/ωc
Chebyshev filters:
1 ǫ = 0.5 0
n=1
|H| (dB)
n=1
2
|H|
2
3
3 4
4 −100
5
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
ω/ωc ω/ωc M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Practical filters (high-pass)
1 0
n=1
n=1
|H| (dB)
2
|H|
2
3
3
4
4 5
5 ǫ = 0.5 −100
0
0 1 2 3 4 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
ω/ωc ω/ωc
Chebyshev filters:
1 0
n=1
n=1
|H| (dB)
2
|H|
3
2
4
5
3
4 ǫ = 0.5 −100
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
ω/ωc ω/ωc M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Passive filter example
R
Vs Vo
100 Ω
C
5 µF
R
Vs Vo (1/sC) 1
100 Ω H(s) = = ,
R + (1/sC) 1 + (s/ω0 )
C
5 µF with ω0 = 1/RC → f0 = ω0 /2π = 318 Hz
(Low−pass filter)
R
Vs Vo (1/sC) 1
100 Ω H(s) = = ,
R + (1/sC) 1 + (s/ω0 )
C
5 µF with ω0 = 1/RC → f0 = ω0 /2π = 318 Hz
(Low−pass filter)
20
0
|H| (dB)
−20
−40
−60
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
(SEQUEL file: ee101 rc ac 2.sqproj)

R
Vs Vo
100 Ω
L C
0.1 mF 4 µF
R
Vs Vo (sL) k (1/sC) s(L/R)
100 Ω H(s) = =
R + (sL) k (1/sC) 1 + s(L/R) + s2 LC
L C √
with ω0 = 1/ LC → f0 = ω0 /2π = 7.96 kHz
0.1 mF 4 µF
(Band−pass filter)
R
Vs Vo (sL) k (1/sC) s(L/R)
100 Ω H(s) = =
R + (sL) k (1/sC) 1 + s(L/R) + s2 LC
L C √
with ω0 = 1/ LC → f0 = ω0 /2π = 7.96 kHz
0.1 mF 4 µF
(Band−pass filter)
−20
|H| (dB)
−40
−60
−80
102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
(SEQUEL file: ee101 rlc 3.sqproj)

Op-amp filters (“Active” filters)
* Op-amp filters can be designed without using inductors. This is a significant advantage since inductors are
bulky and expensive. Inductors also exhibit nonlinear behaviour (arising from the core properties) which is
undesirable in a filter circuit.

* With op-amps, a filter circuit can be designed with a pass-band gain.

* Op-amp filters can be easily incorporated in an integrated circuit.

* Op-amp filters can be easily incorporated in an integrated circuit.
* However, there are situations in which passive filters are still used.
- high frequencies at which op-amps do not have sufficient gain
- high power which op-amps cannot handle

Op-amp filters: example
R2
10 k
C
R1 10 nF
Vs
1k
Vo
RL
R2
10 k
C
R1 10 nF
Vs
1k
Vo
RL
Op-amp filters are designed for op-amp operation in the linear region
→ Our analysis of the inverting amplifier applies, and we get,
R2 k (1/sC )
Vo = − Vs (Vs and Vo are phasors)
R1
R2 1
H(s) = −
R1 1 + sR2 C
R2
10 k
C
R1 10 nF
Vs
1k
Vo
RL
R2 k (1/sC )
R1
R2 1
H(s) = −
R1 1 + sR2 C
This is a low-pass filter, with ω0 = 1/R2 C (i.e., f0 = ω0 /2π = 1.59 kHz).
R2
20
10 k
C
R1 10 nF
|H| (dB)
Vs
1k 0
Vo
RL
−20
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
R2 k (1/sC )
R1
R2 1
H(s) = −
R1 1 + sR2 C
R2
20
10 k
C
R1 10 nF
|H| (dB)
Vs
1k 0
Vo
RL
−20
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
R2 k (1/sC )
R1
R2 1
H(s) = −
R1 1 + sR2 C
(SEQUEL file: ee101 op filter 1.sqproj)
R2
C 10 k
R1
Vs
1k 100 nF Vo
RL
R2
C 10 k
R1
Vs
1k 100 nF Vo
RL
R2 sR2 C
H(s) = − =− .
R1 + (1/sC ) 1 + sR1 C
R2
C 10 k
R1
Vs
1k 100 nF Vo
RL
R2 sR2 C
H(s) = − =− .
R1 + (1/sC ) 1 + sR1 C
This is a high-pass filter, with ω0 = 1/R1 C (i.e., f0 = ω0 /2π = 1.59 kHz).
20
R2
C 10 k
R1
0
Vs
|H| (dB)
1k 100 nF Vo
RL −20
−40
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
R2 sR2 C
H(s) = − =− .
R1 + (1/sC ) 1 + sR1 C
20
R2
C 10 k
R1
0
Vs
|H| (dB)
1k 100 nF Vo
RL −20
−40
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
R2 sR2 C
H(s) = − =− .
R1 + (1/sC ) 1 + sR1 C

R2
100 k
C2
R1 C1 80 pF
Vs
10 k 0.8 µF Vo
RL
R2
100 k
C2
R1 C1 80 pF
Vs
10 k 0.8 µF Vo
RL
R2 k (1/sC2 ) R2 sR1 C1
H(s) = − =− .
R1 + (1/sC1 ) R1 (1 + sR1 C1 )(1 + sR2 C2 )
R2
100 k
C2
R1 C1 80 pF
Vs
10 k 0.8 µF Vo
RL
R2 k (1/sC2 ) R2 sR1 C1
H(s) = − =− .
R1 + (1/sC1 ) R1 (1 + sR1 C1 )(1 + sR2 C2 )
This is a band-pass filter, with ωL = 1/R1 C1 and ωH = 1/R2 C2 .

→ fL = 20 Hz, fH = 20 kHz.
R2
20
100 k
C2
|H| (dB)
R1 C1 80 pF
Vs
10 k 0.8 µF Vo
RL
0
100 102 104 106
f (Hz)
R2 k (1/sC2 ) R2 sR1 C1
H(s) = − =− .
R1 + (1/sC1 ) R1 (1 + sR1 C1 )(1 + sR2 C2 )

→ fL = 20 Hz, fH = 20 kHz.
R2
20
100 k
C2
|H| (dB)
R1 C1 80 pF
Vs
10 k 0.8 µF Vo
RL
0
100 102 104 106
f (Hz)
R2 k (1/sC2 ) R2 sR1 C1
H(s) = − =− .
R1 + (1/sC1 ) R1 (1 + sR1 C1 )(1 + sR2 C2 )

→ fL = 20 Hz, fH = 20 kHz.

Graphic equalizer
C1
20
a 1−a
R1A R2 R1B
Vs C2 0.7 a=0.9
|H| (dB)
0.5
R3A R3B 0
R1A = R1B = 470 Ω 0.3
R3A = R3B = 100 kΩ Vo 0.1

R2 = 10 kΩ
C1 = 100 nF RL
C2 = 10 nF −20
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
(Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog ICs")

Graphic equalizer
C1
20
a 1−a
R1A R2 R1B
Vs C2 0.7 a=0.9
|H| (dB)
0.5
R3A R3B 0
R1A = R1B = 470 Ω 0.3
R3A = R3B = 100 kΩ Vo 0.1

R2 = 10 kΩ
C1 = 100 nF RL
C2 = 10 nF −20
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
* Equalizers are implemented as arrays of narrow-band filters, each with an adjustable gain (attenuation)
around a centre frequency.

Graphic equalizer
C1
20
a 1−a
R1A R2 R1B
Vs C2 0.7 a=0.9
|H| (dB)
0.5
R3A R3B 0
R1A = R1B = 470 Ω 0.3
R3A = R3B = 100 kΩ Vo 0.1

R2 = 10 kΩ
C1 = 100 nF RL
C2 = 10 nF −20
101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
* Equalizers are implemented as arrays of narrow-band filters, each with an adjustable gain (attenuation)
around a centre frequency.
* The circuit shown above represents one of the equalizer sections.
Sallen-Key filter example (2nd order, low-pass)
40
C1
R1 20
R2
Vs
V1
Vo 0
|H| (dB)
C2
RL −20
R1 = R2 = 15.8 kΩ RB
C1 = C2 = 10 nF RA −40
RA = 10 kΩ, RB = 17.8 kΩ
−60
(Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog ICs") 101 102 103 104 105
f (Hz)

40
C1
R1 20
R2
Vs
V1
Vo 0
|H| (dB)
C2
RL −20
R1 = R2 = 15.8 kΩ RB
C1 = C2 = 10 nF RA −40
RA = 10 kΩ, RB = 17.8 kΩ
−60
f (Hz)
RA
V+ = V− = Vo ≡ Vo /K .
RA + RB

40
C1
R1 20
R2
Vs
V1
Vo 0
|H| (dB)
C2
RL −20
R1 = R2 = 15.8 kΩ RB
C1 = C2 = 10 nF RA −40
RA = 10 kΩ, RB = 17.8 kΩ
−60
f (Hz)
RA
V+ = V− = Vo ≡ Vo /K .
RA + RB
(1/sC2 ) 1
Also, V+ = V1 = V1 .
R2 + (1/sC2 ) 1 + sR2 C2

40
C1
R1 20
R2
Vs
V1
Vo 0
|H| (dB)
C2
RL −20
R1 = R2 = 15.8 kΩ RB
C1 = C2 = 10 nF RA −40
RA = 10 kΩ, RB = 17.8 kΩ
−60
f (Hz)
RA
V+ = V− = Vo ≡ Vo /K .
RA + RB
(1/sC2 ) 1
Also, V+ = V1 = V1 .
R2 + (1/sC2 ) 1 + sR2 C2
1 1
KCL at V1 → (Vs − V1 ) + sC1 (Vo − V1 ) + (V+ − V1 ) = 0 .
R1 R2

40
C1
R1 20
R2
Vs
V1
Vo 0
|H| (dB)
C2
RL −20
R1 = R2 = 15.8 kΩ RB
C1 = C2 = 10 nF RA −40
RA = 10 kΩ, RB = 17.8 kΩ
−60
f (Hz)
RA
V+ = V− = Vo ≡ Vo /K .
RA + RB
(1/sC2 ) 1
Also, V+ = V1 = V1 .
R2 + (1/sC2 ) 1 + sR2 C2
1 1
KCL at V1 → (Vs − V1 ) + sC1 (Vo − V1 ) + (V+ − V1 ) = 0 .
R1 R2
K
Combining the above equations, H(s) = .
1 + s [(R1 + R2 )C2 + (1 − K )R1 C1 ] + s 2 R1 C1 R2 C2
Sixth-order Chebyshev low-pass filter (cascade design)
5.1 n 10 n 62 n
Vo
Vs
10.7 k 10.2 k 8.25 k 6.49 k 4.64 k 2.49 k
2.2 n 510 p 220 p RL
20
0 SEQUEL file: ee101_op_filter_6.sqproj
−20
|H| (dB)
−40
−60
−80
102 103 104 105
f (Hz)
Third-order Chebyshev high-pass filter
20
100 n 15.4 k 154 k
7.68 k 0
Vo
Vs −20
|H| (dB)
100 n 100 n RL
54.9 k
−40
−60
SEQUEL file: ee101_op_filter_7.sqproj −80

100 101 102 103
f (Hz)

Band-pass filter example
40
5k
5k
7.4 n
5k 20
7.4 n
Vs 5k
|H| (dB)
5k
0
−20
370 k Vo
5k −40
102 103 104 105
(Ref.: J. M. Fiore, "Op Amps and linear ICs") f (Hz)
SEQUEL file: ee101_op_filter_8.sqproj

Notch filter example 10 k
10 k
265 n
10 k 265 n
Vs 10 k 10 k
10 k
10 k
Vo
89 k 10 k
1k
(Ref.: J. M. Fiore, "Op Amps and linear ICs")
SEQUEL file: ee101_op_filter_9.sqproj
|H| (dB)
−20
−40
101 102
f (Hz)

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Op-Amp Circuits: Part 3

Department of Electrical Engineering

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Consider v (t) = v1 (t) + v2 (t) = Vm1 sin ω1 t + Vm2 sin ω2 t .

Consider v (t) = v1 (t) + v2 (t) = Vm1 sin ω1 t + Vm2 sin ω2 t .

Consider v (t) = v1 (t) + v2 (t) = Vm1 sin ω1 t + Vm2 sin ω2 t .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Consider v (t) = v1 (t) + v2 (t) = Vm1 sin ω1 t + Vm2 sin ω2 t .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Vo (jω) = H(jω) Vi (jω) .

Vo (jω) = H(jω) Vi (jω) .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Vo (jω) = H(jω) Vi (jω) .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

|H| Low−pass |H| Amax |H| High−pass |H| Amax

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

|H| Low−pass |H| Amax |H| High−pass |H| Amax

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

|H| Low−pass |H| Amax |H| High−pass |H| Amax

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

|H| Low−pass |H| Amax |H| High−pass |H| Amax

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

|H| Low−pass |H| Amax |H| High−pass |H| Amax

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

|H| Low−pass |H| Amax |H| High−pass |H| Amax

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Cn (x) = cos n cos−1 (x) for x ≤ 1,

Cn (x) = cosh n cosh−1 (x) for x ≥ 1,

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Cn (x) = cos n cos−1 (x) for x ≤ 1,

Cn (x) = cosh n cosh−1 (x) for x ≥ 1,

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

(SEQUEL file: ee101 op filter 2.sqproj)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

This is a band-pass filter, with ωL = 1/R1 C1 and ωH = 1/R2 C2 .

This is a band-pass filter, with ωL = 1/R1 C1 and ωH = 1/R2 C2 .

This is a band-pass filter, with ωL = 1/R1 C1 and ωH = 1/R2 C2 .

(SEQUEL file: ee101 op filter 3.sqproj)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

R3A = R3B = 100 kΩ Vo 0.1

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

R3A = R3B = 100 kΩ Vo 0.1

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

R3A = R3B = 100 kΩ Vo 0.1

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay