MC Opamp 5 PDF

Op-Amp Circuits: Part 5
M. B. Patil
mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in
www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~sequel
Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Feedback: inverting amplifier
R2
Vi
R1
Vo
RL
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1)
Since the Op Amp has a high input resistance,

iR1 = iR2 , and we get,
R2 R1
V− = Vi + Vo (2)
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
R2
Vi
R1
Vo
RL
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1)

R2 R1
V− = Vi + Vo (2)
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓ → V− ↓
Eq. 2 Eq. 1 Eq. 2
R2
Vi
R1
Vo
RL
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1)

R2 R1
V− = Vi + Vo (2)
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓ → V− ↓
Eq. 2 Eq. 1 Eq. 2
The circuit reaches a stable equilibrium.
R2 R2
Vi Vi
R1 R1
Vo Vo
RL RL
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1)

R2 R1
V− = Vi + Vo (2)
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓ → V− ↓
Eq. 2 Eq. 1 Eq. 2
R2 R2
Vi Vi
R1 R1
Vo Vo
RL RL
R2 R1
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1) V+ = Vi + Vo (3)
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
R2 R1
V− = Vi + Vo (2)
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓ → V− ↓
Eq. 2 Eq. 1 Eq. 2
R2 R2
Vi Vi
R1 R1
Vo Vo
RL RL
R2 R1
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1) V+ = Vi + Vo (3)
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → V+ ↑ → Vo ↑ → V+ ↑
Eq. 3 Eq. 1 Eq. 3
R2 R1
V− = Vi + Vo (2)
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓ → V− ↓
Eq. 2 Eq. 1 Eq. 2
R2 R2
Vi Vi
R1 R1
Vo Vo
RL RL
R2 R1
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1) V+ = Vi + Vo (3)
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → V+ ↑ → Vo ↑ → V+ ↑
Eq. 3 Eq. 1 Eq. 3
R2 R1
V− = Vi + Vo (2) We now have a positive feedback situation.
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
As a result, Vo rises (or falls) indefinitely,
Vi ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓ → V− ↓ limited finally by saturation.
Eq. 2 Eq. 1 Eq. 2

Feedback: non-inverting amplifier
R2
R1
Vo
Vi
RL
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1)

R1
V− = Vo (2)
R1 + R2
R2
R1
Vo
Vi
RL
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1)

R1
V− = Vo (2)
R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → Vo ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓
Eq. 1 Eq. 2 Eq. 1
R2
R1
Vo
Vi
RL
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1)

R1
V− = Vo (2)
R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → Vo ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓
Eq. 1 Eq. 2 Eq. 1
R2 R2
R1 R1
Vo Vo
Vi Vi
RL RL
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1)

R1
V− = Vo (2)
R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → Vo ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓
Eq. 1 Eq. 2 Eq. 1
R2 R2
R1 R1
Vo Vo
Vi Vi
RL RL
R1
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1) V+ = Vo (3)
R1 + R2
R1
V− = Vo (2)
R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → Vo ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓
Eq. 1 Eq. 2 Eq. 1
R2 R2
R1 R1
Vo Vo
Vi Vi
RL RL
R1
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1) V+ = Vo (3)
R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → Vo ↓ → V+ ↓ → Vo ↓
Eq. 1 Eq. 3 Eq. 1
R1
V− = Vo (2)
R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → Vo ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓
Eq. 1 Eq. 2 Eq. 1
R2 R2
R1 R1
Vo Vo
Vi Vi
RL RL
R1
Vo = AV (V+ − V− ) (1) V+ = Vo (3)
R1 + R2
Vi ↑ → Vo ↓ → V+ ↓ → Vo ↓
Eq. 1 Eq. 3 Eq. 1
R1
V− = Vo (2) We now have a positive feedback situation.
R1 + R2
As a result, Vo rises (or falls) indefinitely,
Vi ↑ → Vo ↑ → V− ↑ → Vo ↓ limited finally by saturation.
Eq. 1 Eq. 2 Eq. 1

Feedback
Inverting amplifier with + ←→ − Non-inverting amplifier with + ←→ −
R2 R2
Vi
R1 R1
Vo Vo
Vi
RL RL

Feedback
R2 R2
Vi
R1 R1
Vo Vo
Vi
RL RL
* Because of positive feedback, both of these circuits are unstable.

Feedback
R2 R2
Vi
R1 R1
Vo Vo
Vi
RL RL

* The output at any time is only limited by saturation of the op-amp, i.e., Vo = ±Vsat .

Feedback
R2 R2
Vi
R1 R1
Vo Vo
Vi
RL RL

* The output at any time is only limited by saturation of the op-amp, i.e., Vo = ±Vsat .
* Of what use is a circuit that is stuck at Vo = ±Vsat ? It turns out that these circuits are actually useful!
Let us see how.

Inverting Schmitt trigger
9k
R2
1k
R1 Vo
Vi
RL
Vsat = 10 V
Because of positive feedback, Vo can only be +Vsat (if V+ > V− ) or −Vsat (if V+ < V− ).
9k
R2
1k
R1 Vo
Vi
RL
Vsat = 10 V
Consider Vi = 5 V .
9k
R2
1k
R1 Vo
Vi
RL
Vsat = 10 V
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R1 1k
Case (i): Vo = +Vsat = +10 V → V+ = Vo = 10 V = 1 V .
R1 + R2 1k + 9k
(V+ − V− ) = (1 − 5) = −4 V → Vo = −Vsat .
9k
R2
1k
R1 Vo
Vi
RL
Vsat = 10 V
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R1 1k
R1 + R2 1k + 9k
(V+ − V− ) = (1 − 5) = −4 V → Vo = −Vsat .
This is inconsistent with our assumption (Vo = +Vsat ).
9k
R2
1k
R1 Vo
Vi
RL
Vsat = 10 V
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R1 1k
R1 + R2 1k + 9k
(V+ − V− ) = (1 − 5) = −4 V → Vo = −Vsat .
R1 1k
Case (ii): Vo = −Vsat = −10 V → V+ = Vo = × (−10 V) = −1 V .
R1 + R2 1k + 9k
(V+ − V− ) = (−1 − 5) = −6 V → Vo = −Vsat (consistent)
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
V+
Vi
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R1 1k
R1 + R2 1k + 9k
(V+ − V− ) = (1 − 5) = −4 V → Vo = −Vsat .
R1 1k
R1 + R2 1k + 9k
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
V+
Vi
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R1 1k
R1 + R2 1k + 9k
(V+ − V− ) = (1 − 5) = −4 V → Vo = −Vsat .
R1 1k
R1 + R2 1k + 9k
If we move to the right (increasing Vi ), the same situation applies, i.e., Vo = −Vsat .
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
V+
Vi
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R1 1k
R1 + R2 1k + 9k
(V+ − V− ) = (1 − 5) = −4 V → Vo = −Vsat .
R1 1k
R1 + R2 1k + 9k
If we move to the right (increasing Vi ), the same situation applies, i.e., Vo = −Vsat .
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
V+
Vi
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
V+
Vi
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
Consider decreasing values of Vi .
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
V+
Vi
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
R1 1k
V+ = Vo = (−Vsat ) = −1 V .
R1 + R2 10 k
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
V+
Vi
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
R1 1k
V+ = Vo = (−Vsat ) = −1 V .
R1 + R2 10 k
As long as Vi = V− > V+ = −1 V , Vo remains at −Vsat .
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
V+
Vi
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
R1 1k
V+ = Vo = (−Vsat ) = −1 V .
R1 + R2 10 k
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
V+
Vi
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
R1 1k
V+ = Vo = (−Vsat ) = −1 V .
R1 + R2 10 k
When Vi < V+ = −1 V , Vo changes sign, i.e., Vo = +Vsat .
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
V+
Vi
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
R1 1k
V+ = Vo = (−Vsat ) = −1 V .
R1 + R2 10 k
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
V+
Vi
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
R1 1k
V+ = Vo = (−Vsat ) = −1 V .
R1 + R2 10 k
R1
V+ now becomes (+Vsat ) = +1 V .
R1 + R2
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
V+
Vi
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
R1 1k
V+ = Vo = (−Vsat ) = −1 V .
R1 + R2 10 k
R1
R1 + R2
Decreasing Vi further makes no difference to Vo (since Vi = V− < V+ = +1 V holds).
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
V+
Vi
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
R1 1k
V+ = Vo = (−Vsat ) = −1 V .
R1 + R2 10 k
R1
R1 + R2
10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
V+
Vi
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
R1 1k
V+ = Vo = (−Vsat ) = −1 V .
R1 + R2 10 k
R1
R1 + R2
Now, the threshold at which Vo flips is Vi = +1 V .

10 Vsat
9k
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
V+
Vi
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V Vo
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
R1 1k
V+ = Vo = (−Vsat ) = −1 V .
R1 + R2 10 k
R1
R1 + R2
Now, the threshold at which Vo flips is Vi = +1 V .

VTL VTH
10 Vsat
9k Vo
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
Vi
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

VTL VTH
10 Vsat
9k Vo
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
Vi
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R1
* The threshold values (or “tripping points”), VTH and VTL , are given by ± Vsat .
R1 + R2

VTL VTH
10 Vsat
9k Vo
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
Vi
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R1
R1 + R2
* The tripping point (whether VTH or VTL ) depends on where we are on the Vo axis. In that sense, the
circuit has a memory.

VTL VTH
10 Vsat
9k Vo
R2 5
1k
R1 0
Vo
Vi
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R1
R1 + R2
* The tripping point (whether VTH or VTL ) depends on where we are on the Vo axis. In that sense, the
circuit has a memory.
* ∆VT = VTH − VTL is called the “hysteresis width.”
Non-inverting Schmitt trigger
9k
R2
1k
Vi
R1 Vo
RL
Vsat = 10 V
Because of positive feedback, Vo can only be +Vsat (for V+ > V− ) or −Vsat (for V+ < V− ).
9k
R2
1k
Vi
R1 Vo
RL
Vsat = 10 V
Consider Vi = 5 V .
9k
R2
1k
Vi
R1 Vo
RL
Vsat = 10 V
Consider Vi = 5 V .
Case (i): Vo = −Vsat = −10 V
R2 R1 9k 1k
→ V+ = Vi + Vo = ×5+ × (−10) = 4.5 − 1 = 3.5 V .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
(V+ − V− ) = (3.5 − 0) = 3.5 V → Vo = +Vsat .
9k
R2
1k
Vi
R1 Vo
RL
Vsat = 10 V
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R2 R1 9k 1k
→ V+ = Vi + Vo = ×5+ × (−10) = 4.5 − 1 = 3.5 V .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
(V+ − V− ) = (3.5 − 0) = 3.5 V → Vo = +Vsat .
This is inconsistent with our assumption (Vo = −Vsat ).
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi
R1 0
Vo
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R2 R1 9k 1k
→ V+ = Vi + Vo = ×5+ × (−10) = 4.5 − 1 = 3.5 V .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
(V+ − V− ) = (3.5 − 0) = 3.5 V → Vo = +Vsat .
9k 1k
Case (ii): Vo = +Vsat = +10 V → V+ = ×5+ × 10 = 4.5 + 1 = 5.5 V .
10 k 10 k
(V+ − V− ) = (5.5 − 0) = 5.5 V → Vo = +Vsat (consistent)
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi
R1 0
Vo
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R2 R1 9k 1k
→ V+ = Vi + Vo = ×5+ × (−10) = 4.5 − 1 = 3.5 V .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
(V+ − V− ) = (3.5 − 0) = 3.5 V → Vo = +Vsat .
9k 1k
10 k 10 k
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi
R1 0
Vo
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R2 R1 9k 1k
→ V+ = Vi + Vo = ×5+ × (−10) = 4.5 − 1 = 3.5 V .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
(V+ − V− ) = (3.5 − 0) = 3.5 V → Vo = +Vsat .
9k 1k
10 k 10 k
If we move to the right (increasing Vi ), the same situation applies, i.e., Vo = +Vsat .
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi
R1 0
Vo
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
Consider Vi = 5 V .
R2 R1 9k 1k
→ V+ = Vi + Vo = ×5+ × (−10) = 4.5 − 1 = 3.5 V .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
(V+ − V− ) = (3.5 − 0) = 3.5 V → Vo = +Vsat .
9k 1k
10 k 10 k
If we move to the right (increasing Vi ), the same situation applies, i.e., Vo = +Vsat .
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi
R1 0
Vo
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi
R1 0
Vo
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi
R1 0
Vo
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
R2 R1 9k 1k
V+ = Vi + Vo = Vi + Vo .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi
R1 0
Vo
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
R2 R1 9k 1k
V+ = Vi + Vo = Vi + Vo .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
As long as V+ > 0 V , Vo remains at +Vsat .
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi
R1 0
Vo
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
R2 R1 9k 1k
V+ = Vi + Vo = Vi + Vo .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi
R1 0
Vo
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
R2 R1 9k 1k
V+ = Vi + Vo = Vi + Vo .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
R1 1k
When V+ = 0 V , i.e., Vi = − Vsat = − 10 V = −1.11 V , Vo changes sign, i.e., Vo becomes −Vsat .
R2 9k
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi
R1 0
Vo
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
R2 R1 9k 1k
V+ = Vi + Vo = Vi + Vo .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
R1 1k
R2 9k
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi
R1 0
Vo
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
R2 R1 9k 1k
V+ = Vi + Vo = Vi + Vo .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
R1 1k
R2 9k
R2 R1 9k 1k
V+ now follows the equation, V+ = Vi + Vo = Vi − Vsat .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi
R1 0
Vo
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
R2 R1 9k 1k
V+ = Vi + Vo = Vi + Vo .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
R1 1k
R2 9k
R2 R1 9k 1k
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
Decreasing Vi further makes no difference to Vo (since V+ remains negative).
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi
R1 0
Vo
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
R2 R1 9k 1k
V+ = Vi + Vo = Vi + Vo .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
R1 1k
R2 9k
R2 R1 9k 1k
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi
R1 0
Vo
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
R2 R1 9k 1k
V+ = Vi + Vo = Vi + Vo .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
R1 1k
R2 9k
R2 R1 9k 1k
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
R1
Now, the threshold at which Vo flips is V+ = 0, i.e., Vi = + Vsat = +1.11 V .
R2
10 Vsat
Vo
9k
5 V+
R2
1k
Vi
R1 0
Vo
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
Vi (V)
−10 −5 0 5 10
R2 R1 9k 1k
V+ = Vi + Vo = Vi + Vo .
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
R1 1k
R2 9k
R2 R1 9k 1k
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 10 k 10 k
R1
Now, the threshold at which Vo flips is V+ = 0, i.e., Vi = + Vsat = +1.11 V .
R2
VTL VTH
10 Vsat
9k
Vo
R2 5
1k
Vi
R1 0
Vo
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

VTL VTH
10 Vsat
9k
Vo
R2 5
1k
Vi
R1 0
Vo
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R1
* The threshold values VTH and VTL are given by ± Vsat .
R2

VTL VTH
10 Vsat
9k
Vo
R2 5
1k
Vi
R1 0
Vo
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R1
R2
* As in the inverting Schmitt trigger, this circuit has a memory, i.e., the tripping point (whether VTH or
VTL ) depends on where we are on the Vo axis.

VTL VTH
10 Vsat
9k
Vo
R2 5
1k
Vi
R1 0
Vo
RL −5
Vsat = 10 V
−10 −Vsat
−10 −5 0 5 10
Vi (V)

R1
R2
* As in the inverting Schmitt trigger, this circuit has a memory, i.e., the tripping point (whether VTH or
VTL ) depends on where we are on the Vo axis.
* ∆VT = VTH − VTL is called the “hysteresis width.”
Schmitt triggers Vo
Vsat Inverting
R2
R1 Vo Vo
Vi
VTL VTH Vi
Vi
RL
R1
VTH , VTL = ± Vsat
−Vsat R1 + R2
Vo
Vsat Non−inverting
R2
Vi
R1 Vo Vo
Vi
VTL VTH Vi
RL
R1
VTH , VTL = ± Vsat
−Vsat R2
Comparators
Vo
+Vsat
V+
Vo (V+ − V− )
V−
−Vsat

Comparators
Vo
+Vsat
V+
Vo (V+ − V− )
V−
−Vsat
An op-amp in the open-loop configuration serves as a comparator because of its

high gain (∼ 105 ) in the linear region.

Comparators
Vo
+Vsat
V+
Vo (V+ − V− )
V−
−Vsat

As seen earlier, the width of the linear region, [Vsat − (−Vsat )]/AV , is small (∼ 0.1 mV ),
and could be treated as 0.

Comparators
Vo
+Vsat
V+
Vo (V+ − V− )
V−
−Vsat

As seen earlier, the width of the linear region, [Vsat − (−Vsat )]/AV , is small (∼ 0.1 mV ),
and could be treated as 0.
i.e., if V+ > V− , Vo = +Vsat ,
if V+ < V− , Vo = −Vsat .

Comparators
Vi
Vi
Vo
Vsat
Vo
−Vsat

Comparators
Vi
Vi
Vo
Vsat
Vo
−Vsat
A comparator can be used to convert an analog signal into a digital (high/low) signal for further processing with
digital circuits.

Comparators
Vi
Vi
Vo
Vsat
Vo
−Vsat
A comparator can be used to convert an analog signal into a digital (high/low) signal for further processing with
digital circuits.
In practice, the input (analog) signal can have noise or electromagnetic pick-up superimposed on it. As a result,
erroneous operation of the circuit may result.
Comparators
original
Vi
input
signal
t
Vi
Vo
Vsat
Vo
−Vsat
Comparators
original corrupted
Vi input
input
signal signal
t t
Vi
Vo
Vsat
Vo
t t
−Vsat
Comparators
original corrupted
Vi input
input expand
signal signal
t t
Vi
Vo
Vsat
Vo
t t
−Vsat
Comparators
original corrupted expanded

Vi input view
input expand
signal signal
t t t
Vi
Vo
Vsat
Vo
t t t
−Vsat
Comparators

Vi input view
input expand
signal signal
t t t
Vi
Vo
Vsat
Vo
t t t
−Vsat
The comparator has produced multiple (spurious) transitions or “bounces,” referred to as “comparator chatter.”
Comparators

Vi input view
input expand
signal signal
t t t
Vi
Vo
Vsat
Vo
t t t
−Vsat
The comparator has produced multiple (spurious) transitions or “bounces,” referred to as “comparator chatter.”
A Schmitt trigger can be used to eliminate the chatter.
corrupted
input Vi
signal
Vi Vo
Vsat
Vo
−Vsat
corrupted
input Vi
signal expand
Vi Vo
Vsat
Vo
−Vsat
corrupted expanded
input Vi view
signal expand
VTH
t t
VTL
Vi Vo
Vsat
Vo
t t
−Vsat
corrupted expanded
input Vi view
signal expand
VTH
t t
VTL
Vi Vo
Vsat
Vo
t t
−Vsat
* While going from positive to negative values, Vi needs to cross VTL (and not 0 V ) to cause a change in Vo .
Vi
corrupted expanded
input Vi view
signal expand
VTH
Vo
t t
VTL
Vsat
Vi Vo
−Vsat
Vsat
Vo
t t
−Vsat

Vi
corrupted expanded
input Vi view
signal expand
VTH
Vo
t t
VTL
Vsat
Vi Vo
−Vsat
Vsat
Vo
t t
−Vsat
* In the reverse direction (negative to positive), Vi needs to cross VTH .

Vi
corrupted expanded
input Vi view
signal expand
VTH
Vo
t t
VTL
Vsat
Vi Vo
−Vsat
Vsat
Vo
t t
−Vsat
* The circuit gets rid of spurious transitions, a major advantage over the simple comparator.

Vi
corrupted expanded
input Vi view
signal expand
VTH
Vo
t t
VTL
Vsat
Vi Vo
−Vsat
Vsat
Vo
t t
−Vsat
* The circuit gets rid of spurious transitions, a major advantage over the simple comparator.
* The hysteresis width (VTH − VTL ) should be designed to be larger than the spurious excursions riding on Vi .
Waveform generation using Schmitt triggers
Vo Vo
Non−inverting Schmitt trigger L+ Inverting Schmitt trigger L+
Vi Vo Vi Vo
VTL VTH Vi VTL VTH Vi
L− L−

Vo Vo
Vi Vo Vi Vo
L− L−
* A Schmitt trigger has two states, Vo = L+ and Vo = L− .

Vo Vo
Vi Vo Vi Vo
L− L−

* With a suitable RC network, it can be made to freely oscillate between L+ and L− . Such a circuit is called
an “astable multivibrator” or a “free-running multivibrator.”

Vo Vo
Vi Vo Vi Vo
L− L−

* An astable multivibrator produces oscillations without an input signal, the frequency being controlled by
the component values.

Vo Vo
Vi Vo Vi Vo
L− L−

* An astable multivibrator produces oscillations without an input signal, the frequency being controlled by
the component values.
* The maximum operating frequency of these oscillators is typically ∼ 10 kHz, due to op-amp speed
limitations.
Waveform generation using a Schmitt trigger
6 Vo
Vo L+
Vi 4
RL 2
R
0
Vc C VTL VTH Vi
L+ = +5 V −2
L− = −5 V
−4
R = 2k VTH = +1 V
L−
C = 1 µF VTL = −1 V −6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t (msec)
6 Vo
Vo L+
Vi 4
RL 2
R
0
Vc C VTL VTH Vi
L+ = +5 V −2
L− = −5 V
−4
R = 2k VTH = +1 V
L−
C = 1 µF VTL = −1 V −6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t (msec)
At t = 0, let Vo = L+ , and Vc = 0 V .
6 Vo
Vo L+
Vi 4
RL 2
R
0
Vc C VTL VTH Vi
L+ = +5 V −2
L− = −5 V
−4
R = 2k VTH = +1 V
L−
C = 1 µF VTL = −1 V −6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t (msec)
6 Vo
Vo L+
Vi 4
RL 2
R
0
Vc C VTL VTH Vi
L+ = +5 V −2
L− = −5 V
−4
R = 2k VTH = +1 V
L−
C = 1 µF VTL = −1 V −6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t (msec)
The capacitor starts charging toward L+ .
6 Vo
Vo L+
Vi 4
RL 2
R
0
Vc C VTL VTH Vi
L+ = +5 V −2
L− = −5 V
−4
R = 2k VTH = +1 V
L−
C = 1 µF VTL = −1 V −6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t (msec)
6 Vo
Vo L+
Vi 4
RL 2
R
0
Vc C VTL VTH Vi
L+ = +5 V −2
L− = −5 V
−4
R = 2k VTH = +1 V
L−
C = 1 µF VTL = −1 V −6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t (msec)
When Vc crosses VTH , the output flips. Now, the capacitor starts discharging toward L− .
6 Vo
Vo L+
Vi 4
RL 2
R
0
Vc C VTL VTH Vi
L+ = +5 V −2
L− = −5 V
−4
R = 2k VTH = +1 V
L−
C = 1 µF VTL = −1 V −6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t (msec)
6 Vo
Vo L+
Vi 4
RL 2
R
0
Vc C VTL VTH Vi
L+ = +5 V −2
L− = −5 V
−4
R = 2k VTH = +1 V
L−
C = 1 µF VTL = −1 V −6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t (msec)
When Vc crosses VTL , the output flips again → oscillations.
6 Vo
Vo L+
Vi 4
RL 2
R
0
Vc C VTL VTH Vi
L+ = +5 V −2
L− = −5 V
−4
R = 2k VTH = +1 V
L−
C = 1 µF VTL = −1 V −6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t (msec)
6 Vo
Vo L+
Vi 4
RL 2
R
0
Vc C VTL VTH Vi
L+ = +5 V −2
L− = −5 V
−4
R = 2k VTH = +1 V
L−
C = 1 µF VTL = −1 V −6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t (msec)
Note that the circuit oscillates on its own, i.e., without any input.
Q: Where is the energy coming from?

L+
T Vo
Vo
Vi
VTH Vc
RL
VTL t
R
Vc C
L−
0 t1 t2

L+
T Vo
Vo
Vi
VTH Vc
RL
VTL t
R
Vc C
L−
0 t1 t2
Charging: Let Vc (t) = A1 exp(−t/τ ) + B1 , with τ = RC .

Using Vc (0) = VTL , Vc (∞) = L+ , find A1 and B1 .
At t = t1 , Vc = VTH → VTH = A1 exp(−t1 /τ ) + B1 → find t1 .

L+
T Vo
Vo
Vi
VTH Vc
RL
VTL t
R
Vc C
L−
0 t1 t2

Discharging: Let Vc (t) = A2 exp(−(t − t1 )/τ ) + B2 .
Using Vc (t1 ) = VTH , Vc (∞) = L− , find A2 and B2 .
At t = t2 , Vc = VTL → VTL = A2 exp(−(t2 − t1 )/τ ) + B2 → find (t2 − t1 ) → t2 → T = t2 .

L+
T Vo
Vo
Vi
VTH Vc
RL
VTL t
R
Vc C
L−
0 t1 t2

Discharging: Let Vc (t) = A2 exp(−(t − t1 )/τ ) + B2 .
Using Vc (t1 ) = VTH , Vc (∞) = L− , find A2 and B2 .
At t = t2 , Vc = VTL → VTL = A2 exp(−(t2 − t1 )/τ ) + B2 → find (t2 − t1 ) → t2 → T = t2 .
L + VT

If L+ = L, L− = −L, VTH = VT , VTL = −VT , show that T = 2 RC ln .
L − VT
Op−Amp 741 Op−Amp 411

15
Vo Vo
10
5
Vc Vc
0
−5
−10
−15
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
t (msec) t (msec)
Vo
Vi
RL
R
Vc C


15
Vo Vo
10
5
Vc Vc
0
−5
−10
−15
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
t (msec) t (msec)
Vo
Vi
Note that Op-Amp 411 (slew rate: 10 V /µs) gives sharper waveforms as
RL compared to Op-Amp 741 (slew rate: 0.5 V /µs).
R
Vc C


15
Vo Vo
10
5
Vc Vc
0
−5
−10
−15
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
t (msec) t (msec)
Vo
Vi
Note that Op-Amp 411 (slew rate: 10 V /µs) gives sharper waveforms as
RL compared to Op-Amp 741 (slew rate: 0.5 V /µs).
SEQUEL files: schmitt osc 741.sqproj, schmitt osc 411.sqproj
R
Vc C (Ref: J. M. Fiore, “Op-Amps and linear ICs”)

Integrator Schmitt trigger Vo2
L+ L+
Vo2
T1 T2
C
VTH Vo1
R Vo2 VTL VTH Vo1
t
Vo1 VTL
L− L−

L+ L+
Vo2
T1 T2
C
VTH Vo1
R Vo2 VTL VTH Vo1
t
Vo1 VTL
L− L−
1 1
Z Z
For the integrator, Vo1 = − Vo2 dt ≡ − Vo2 dt
RC τ

L+ L+
Vo2
T1 T2
C
VTH Vo1
R Vo2 VTL VTH Vo1
t
Vo1 VTL
L− L−
1 1
Z Z
RC τ
+ −
Vo2 = L → Vo2 decreases linearly, Vo2 = L → Vo2 increases linearly.

L+ L+
Vo2
T1 T2
C
VTH Vo1
R Vo2 VTL VTH Vo1
t
Vo1 VTL
L− L−
1 1
Z Z
RC τ
+ −

∆Vo1
dVo1 Vo2 = |Vo2 | → ∆t = τ ∆Vo1

=− . If Vo2 is constant,
dt τ ∆t τ Vo2

L+ L+
Vo2
T1 T2
C
VTH Vo1
R Vo2 VTL VTH Vo1
t
Vo1 VTL
L− L−
1 1
Z Z
RC τ
+ −

∆Vo1
dVo1 Vo2 = |Vo2 | → ∆t = τ ∆Vo1

dt τ ∆t τ Vo2
VTH − VTL
T1 = τ .
L+

L+ L+
Vo2
T1 T2
C
VTH Vo1
R Vo2 VTL VTH Vo1
t
Vo1 VTL
L− L−
1 1
Z Z
RC τ
+ −

∆Vo1
dVo1 Vo2 = |Vo2 | → ∆t = τ ∆Vo1

dt τ ∆t τ Vo2
VTH − VTL
T1 = τ .
L+
VTH − VTL
T2 = τ .
−L−
Limiting the output voltage
20
Vo2
C 10
R2 Vo3
R
Vo1 R3 0
R1 Vo3
OA1
Vo2
OA2 D1
−10
D2
−20
0 0.1
t (msec)
Integrator Schmitt trigger Limiter

20
Vo2
C 10
R2 Vo3
R
Vo1 R3 0
R1 Vo3
OA1
Vo2
OA2 D1
−10
D2
−20
0 0.1
t (msec)
* When Vo2 = +Vsat , D1 is forward-biased (with a voltage drop of Von ), and D2 is reverse-biased. The
Zener breakdown voltage (VZ ) is chosen so that D2 operates under breakdown condition.
→ Vo3 = Von + VZ .

20
Vo2
C 10
R2 Vo3
R
Vo1 R3 0
R1 Vo3
OA1
Vo2
OA2 D1
−10
D2
−20
0 0.1
t (msec)
→ Vo3 = Von + VZ .
* When Vo2 = −Vsat , D2 is forward-biased (with a voltage drop of Von ), and D1 is reverse-biased.
→ Vo3 = −Von − VZ .

20
Vo2
C 10
R2 Vo3
R
Vo1 R3 0
R1 Vo3
OA1
Vo2
OA2 D1
−10
D2
−20
0 0.1
t (msec)
→ Vo3 = Von + VZ .
→ Vo3 = −Von − VZ .
* R3 serves to limit the output current for OA2.

20
Vo2
C 10
R2 Vo3
R
Vo1 R3 0
R1 Vo3
OA1
Vo2
OA2 D1
−10
D2
−20
0 0.1
t (msec)
→ Vo3 = Von + VZ .
→ Vo3 = −Von − VZ .
* R3 serves to limit the output current for OA2.
SEQUEL file: opamp osc 1.sqproj
Schmitt trigger
Vo
Vm
Vi
Vo
R1 R3
VR VTL VTH Vi
R2
−Vm
V0
A Schmitt trigger circuit is shown in the figure along with its Vo -Vi relationship. Assume that Vsat ≈ 14 V for
the op-amp. The reference voltage VR can be adjusted using a pot (not shown in the figure).

Schmitt trigger
Vo
Vm
Vi
Vo
R1 R3
VR VTL VTH Vi
R2
−Vm
V0
* Design the circuit to obtain V0 = 2.5 V and ∆VT = VTH − VTL = 0.4 V.

Schmitt trigger
Vo
Vm
Vi
Vo
R1 R3
VR VTL VTH Vi
R2
−Vm
V0
* Design the circuit to obtain V0 = 2.5 V and ∆VT = VTH − VTL = 0.4 V.
* Verify your design with simulation (and in the lab).

Schmitt trigger
Vo
Vm
Vi
Vo
R1 R3
VR VTL VTH Vi
R2
−Vm
V0
(R2 k R3 ) (R1 k R2 )
V+ = VR ± Vm .
(R2 k R3 ) + R1 (R1 k R2 ) + R3

Schmitt trigger
Vo
Vm
Vi
Vo
R1 R3
VR VTL VTH Vi
R2
−Vm
V0
(R2 k R3 ) (R1 k R2 )
V+ = VR ± Vm .
(R2 k R3 ) + R1 (R1 k R2 ) + R3
(R1 k R2 )
∆VT = 0.4 V → 2Vm = 0.4 V.
(R1 k R2 ) + R3

Schmitt trigger
Vo
Vm
Vi
Vo
R1 R3
VR VTL VTH Vi
R2
−Vm
V0
(R2 k R3 ) (R1 k R2 )
V+ = VR ± Vm .
(R2 k R3 ) + R1 (R1 k R2 ) + R3
(R1 k R2 )
∆VT = 0.4 V → 2Vm = 0.4 V.
(R1 k R2 ) + R3
(R2 k R3 )
V0 = 2.5 V → VR = 2.5 V.
(R2 k R3 ) + R1

Schmitt trigger
Vo
Vm
Vi
Vo
R1 R3
VR VTL VTH Vi
R2
−Vm
V0
(R1 k R2 )
∆VT = 0.4 V → 2Vm = 0.4 V.
(R1 k R2 ) + R3

Schmitt trigger
Vo
Vm
Vi
Vo
R1 R3
VR VTL VTH Vi
R2
−Vm
V0
(R1 k R2 )
∆VT = 0.4 V → 2Vm = 0.4 V.
(R1 k R2 ) + R3
(R/2)
Let R1 = R2 = 5 k → 2Vsat = 0.4 V → R3 = 172.5 k.
(R/2) + R3

Schmitt trigger
Vo
Vm
Vi
Vo
R1 R3
VR VTL VTH Vi
R2
−Vm
V0
(R1 k R2 )
∆VT = 0.4 V → 2Vm = 0.4 V.
(R1 k R2 ) + R3
(R/2)
Let R1 = R2 = 5 k → 2Vsat = 0.4 V → R3 = 172.5 k.
(R/2) + R3
(R2 k R3 )
V0 = 2.5 V → VR = 2.5 V → VR = 5.07 V.
(R2 k R3 ) + R1

Schmitt trigger
Vo
Vm
Vi
Vo
R1 R3
VR VTL VTH Vi
R2
−Vm
V0
(R1 k R2 )
∆VT = 0.4 V → 2Vm = 0.4 V.
(R1 k R2 ) + R3
(R/2)
Let R1 = R2 = 5 k → 2Vsat = 0.4 V → R3 = 172.5 k.
(R/2) + R3
(R2 k R3 )
V0 = 2.5 V → VR = 2.5 V → VR = 5.07 V.
(R2 k R3 ) + R1
(SEQUEL file: schmitt 1.sqproj)

MC Opamp 5 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MC Opamp 5 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Op-Amp Circuits: Part 5

Department of Electrical Engineering

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Since the Op Amp has a high input resistance,

Since the Op Amp has a high input resistance,

Since the Op Amp has a high input resistance,

Since the Op Amp has a high input resistance,

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Since the Op Amp has a high input resistance,

Since the Op Amp has a high input resistance,

Since the Op Amp has a high input resistance,

Since the Op Amp has a high input resistance,

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Inverting amplifier with + ←→ − Non-inverting amplifier with + ←→ −

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Inverting amplifier with + ←→ − Non-inverting amplifier with + ←→ −

* Because of positive feedback, both of these circuits are unstable.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Inverting amplifier with + ←→ − Non-inverting amplifier with + ←→ −

* Because of positive feedback, both of these circuits are unstable.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Inverting amplifier with + ←→ − Non-inverting amplifier with + ←→ −

* Because of positive feedback, both of these circuits are unstable.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Now, the threshold at which Vo flips is Vi = +1 V .

Now, the threshold at which Vo flips is Vi = +1 V .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

An op-amp in the open-loop configuration serves as a comparator because of its

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

An op-amp in the open-loop configuration serves as a comparator because of its

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

An op-amp in the open-loop configuration serves as a comparator because of its

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

original corrupted expanded

original corrupted expanded

original corrupted expanded

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* A Schmitt trigger has two states, Vo = L+ and Vo = L− .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* A Schmitt trigger has two states, Vo = L+ and Vo = L− .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* A Schmitt trigger has two states, Vo = L+ and Vo = L− .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* A Schmitt trigger has two states, Vo = L+ and Vo = L− .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Charging: Let Vc (t) = A1 exp(−t/τ ) + B1 , with τ = RC .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Charging: Let Vc (t) = A1 exp(−t/τ ) + B1 , with τ = RC .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Charging: Let Vc (t) = A1 exp(−t/τ ) + B1 , with τ = RC .

Op−Amp 741 Op−Amp 411