L11: 

Feedback Frequency Demodulation
(PS pp. 226-228; CC pp. 311-4)

In “direct” FM demodulation techniques, e.g. FM-AM & zero

crossings – in fact all systems looked at so far – signals have
flowed in one direction.

Today – feedback demodulation scheme for FM using the phase

locked loop (PLL).

(PLL’s are also used to lock onto carrier phase & frequency in
synchronous detection of DSBSC, SSB, VSB)

L11 1
 Phase-Locked Loop (Fig 7.3-2, Carlson et al)

( Ac is assumed = 2 in this diagram.

To simplify analysis, cos  v (t) is replaced with  sin  v (t) )

L11 2
 PLL Components - VCO

First component in a PLL is a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)

with frequency sensitivity k v and free running frequency f v .

Could also be implemented using any FM modulator.

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 PLL Components – Phase Detector

Also called a phase comparator. Idea is familiar – multiply

received FM signal

s FM (t )  Ac cos 2f c t  2k f  m( )d
  0
 
t

: c ( t )

by the VCO output & pass through LPF:

x(t )   Ac cos c (t )  sin  v (t ) ,
 
 0.5 Ac sin  c (t )   v (t )   sin  c (t )   v (t ) ,

   
 low difference freq. high sum freq. 
The LPF suppresses high freq. term.

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 PLL

Now, amplify phase detector output by a factor K a and feed back

into VCO.

Aim is to keep the angle difference between VCO & FM small. If

 (t) :  c (t)   v (t)  (or )0,

then VCO angle increases (decreases) and reduces size of

difference.

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 Analysis of PLL

Idea is to make difference  (t) small.

If  (t)  0, said to be in phase-lock. If  0, then near phase-lock.

To find relationship of angle difference to message, write

explicitly

 (t ) :  c (t )   v (t )  (or )0

- Non-linear forced differential equation.

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 Linearisation

Well-designed PLLs keep angle difference small, so can

approximate sin  (t)    (t). Substituting into previous eqn.

 t
  t

 (t )  2  fc t  k f  m ( )d   2 . fv t  kv  y ( )d  ,
 0   0 
 (t )  2  fc  k f m (t )  fv  kv y (t )  ,
 2  fc  fv  k f m (t )  kv 0.5K a Ac sin   (t )   .

I.e. angle difference consists of DC + filtered message spectrum.

L11 7
 Filtering Action of PLL

If message BW satisfies W  0.5k v K a Ac ,

then it is largely undistorted except for a constant gain.
fc  fv kf
E( f )  2 ( f ) 2 M(f )
k v K a Ac k v K a Ac
fc  fv kf
  (t )  2 2 m(t ),
k v K a Ac k v K a Ac
f c  f v  k f m(t )
 y (t )  0.5 K a Ac  (t ) 
kv
Scaled & offset message!
Also must ensure | fc  fv |, f  0.5kv K a Ac (why?)

L11 8